University of Wrocław

The University of Wrocław is a public research university in Wrocław in Poland, the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945.弗罗茨瓦夫大学是位于波兰弗罗茨瓦夫的公立研究型大学，也是下西里西亚省规模最大的高等学府，1945 年以来毕业生逾 10 万人。

It was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945 as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau, following the territorial changes of Poland's borders.该校始建于 1701 年，并于 1945 年在波兰边界领土变更之际以现有形态重建，是此前德国布雷斯劳大学的直接继承者。

The university is placed in the 851-900 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027 and at 981 in the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校列第 851-900 位；在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中列第 981 位。

History

• In Polish the university is called Uniwersytet Wrocławski and is abbreviated UWr, while its Latin name, Universitas Wratislaviensis, is the title carried through its founding documents.在波兰语中，这所大学名为「Uniwersytet Wrocławski」，简称「UWr」；其拉丁语校名 Universitas Wratislaviensis 则贯穿于建校文书之中。

• The oldest mention of a university in Wrocław comes from a foundation deed signed on 20 July 1505 for the Generale litterarum Gymnasium in Wrocław by King Vladislaus II of Hungary of the Polish Jagiellonian dynasty.弗罗茨瓦夫设校的最早记载，出自 1505 年 7 月 20 日波兰雅盖隆王朝的匈牙利国王弗瓦迪斯瓦夫二世为当地普通文理学校（Generale litterarum Gymnasium）签署的建校特许。

• That institution requested by the town council was never built, because the King's deed was rejected by Pope Julius II for political reasons, and the numerous wars and opposition from the University of Kraków may have played a role as well.市议会请求设立的这所学校最终未能建成：教皇尤利乌斯二世出于政治原因驳回了国王的特许，连绵战争与克拉科夫大学的反对也可能起了作用。

• The predecessor facilities, which had existed since 1638, were converted into a Jesuit school, and it was from that base that the city's academic project was finally revived in the eighteenth century.自 1638 年起存在的先期设施被改为耶稣会学校，该城的办学计划正以这一基础在 18 世纪最终实现。

• The first successful founding deed, known as the Aurea bulla fundationis Universitatis Wratislaviensis, was signed two centuries later, on 1 October 1702, by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I of the House of Austria.两个世纪之后，第一份成功的建校特许——即「金色诏书」（Aurea bulla fundationis Universitatis Wratislaviensis）——于 1702 年 10 月 1 日由奥地利家族的罗马皇帝利奥波德一世签署。

• Upon the instigation of the Jesuits and with the support of the Silesian second secretary Johannes Adrian von Plencken, the institution was donated as a university in 1702 by Emperor Leopold I.在耶稣会的推动与西里西亚第二书记约翰内斯·阿德里安·冯·普伦肯的支持下，该机构于 1702 年由皇帝利奥波德一世捐立为大学。

• It was designated a School of Philosophy and Catholic Theology under the name Leopoldina, and it opened on 15 November 1702, with Johannes Adrian von Plencken also becoming chancellor of the university.大学以「利奥波尔迪纳」为名，设哲学与天主教神学两科，1702 年 11 月 15 日开学，普伦肯同时出任校监。

• As a Catholic institute in Protestant Breslau, the new university was an important instrument of the Counter-Reformation in Silesia in the early eighteenth century.作为新教城市布雷斯劳中的天主教机构，这所新大学在 18 世纪初成为西里西亚反宗教改革的重要工具。

• After Silesia passed to Prussia the university lost its ideological character, but it remained a religious institution for the education of Catholic clergy in Prussia.西里西亚归属普鲁士后，大学失去了意识形态色彩，但仍作为为普鲁士培养天主教神职人员的宗教机构存续。

• After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleon and the subsequent reorganisation of the Prussian state, the academy was merged on 3 August 1811 with the Protestant Viadrina University, previously located in Frankfurt an der Oder.普鲁士被拿破仑击败、国家随之改组之后，该学院于 1811 年 8 月 3 日与原先设在奥得河畔法兰克福的新教维亚德里纳大学合并。

• The merged body was re-established in Breslau as the Königliche Universität zu Breslau – Universitas litterarum Vratislaviensis, with five faculties: philosophy, medicine, law, Protestant theology and Catholic theology.合并后的机构在布雷斯劳重建为「布雷斯劳皇家大学」（Königliche Universität zu Breslau），设哲学、医学、法学、新教神学与天主教神学五个学院。

• In 1911 the university was named the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau, to honour the founder Frederick William III of Prussia.1911 年，大学改称「布雷斯劳西里西亚弗里德里希-威廉大学」（Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau），以纪念创办者普鲁士国王弗里德里希·威廉三世。

• As Germany turned to Nazism the university became influenced by Nazi ideology, and Polish students were beaten by party members merely for speaking Polish on the premises.随着德国转向纳粹主义，大学亦受纳粹意识形态浸染，波兰学生仅因在校园内说波兰语便遭纳粹党员殴打。

• In 1939 all Polish students were expelled, and an official university declaration stated that its signatories were deeply convinced that another Polish foot would never cross the threshold of this German university.1939 年，全部波兰学生被驱逐出校；一份官方声明宣称，签署者深信「再也不会有波兰人的脚步踏进这所德国大学的门槛」。

• In that same year German scholars from the university worked on a scholarly thesis of historical justification for a plan of mass deportation in the Eastern territories, among them Walter Kuhn, a specialist of Ostforschung.同年，该校德国学者为一项「东部地区大规模驱逐计划」撰写历史论证，参与者中包括专攻东方研究（Ostforschung）的瓦尔特·库恩。

• Other projects during the Second World War involved creating evidence to justify German annexation of Polish territories and presenting Kraków and Lublin as German cities.第二次世界大战期间的其他项目则制造证据，为德国吞并波兰领土张目，并把克拉科夫与卢布林说成德国城市。

• In January 2015, nearly eighty years after the fact, the university restored 262 PhD degrees stripped during the Nazi period from Jews and other scholars seen as hostile to the Nazis.2015 年 1 月，事隔近八十年，学校为纳粹时期被剥夺学位的犹太人及被当局视为敌视纳粹的学者恢复 262 个博士学位。

• The university estimates that in total some 262 people suffered a similar fate, a number given in the 2015 account of the restoration of the stripped degrees.校方估计总计约有 262 人遭遇了同样的命运，这一数字见于 2015 年关于恢复被剥夺学位的记载。

• After the Siege of Breslau the Red Army took the city in May 1945, and Breslau, now known as Wrocław, became part of the Republic of Poland.布雷斯劳围城战之后，苏联红军于 1945 年 5 月攻占该城；布雷斯劳自此改称弗罗茨瓦夫，成为波兰共和国的一部分。

• The first Polish team of academics arrived in Wrocław in late May 1945 and took custody of the university buildings, which were 70 per cent destroyed.第一支波兰学者队伍于 1945 年 5 月下旬抵达弗罗茨瓦夫，接管了已损毁七成的大学建筑。

• Very quickly some buildings were repaired and a cadre of professors was built up, many of them from the prewar Polish Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów and Stefan Batory University of Wilno.校舍很快得到部分修复，教授队伍也随之重建，其中许多人来自战前的波兰利沃夫扬·卡齐米日大学与维尔诺斯特凡·巴托里大学。

• Following postwar border shifts, thousands of former employees of the Lwów Library, the Jan Kazimierz University and the Ossoliński National Institute moved to the city.战后边界变动之际，利沃夫图书馆、扬·卡齐米日大学与奥索林斯基国家研究所的数千名前雇员迁入该市。

• In mid-1948, over 60 per cent of professors at the Wrocław University and Polytechnic were from Kresy, with academics from prewar Lwów playing a particularly important role in the newly established Polish institutions.到 1948 年中期，弗罗茨瓦夫大学与理工学院的教授中逾 60% 来自东部边疆（Kresy），战前利沃夫的学者在新生的波兰高校中作用尤为突出。

• Stanisław Kulczyński from the University of Lwów was nominated the first president of the two Polish universities in Wrocław, while Edward Sucharda from the Lwów Polytechnic became the vice-president.利沃夫大学的斯坦尼斯瓦夫·库尔琴斯基被任命为弗罗茨瓦夫两所波兰大学的首任校长，利沃夫理工学院的爱德华·苏哈尔达出任副校长。

• The University of Wrocław was refounded as a Polish state university by the decree of the State National Council issued on 24 August 1945, and the first lecture was given on 15 November 1945 by Ludwik Hirszfeld.1945 年 8 月 24 日，国务委员会颁布法令，把弗罗茨瓦夫大学重建为波兰国立大学；1945 年 11 月 15 日，路德维克·希尔什费尔德开讲第一课。

• Between 1952 and 1989 the university was named the Bolesław Bierut University of Wrocław, after the communist President of the Republic of Poland who held office from 1947 to 1952.1952 至 1989 年间，学校以 1947 至 1952 年担任波兰共和国总统的共产党领导人博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特命名为「弗罗茨瓦夫博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特大学」。

Academics

• There are 10 faculties that provide 44 areas of study, the structure through which the university organises its teaching across the sciences and the humanities.学校设 10 个学院，共提供 44 个专业方向，大学由此组织起横跨理科与人文学科的教学体系。

• The language medium of the areas of study is mostly Polish, with only some of them taught in English.这些专业方向的授课语言以波兰语为主，仅部分方向使用英语。

• Among the faculties are Biotechnology, Chemistry, Philology, Physics and Astronomy, and Mathematics and Computer Science, covering the natural sciences and the humanities.学院包括生物技术、化学、语言学、物理与天文学、数学与计算机科学等，覆盖自然科学与人文学科。

• The list continues with Biological Sciences, History and Pedagogy, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Social Sciences, and Law, Administration and Economics.其余学院为生物科学、历史与教育学、地球与环境科学、社会科学，以及法律、行政与经济学。

• The University of Wrocław provides Bachelor, Master and Doctoral level programmes, and the degree certificates awarded by the university are recognised globally.学校开设学士、硕士与博士三个层次的课程，所颁发的学位证书在全球范围获得承认。

• The institution counts some 1,900 researchers among its staff and has produced over 100,000 graduates since 1945, a research and teaching base built across eight decades of Polish statehood.学校教职中有约 1,900 名研究人员，1945 年以来培养毕业生超过 10 万人，这一科研与教学基础已积累八十余年。

• Connected with the university, in its German period, were three theological seminars and a philological seminar, one of a range of specialist teaching units.在德国时期，学校附设三个神学研讨班与一个语言学研讨班，这只是其专业教学建制的一部分。

• There was also a seminar for German Philology and another seminar for Romanic and English philology, alongside the theological and general philological units.此外还设日耳曼语文学研讨班，以及罗曼语与英语语文学研讨班，与神学及普通语言学研讨班并行。

• An historical seminar, a mathematical-physical one, a legal state seminar and a scientific seminar completed the set, and from 1842 the university also had a chair of Slavic Studies.历史、数学物理、法律与国家、自然科学等研讨班补足体系；自 1842 年起，学校还设有斯拉夫学教席。

• The university had twelve different scientific institutes, six clinical centres and three collections, an infrastructure of remarkable breadth for a nineteenth-century provincial university.学校一度拥有 12 个不同学科的科研院所、6 个临床中心与 3 个收藏馆，如此广度在 19 世纪的外省大学中相当突出。

• An agricultural institute with ten teachers and forty-four students, comprising a chemical veterinary institute, a veterinary institute and a technological institute, was added to the university in 1881.1881 年，学校增设农学院，有教师 10 人、学生 44 人，下设化学兽医研究所、兽医研究所与技术研究所。

• In 1884 the university had 1,481 students in attendance with a faculty numbering 131, figures that record its scale in the German period.1884 年，在校学生 1,481 人、教师 131 人，这组数字记录了它在德国时期的规模。

• These library volumes came from the libraries of the former universities of Frankfurt and Breslau and from disestablished monasteries, and also included the oriental collections of the Bibliotheca Habichtiana and the academic Leseinstitut.馆藏来自原法兰克福与布雷斯劳两所大学的图书馆及被撤销的修道院，还包括「哈比希特文库」（Bibliotheca Habichtiana）与学术阅览会（Leseinstitut）的东方藏书。

• The library in 1885 consisted of approximately 400,000 works, including about 2,400 incunabula, approximately 250 Aldines and 2,840 manuscripts.1885 年，图书馆藏书约 40 万册，其中含约 2,400 件摇篮本、约 250 种阿尔定版与 2,840 份手稿。

Campus

• The institution is sited in Wrocław in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, at the coordinates of latitude 51.1 and longitude 17.03333 recorded for the university.学校坐落于波兰下西里西亚省的弗罗茨瓦夫，其登记坐标为北纬 51.1 度、东经 17.03333 度。

• Its main buildings had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau, and the arriving Polish academics took custody of the premises and restored the university on the historic site.校园主体建筑在 1945 年布雷斯劳围城战中严重损毁，抵达的波兰学者接管校舍，并在这一历史校址上重建大学。

• Documented among its facilities were an observatory, a five-hectare botanical garden and a botanical museum, all attached to the university in the German period.有记载的设施包括一座天文台、一座五公顷的植物园与一座植物学博物馆，均属德国时期大学的组成部分。

• A zoological garden founded in 1862 by a joint-stock company and a natural history museum were likewise counted among the university's associated grounds and buildings.1862 年由股份公司创办的动物园与一座自然史博物馆，同样被列为该大学相关联的场地与建筑。

• A gallery filled mostly with old German works taken from churches and monasteries stood among the university's collections, alongside the teaching buildings of the historic site.一座藏品多取自教堂与修道院古德语作品的画廊，与历史校址的教学建筑一起列于学校收藏之列。

• The museum of Silesian antiquities and the state archives of Silesia were likewise attached to the university's estate in the German period.西里西亚古物博物馆与西里西亚国家档案馆，同样在德国时期附属于该校的设施体系。

• The chemical laboratory and the physiological plant served the science faculties, part of an estate that mixed teaching rooms with working research facilities.化学实验室与生理学实验站服务于理科学院，整个校园把教学用房与在运转的研究设施结合于一体。

• There were also a mineralogical institute, an anatomical institute, zoological, chemical and physical collections, and clinical laboratories linked to the medical faculty.此外还有矿物学研究所、解剖学研究所，动物学、化学与物理学收藏，以及与医学院相连的临床实验室。

• Parts of the collection of the university library perished during the Soviet offensive of 1945, burned by soldiers on 10 May 1945, four days after the German garrison surrendered the city.大学图书馆的部分藏品在 1945 年苏军攻势中毁失：1945 年 5 月 10 日，即德国守军交出该城四天后，这些藏书被士兵焚毁。

• The article names the Wrocław University of Technology beside the university in its see-also list, and no modern campus area or building count beyond the historic site appears in the available text.文章在参见栏目中把弗罗茨瓦夫理工大学与该校并列；除历史校址外，可得文本未给出当代校区的面积或建筑数量。

• Its remaining see-also entries set the institution among early modern European universities and among Jesuit sites, completing the source article's map of where the university belongs.参见栏目的其余条目把该校置于近代早期欧洲大学与耶稣会机构的谱系之中，补全了原文对学校归属的定位。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place the University of Wrocław in the 851-900 band, the placement recorded for the university in that edition of the table.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名把弗罗茨瓦夫大学列入第 851-900 位，这是该版榜单为该校记录的名次区间。

• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 list the university in the 1201-1400 band of that global table.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名把该校列入全球第 1201-1400 位区间。

• In the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking the university is placed at 981, a single-number global position in that edition of the table.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，该校列第 981 位，为该版榜单给出的单一数字全球名次。

• The university does not appear in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities main list of 1,000 institutions, so no ARWU position is recorded for it that year.该校未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名 1,000 所高校主榜，故该年度没有软科名次记录。

• Measured by verifiable institutional figures rather than publication counts, the university rests on 10 faculties, 44 areas of study and some 1,900 researchers, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945.以可核验的机构数字而非论文计数衡量，该校的基础是 10 个学院、44 个专业方向与约 1,900 名研究人员，1945 年以来毕业生逾 10 万人。

• It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a position that anchors its standing in regional higher education.该校是下西里西亚省规模最大的高等学府，这一地位奠定了它在区域高教格局中的位置。

• Lectures in the late nineteenth century were given by internationally renowned and historically notable scholars including Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Ferdinand Cohn and Gustav Kirchhoff.19 世纪晚期，享有国际声誉的知名学者曾在此讲学，包括彼得·古斯塔夫·勒热纳·狄利克雷、费迪南德·科恩与古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫。

• The article records no Nobel, Turing or Fields-level laureate and no subject-level ranking for the university, and its most prominent recent honour-related act is the 2015 restoration of degrees stripped in the Nazi period.现有材料未见该校的诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖级人物，也没有学科维度名次；其近年最突出的荣誉性举措，是 2015 年恢复纳粹时期被剥夺的学位。

• The article adds that among the roughly 1,900 researchers many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.文章还提到，在约 1,900 名研究人员中，许多人因对科学学术发展的贡献而获得最高级别的奖项。

Student life

• In 1817 Poles made up around 16 per cent of the student body, an early sign of the university's mixed recruitment in the eastern Prussian provinces.1817 年，波兰人约占在校学生的 16%，这是该校在普鲁士东部省份生源构成多元的早期迹象。

• At the end of the nineteenth century around 10 per cent of the students were Polish and 16 per cent were Jewish, a composition that reflected the multi-ethnic and international character of the university.19 世纪末，约 10% 的学生是波兰人、16% 是犹太人，这一构成反映了该校多族群与国际化的特点。

• Both minorities, as well as the German students, established their own student organisations, called Burschenschaften, each with its own premises and traditions.两大少数族群与德国学生一样各自建立了名为「布尔申沙夫特」的学生团体（Burschenschaften），各有自身的会所与传统。

• Polish student organisations included Concordia, Polonia and a branch of the Sokol association, and many of the students came from other areas of partitioned Poland.波兰学生组织包括「康科迪亚」、「波洛尼亚」与「隼鹰」协会分支，许多学生来自被瓜分波兰的其他地区。

• The Jewish students unions were the Viadrina, founded in 1886, and the Student Union, founded in 1899, while Teutonia, a German Burschenschaft of 1817, was one of the oldest student fraternities in Germany.犹太学生团体有 1886 年成立的「维亚德里纳」与 1899 年成立的「学生联合会」；1817 年创立的德国学生团体「条顿尼亚」则是全德最古老的学生社团之一。

• Teutonia had been founded only two years after the Urburschenschaft, which makes the Breslau fraternity one of the earliest in the whole German student movement.「条顿尼亚」距最初的「原始学生团」（Urburschenschaft）创立仅两年，这使布雷斯劳的学生团体成为全德学生运动中最早的一批之一。

• The Polish fraternities were all eventually disbanded by the German professor Felix Dahn, a sign of the growing pressure on organised minority student life.波兰学生团体最终都被德国教授费利克斯·达恩解散，这标志着少数族群学生组织承受的压力日益加大。

• In 1913 Prussian authorities established a numerus clausus law that limited the number of Jews from non-German Eastern Europe, the so-called Ostjuden, who could study in Germany to at most 900, with the University of Breslau allowed to take 100.1913 年，普鲁士当局颁布限制名额的法令，把来自非德意志东欧的所谓「东部犹太人」在全德就学人数上限定为最多 900 人，布雷斯劳大学获准招收 100 人。

• The available article records no modern students' union, no student media and no named societies at the university, and its student life can only be traced through the historical record above.现有材料未见该校当代的学生会、学生媒体或具名社团，其学生生活只能通过上述历史记录加以追溯。

Notable people

• King Vladislaus II of Hungary, of the Polish Jagiellonian dynasty, signed the town's first foundation deed for a university in 1505, the episode from which the institution's documentary history begins.波兰雅盖隆王朝的匈牙利国王弗瓦迪斯瓦夫二世于 1505 年为该城签署了第一份建校特许，学校的文献历史即由此发端。

• The Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, King of Hungary and Bohemia of the House of Austria, signed the Aurea bulla of 1 October 1702 that finally founded the university.奥地利家族的罗马皇帝、匈牙利与波希米亚国王利奥波德一世签署了 1702 年 10 月 1 日的「金色诏书」，大学由此最终创办。

• Johannes Adrian von Plencken, the Silesian second secretary who lent his support to the Jesuit project, became the first chancellor of the Leopoldina in 1702.西里西亚第二书记约翰内斯·阿德里安·冯·普伦肯为耶稣会的办学计划提供支持，并于 1702 年成为利奥波尔迪纳的首任校监。

• Frederick William III of Prussia is honoured in the university's 1911 name, the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau, as the founder of the modern institution.普鲁士国王弗里德里希·威廉三世作为近代建制的创办者，被铭刻在 1911 年启用的「布雷斯劳西里西亚弗里德里希-威廉大学」校名之中。

• Stanisław Kulczyński of the University of Lwów became the first president of the two Polish universities in Wrocław in 1945, with Edward Sucharda of the Lwów Polytechnic as vice-president.1945 年，利沃夫大学的斯坦尼斯瓦夫·库尔琴斯基出任弗罗茨瓦夫两所波兰大学的首任校长，利沃夫理工学院的爱德华·苏哈尔达任副校长。

• Ludwik Hirszfeld, the physician and immunologist who gave the first lecture of the refounded university on 15 November 1945, stands at the head of the institution's postwar Polish record.1945 年 11 月 15 日为重建后的大学开讲第一课的内科医生与免疫学家路德维克·希尔什费尔德，居于该校战后波兰时期名录之首。

• Bolesław Bierut, the communist President of the Republic of Poland from 1947 to 1952, gave his name to the university between 1952 and 1989.1947 至 1952 年任波兰共和国总统的共产党领导人博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特，其名字在 1952 至 1989 年间被用作校名。

• Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Ferdinand Cohn and Gustav Kirchhoff number among the scholars who lectured at Breslau, and the article's see-also list connects the university with Johannes Brahms's Academic Festival Overture.彼得·古斯塔夫·勒热纳·狄利克雷、费迪南德·科恩与古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫都曾在布雷斯劳讲学；文章的参见栏目还把该校与约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯的《学院节庆序曲》相关联。

• The article's sections on rectors and on notable alumni and staff are empty, so no rector list, no named professors of the present day and no alumni roster can be quoted from it.文章的名誉校长名录与知名校友及教职员两节均为空白，因此无法据以引用历届校长名单、当代具名教授或校友名录。