V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University

V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, also known as Kharkiv National University or Karazin University, is a public university in Kharkiv, Ukraine, founded in 1804 on the initiative of the educator Vasily Karazin and chartered by Tsar Alexander I.卡拉津哈尔科夫国立大学（又称哈尔科夫国立大学或卡拉津大学）是乌克兰哈尔科夫的一所公立大学，1804 年由教育家瓦西里·卡拉津倡议创办并经沙皇亚历山大一世批准设校。

It is the second oldest university in modern-day Ukraine and the oldest one still operating continuously there, and it sits in the 851-900 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校是当今乌克兰历史第二悠久的大学，也是当地连续办学至今最久的学府，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中列第 851-900 位。

About 13,332 students were still on the register in March 2026, most of them working remotely, after Russian attacks destroyed or damaged every building the university owned.2026 年 3 月校方在册学生约 13,332 人，其中多数以远程方式学习，此前俄方袭击已使该校自有建筑全部损毁或受损。

History

• The Decree on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkov came into force on 29 January 1805, in the Old Style 17 January, making Kharkiv the second university town of the Russian Empire's south.关于在哈尔科夫开设帝国大学的敕令于 1805 年 1 月 29 日（旧历 1 月 17 日）生效，哈尔科夫由此成为俄罗斯帝国南部的第二座大学城。

• Alexander I had signed the founding document on 17 January 1804, and the institution joined Vilnius, Dorpat, Moscow and Saint Petersburg among the five imperial universities created by the Tsar.亚历山大一世于 1804 年 1 月 17 日签署创办文件，该校遂与维尔纽斯、塔尔图、莫斯科、圣彼得堡并列为沙皇敕造的五所大学。

• Vasily Karazin pressed the plan on the nobility and the local authorities, and the townspeople of Kharkiv funded it by public subscription, with the governor's residence handed over for teaching.瓦西里·卡拉津向贵族与地方当局力陈此议，哈尔科夫市民以公开募捐筹资办学，省长官邸亦腾出用作教学场所。

• Count Seweryn Potocki was appointed the first supervisor of the university, while the philologist and philosopher Ivan Rizhsky became its first rector in 1805.谢韦林·波托茨基伯爵出任该校首任督学，语言学家兼哲学家伊万·里日斯基则于 1805 年成为第一任校长。

• The Philotechnical Society was founded in 1811, and the Mathematical Society of Kharkov, the Historical and Philological Society, the Naturalists Society and societies of physics, chemistry and law came later.1811 年设立实用技术学会，哈尔科夫数学学会、历史与语言学会、博物学家学会以及物理、化学、法律等学会在其后相继成立。

• The first periodicals of Slobozhanshchyna appeared from the university, among them Kharkovski Ezhenedelnik in 1812 and Ukrainski Vestnik, published from 1816 to 1819.斯洛博詹希纳地区最早的期刊出自该校，包括 1812 年的《哈尔科夫周刊》以及在 1816 至 1819 年间发行的《乌克兰导报》。

• Ivan Kotliarevsky's Natalka Poltavka appeared in 1838 and Eneida in 1842 from the university press, which also issued Izmail Sreznevsky's Zaporozhian Antiquities between 1833 and 1838.大学印刷所于 1838 年印行伊万·科特利亚列夫斯基的《娜塔尔卡·波尔塔夫卡》、1842 年印行《埃涅伊达》，并在 1833 至 1838 年间出版伊兹迈尔·斯列兹涅夫斯基的《扎波罗热古物》。

• That press, set up together with the university in 1804, became the centre of the Kharkiv Romantic School and printed the works of Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovianenko and Petro Hulak-Artemovsky.这家与大学同在 1804 年建立的印刷所成为哈尔科夫浪漫主义学派的重镇，印行了赫里霍里·克维特卡-奥斯诺维亚年科与彼得罗·胡拉克-阿尔捷莫夫斯基的作品。

• A veterinary school opened at the university in 1839 and became an independent institute in 1851, by which time the campus held laboratories, clinics, an astronomical observatory, a botanical garden and a library.1839 年校内开设兽医学校，1851 年独立为学院，此时校园已拥有实验室、诊所、天文台、植物园与图书馆。

• Rectors were elected while the university was autonomous, but from 1820 to 1850 the Minister of Education appointed them and censored scientific publications and academic processes.大学自治时期校长由选举产生，但 1820 至 1850 年间校长改由教育大臣任命，学术出版物与教学过程均受审查。

• A new statute in 1863 returned partial autonomy, sugar industrialist I. Kharytonenko paid for new faculty buildings and dormitories, and through the 19th century four schools taught physics and mathematics, history and philology, medicine, and law.1863 年的新章程恢复了部分自治，糖业实业家哈雷托年科捐建新的院系大楼与宿舍，整个 19 世纪学校以物理数学、历史语言、医学、法律四院施教。

• Between 1917 and 1920 supporters of Ukrainian statehood and of the Russian course struggled inside the university, and some professors who rejected the new political realities left Kharkiv.1917 至 1920 年间，乌克兰国家地位的支持者与亲俄路线在大学内部相争，部分不接受新政治现实的教授离开哈尔科夫。

• The professors who stayed carried on in Soviet institutions, first the Academy of Theoretical Knowledge of 1920 to 1921 and then the Kharkiv Institute of Public Education from 1921 to 1930.留下的教授转入苏维埃机构继续工作，先是 1920 至 1921 年的理论知识研究院，其后是 1921 至 1930 年的哈尔科夫国民教育学院。

• Kharkiv State University was restored on that basis in 1932 and 1933 with seven schools, among them physics and mathematics, chemistry, biology, geology and geography, and literature and linguistics.哈尔科夫国立大学于 1932 至 1933 年在此基础上重建，设物理数学、化学、生物、地质地理、文学语言等七个学院。

• The School of Medicine was separated in 1921 to form the Kharkiv Medical Institute, and in 1936 the university took the name of the writer Maxim Gorky, who had no link to its establishment.医学系于 1921 年分出组建哈尔科夫医学院，1936 年该校以作家马克西姆·高尔基命名，而高尔基本人与学校创建并无关联。

• During the German-Soviet war the university was evacuated to Kizilord in Kazakhstan, where it merged with Kyiv University as the United Ukrainian State University, and it returned to Kharkiv in 1943 and 1944.苏德战争期间该校迁往哈萨克斯坦的克孜勒奥尔达，与基辅大学合并为联合乌克兰国立大学，并于 1943 至 1944 年返回哈尔科夫。

• In 1951 about 800 students were persecuted after refusing to sit examinations in Russian, and the court trials that followed were held behind closed doors.1951 年约 800 名学生因拒绝用俄语参加考试而遭迫害，其后的法庭审判均秘密进行。

• By 1977 the university counted 12,000 students, 300 of them foreigners, taught across ten units ranging from mechanics and mathematics and physics to foreign languages, correspondence learning and the night school.到 1977 年，全校有 12,000 名学生，其中 300 人为外国留学生，教学分布于力学数学、物理、外语、函授与夜校等十个单位。

• President Leonid Kuchma issued a decree on 11 October 1999 that granted the institution national university status and named it after its founder, Vasyl Karazin.总统列昂尼德·库奇马于 1999 年 10 月 11 日颁布敕令，授予其国立大学地位并以创办人瓦西里·卡拉津为校名。

• In 2004 the university received a twin building, the former Govorov Academy opposite Svobody Square, which added a second large teaching block in the city centre.2004 年学校获赠一座与主楼对称的建筑，即自由广场对面的原戈沃罗夫学院大楼，市中心由此增加一处大型教学场所。

• Russian shelling destroyed the Faculty of Economics building in 2022 and partly wrecked the sports complex on 5 March, the Faculty of Physics and Technology on 11 March and the Institute of Public Administration on 18 March.2022 年俄方炮火摧毁经济学院大楼，并于 3 月 5 日部分毁坏体育馆、3 月 11 日毁坏物理技术学院、3 月 18 日毁坏公共管理学院。

• By 22 March 2022 the university's press service reported that no intact buildings remained, and the damage was later estimated at 12 billion hryvnias.到 2022 年 3 月 22 日，校方新闻处称校内已无完好建筑，损失总额其后估计为 120 亿格里夫纳。

Academics

• Teaching is organised in eighteen schools, among them biology, chemistry, computer sciences, ecology, economics, foreign languages, medicine, history, mechanics and mathematics, law, physics and philology.全校设 18 个学院，包括生物、化学、计算机科学、生态、经济、外语、医学、历史、力学数学、法律、物理与语言文学等。

• Further schools cover international economic relations and tourism, geology with geography, recreation and tourism, and the separate fields of philosophy, psychology, radiophysics and sociology.其余学院覆盖国际经济关系与旅游、地质地理与休闲旅游，以及哲学、心理学、无线电物理与社会学等独立领域。

• The Institute of High Technologies groups the School of Physics and Technology, the School of Computer Science and the School of Energy Physics under a single research organisation.高新技术研究所把物理技术学院、计算机科学学院与物理能源学院纳入同一科研建制。

• Professional and research education runs through the Education and Research Institute of Ecology, the Karazin Banking Institute, the Institute of Public Administration and the Karazin Business School.专业与研究生教育依托生态教育与研究所、卡拉津银行学院、公共管理学院以及卡拉津商学院。

• The Institute of International Education for Study and Research serves foreign students, and the Ukrainian Engineering Pedagogics Academy belongs to the same institutional family.国际教育与研究学院面向外国学生办学，乌克兰工程师范大学亦属同一办学体系。

• The Museum of Astronomy, run by the Institute of Astronomy, keeps the university's astronomical collections alongside the working observatory used by staff and students.天文研究所下设的天文博物馆保管学校的天文收藏，并与师生使用的在用观测台相邻。

• The Kharkiv University History Museum and the Museum of Archaeology document the institution's two centuries, and the State Natural History Museum of the university holds its natural science collections.哈尔科夫大学历史博物馆与考古博物馆记录学校两百年历程，国立自然史博物馆则收藏其自然科学标本。

• The Central Scientific Library serves every school and is described as one of the largest libraries in Ukraine, holding the accumulated collections of the university's institutes.中央科学图书馆服务全校各学院，被列为乌克兰最大的图书馆之一，收藏各研究所历年积累的文献。

• A botanical garden, a biological research station and an astronomical observatory operate as long-standing scientific facilities attached to teaching departments rather than as separate institutions.植物园、生物研究站与天文台作为长期附设于教学院系的科研设施运行，而非独立机构。

• The university began lecturing in the Ukrainian language on folklore, Ukrainian history and linguistics in 1907, an early step in the national revival recorded for the institution.该校自 1907 年起以乌克兰语开设民俗学、乌克兰史与语言学讲座，这是校史上民族复兴的早期一步。

• Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Ivan Franko and Olexandra Yefymenko were among the honorary doctors of the university, a distinction that tied the school to Ukrainian scholarship.米哈伊洛·赫鲁舍夫斯基、伊万·弗兰科与奥列克桑德拉·叶菲缅科均为该校名誉博士，把学校与乌克兰学术传统联系在一起。

• The institution has published its Scientific Notes series since 1874, one of the oldest continuous academic serials attached to a university in the region.该校自 1874 年起持续出版《学术札记》系列，是本地区大学所办历时最久的学术丛刊之一。

• A rector heads the university, an office held by Tetiana Kahanovska since 2021 after the long tenure of Vil Bakirov from 1998 to 2021.校长为学校最高负责人，现任校长捷季扬娜·卡哈诺夫斯卡自 2021 年在任，此前维尔·巴基罗夫于 1998 至 2021 年长期执掌校务。

• The present structure traces back to the seven schools restored in 1932 and 1933 and to the four 19th-century faculties of physics and mathematics, history and philology, medicine and law.现行建制可上溯至 1932 至 1933 年重建的七个学院，以及 19 世纪的物理数学、历史语言、医学与法律四院。

• In citation terms the university's strongest units are recorded as the School of Medicine and the School of Biology, and it stands second in Ukraine for publications and citations in the Scopus database.按引用计，材料记载该校最强的是医学院与生物学院，其 Scopus 数据库论文与被引总量在乌克兰居第二位。

• Undergraduate and postgraduate study share the same schools, and the university also runs doctoral programmes under a graduate studies structure attached to the rector's office.本科与研究生教育同在学院体系内进行，学校另在校长办公室下设研究生教育机构以承担博士培养。

• Despite wartime damage the university kept teaching through 2026, with 11,314 students studying remotely and 2,018 attending offline sessions in that spring semester.尽管战火损毁严重，学校在 2026 年仍继续教学，该春季学期有 11,314 名学生远程学习、2,018 人参加线下活动。

• Management, banking and public administration are taught as separate professional degrees by the Karazin Business School, the Karazin Banking Institute and the Institute of Public Administration respectively.管理、银行与公共行政方向分别由卡拉津商学院、卡拉津银行学院与公共管理学院作为独立专业学位项目开设。

Campus

• The main building rises fourteen storeys, was completed in 1929 in the constructivist manner, and is stepped in section so that its mass descends towards the street.主楼高 14 层，建于 1929 年，采用构成主义手法，形体呈阶梯状沿街逐层跌落。

• The Northern building was begun in 1930 as a cooperative office block, dragged on until 1954, passed to a military economics institute and has served as the university's northern teaching building since 2005.北楼于 1930 年动工，原拟作合作社办公楼，工程延至 1954 年才竣工，其后移交军事经济学院使用，2005 年起成为该校北教学楼。

• The Central Scientific Library, one of the largest in Ukraine, stands as a distinct campus complex alongside the main building and the northern block.中央科学图书馆为乌克兰规模最大的图书馆之一，与主楼、北楼并列为独立校园建筑群。

• A students' campus of dormitories provides residential accommodation, and during the war part of that housing was occupied by refugees temporarily living in the university's rooms.学生城宿舍区提供住宿，战争期间其中一部分房间由暂时栖身于校舍的难民居住。

• The twin building taken over in 2004 faces Svobody Square, the central square of Kharkiv where the main building also stands within sight of the city's administrative quarter.2004 年接手的对称建筑面向哈尔科夫市中心的自由广场，主楼亦在广场近旁，与城市行政街区彼此相望。

• The campus occupies the centre of Kharkiv at latitude 49.98177 and longitude 36.25475, the coordinates recorded for the university in the reference data for this entry.校园位于哈尔科夫市中心，坐标为北纬 49.98177、东经 36.25475，这也是本条目参考资料所记的学校坐标。

• Teaching buildings, clinics, laboratories, the observatory and the botanical garden already formed the physical plant in the middle of the 19th century, and the modern campus grew from that arrangement.19 世纪中叶，教学楼、诊所、实验室、天文台与植物园已构成学校的物质基础，现代校园即由这一格局扩展而来。

• In June 2026 the university completed an underground safe space on campus so that in-person study could resume, a shelter designed for air raids during the ongoing invasion.2026 年 6 月，学校在校园内建成一处地下安全空间以便恢复面授，该掩体专为入侵持续期间的防空需求而设。

• The university's buildings and grounds suffered the loss described as total, since the Faculty of Economics was destroyed and the sports complex, the physics and technology faculty and the public administration institute were only partly left standing.校园建筑与场地损失被形容为全面性的：经济学院被毁，体育馆、物理技术学院与公共管理学院大楼仅部分留存。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place the university in the 851-900 band, the position for which this entry is written, and it remains the highest-ranked institution in Ukraine on several past editions of that table.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将该校列入第 851-900 位，本条目即据此档位撰写，该校在多个往年版次中仍是乌克兰排名最高的院校。

• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 list the university in the 1801-2000 band, a much wider and lower range than the institution's best showings in earlier editions of the same table.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将该校列入第 1801-2000 位，这一区间比其在该榜早年版次中的最好成绩更宽也更靠后。

• In the 2026-27 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking the university appears inside the table but is given no position, which is the wording used for institutions listed without a rank.在 2026-27 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，该校位于榜单之内但未获名次，即榜内未排名的情况。

• The university does not appear in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities main list of one thousand institutions published by ShanghaiRanking, so no ARWU position is recorded for it.该校未进入上海软科发布的 2026 年世界大学学术排名一千所主榜，因此本条目不记其软科名次。

• Under the Soviet Union the University of Kharkiv was decorated with the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of Peoples' Friendship.苏联时期，哈尔科夫大学获颁劳动红旗勋章、十月革命勋章与各民族人民友谊勋章。

• The university is recorded as second in Ukraine for the volume of publications and citations in the Scopus database and for its Hirsch index, with the best academic results in medicine and biology.材料记载该校在 Scopus 数据库的论文与被引总量以及赫希指数均居乌克兰第二，其医学与生物学科的学术表现最佳。

• In 2017 the QS World University Rankings placed it first among Ukrainian universities and 382nd in the world, the strongest single world position recorded for the institution.2017 年 QS 世界大学排名把该校列为乌克兰第一、世界第 382 位，这是校史记录中最好的单一名次。

• In 2021 the Times Higher Education World University Rankings also put it first in Ukraine, at 477th in the world, a showing the 2027 edition no longer repeats.2021 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名同样将其列为乌克兰第一、世界第 477 位，而 2027 年版已不再保持这一位置。

• Three Nobel laureates studied or worked at the university, Élie Metchnikoff in medicine in 1908, Lev Landau in physics in 1962 and Simon Kuznets in economic sciences in 1971.三位诺贝尔奖得主曾在哈尔科夫大学学习或工作：1908 年生理学或医学奖得主伊利亚·梅契尼可夫、1962 年物理学奖得主列夫·朗道、1971 年经济学奖得主西蒙·库兹涅茨。

• Measurable holdings include the Central Scientific Library, one of the largest in Ukraine, four teaching museums and the botanical garden, while the reference data for this entry carries no publication or citation count for the institution.可计量的实体包括乌克兰规模最大的图书馆之一的中央科学图书馆、四座教学博物馆与植物园，而本条目的参考资料未载该校论文或被引计数。

Student life

• Students live in the university's own campus of dormitories, which in wartime also sheltered refugees and left some employees on unpaid leave for lack of government compensation.学生住在校属宿舍区，战时该处亦收容难民，由于缺乏对难民的政府补偿，部分教职员工被迫休无薪假。

• Of the 13,332 students registered in March 2026, 11,314 studied entirely remotely and only 2,018 took part in offline events, a split that defines student experience during the invasion.2026 年 3 月注册的 13,332 名学生中，11,314 人完全远程学习，仅 2,018 人参加线下活动，这一比例界定了入侵期间的学生生活。

• An underground safe space completed in June 2026 was intended to let students return to classrooms in person once conditions allowed during the following academic year.2026 年 6 月建成的地下安全空间意在让学生在条件允许时于下一学年恢复线下到课。

• Students formed Ukrainian hromadas at the university from the 19th century, self-organised communities that made the school a centre of the Ukrainian national revival.自 19 世纪起，学生在校内组织乌克兰同乡社团，这种自治团体使该校成为乌克兰民族复兴的中心之一。

• Part of the faculty argued publicly against government limits on the Ukrainian language, and the university press published Ukrainian literature, a role students and teachers shared.部分教师公开反对政府对乌克兰语的限制，大学印刷所则出版乌克兰文学作品，学生与教师共同承担了这一角色。

• The university contributed to the development of Ukrainian literature and theatre, and its ethnographic studies of Ukrainian lands were produced by staff and students working together.该校推动了乌克兰文学与戏剧的发展，其关于乌克兰各地的民族志研究亦由师生共同完成。

• Literary and historical circles met around the university's societies of mathematics, history and philology, naturalists, physics, chemistry and law, which gave student life an organised scholarly character.文学与历史小组围绕数学、历史语言、博物学家、物理、化学与法律等学会活动，使校园生活具有组织化的学术色彩。

• Sport and games also mark the record, since the synchronised swimmer Marta Fiedina and the chess grandmaster Anton Korobov studied at the university, and its sports complex was damaged by shelling in 2022.体育与棋类亦见诸记录：花样游泳运动员玛尔塔·费迪娜与国际象棋特级大师安东·科罗博夫均就读于此，校体育馆则在 2022 年炮击中受损。

Notable people

• Vasily Nazarovich Karazin, the founder whose idea and fundraising produced the university in 1804, gave the institution the name it has carried since 1999.创办人瓦西里·纳扎罗维奇·卡拉津以倡议与募款促成了 1804 年建校，学校自 1999 年起正式使用其姓名。

• Count Seweryn Potocki served as the first supervisor and Ivan Rizhsky, a philologist and philosopher, as the first rector from 1805, setting the university's early scholarly tone.谢韦林·波托茨基伯爵任首任督学，语言学家兼哲学家伊万·里日斯基于 1805 年出任首任校长，奠定了学校早期的学术基调。

• Élie Metchnikoff, who took the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is the earliest Nobel laureate associated with the university, where he studied and later taught.1908 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主伊利亚·梅契尼可夫是该校关联的最早诺奖人物，他先在此求学、其后任教。

• Lev Landau, winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics, worked at the university alongside the physicist Evgeny Lifshitz, co-author of the celebrated course on theoretical physics.1962 年诺贝尔物理学奖得主列夫·朗道与物理学家叶夫根尼·利夫希茨同在该校工作，后者是著名理论物理学教程的合著者。

• Simon Kuznets, awarded the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for work on national income accounting, is the third Nobel laureate linked with Kharkiv.1971 年因国民收入核算研究获诺贝尔经济学奖的西蒙·库兹涅茨，是与哈尔科夫大学相关的第三位诺奖得主。

• The mathematicians Aleksandr Lyapunov, known for stability theory, and Mikhail Ostrogradsky both belong to the university's 19th-century scientific lineage.以稳定性理论闻名的数学家亚历山大·李亚普诺夫与米哈伊尔·奥斯特罗格拉茨基同属该校 19 世纪的学术谱系。

• The linguist Alexander Potebnja, the historian Mykola Kostomarov and the philologist Izmail Sreznevsky taught or studied at Kharkiv in the 19th century, shaping Ukrainian humanities scholarship.语言学家亚历山大·波特布尼亚、历史学家尼古拉·科斯托马罗夫与语文学家伊兹迈尔·斯列兹涅夫斯基均在 19 世纪的哈尔科夫任教或求学，塑造了乌克兰人文学术。

• Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State and first Marshal of Poland, belonged to the university's student body in the late 19th century before his political career began.波兰国家元首兼首任元帅约瑟夫·毕苏斯基在 19 世纪末曾就读于该校，其后才开启政治生涯。

• The statistician Jerzy Neyman, a founder of modern statistical inference, and the economist Evsei Liberman, author of the Soviet profit reforms of the 1960s, were also trained at Kharkiv.现代统计推断奠基人之一、统计学家耶日·内曼与 1960 年代苏联利润改革方案提出者、经济学家叶夫谢·利别尔曼亦出自哈尔科夫。

• Tetiana Kahanovska became rector in 2021 after Vil Bakirov's tenure from 1998 to 2021, while earlier leaders include Dmytro Bahalii, rector from 1906 to 1911 and a noted historian.捷季扬娜·卡哈诺夫斯卡于 2021 年接任校长，前任维尔·巴基罗夫在任 1998 至 2021 年，更早的领导人包括 1906 至 1911 年任校长、身为著名历史学家的德米特罗·巴哈利。