University of Virginia

The University of Virginia is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence.弗吉尼亚大学（University of Virginia）是位于美国弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔的一所公立研究型大学，由美国第三任总统、《独立宣言》主要起草人托马斯·杰斐逊于 1819 年创办。

Its historic Academical Village, the only American university campus designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site together with Monticello, was designed by Jefferson as a community of learning centred on a Lawn.其历史性的「学术村」由杰斐逊设计，以一片草坪为中心构成学习共同体，是美国唯一与蒙蒂塞洛一起被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录的大学校园。

The university comprises eight undergraduate and three professional schools, is a member of the Association of American Universities, and is placed 268th in the QS World University Rankings 2027, 179th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, 135th in the U.S. News Best Global Universities 2026-2027 and in the 201-300 band of the Shanghai ARWU 2026.该校下设八个本科学院与三个专业学院，是美国大学协会成员；在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 268 位，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名第 179 位，《美国新闻与世界报道》2026-2027 最佳全球大学排名第 135 位，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名位列 201-300 区间。

History

In 1800 Jefferson wrote to the chemist Joseph Priestley about his plan for a new university in Virginia, and in 1802 he asked the artist Charles Willson Peale to advertise the appointment of a professor of natural history.1800 年，杰斐逊致信化学家约瑟夫·普利斯特里，谈及他在弗吉尼亚创办一所新大学的构想；1802 年他又请画家查尔斯·威尔逊·皮尔为招聘一位自然史教授发布广告。
In 1817 at the Mountain Top Tavern near Rockfish Gap, Jefferson and fellow commissioners including James Madison, James Monroe and John Marshall selected Charlottesville as the site of the new university.1817 年，在罗克菲什隘口附近的山顶酒馆，杰斐逊与包括詹姆斯·麦迪逊、詹姆斯·门罗和约翰·马歇尔在内的同僚委员选定夏洛茨维尔为新大学的校址。
On January 25, 1819 the Virginia General Assembly granted the university a charter, and Jefferson served as its first rector of the Board of Visitors, which also included Madison and Monroe.1819 年 1 月 25 日，弗吉尼亚州议会向该大学颁发特许状，杰斐逊出任首任校监委员会主席，该委员会成员还包括麦迪逊与门罗。
The first classes were held in March 1825, eight schools began instruction, and Jefferson drew up a curriculum that omitted a school of divinity and required students to specialise in one of eight disciplines.1825 年 3 月首届课程开课，共有八所学校开始教学；杰斐逊拟定的课程表刻意不设神学院，并要求学生专攻八个学科之一。
In October 1825 Jefferson assembled the students in the Rotunda to discuss how the new university would be run, but he died on July 4, 1826, before its early troubles were resolved.1825 年 10 月，杰斐逊在圆厅召集学生，讨论新大学的运作方式；但他在 1826 年 7 月 4 日去世，未能看到学校早期的种种困难得到解决。
In 1826 the author Edgar Allan Poe enrolled at the university but, short of money, he gambled away his tuition and was forced to leave after less than a year.1826 年，作家埃德加·爱伦·坡入读该校，但因缺钱把学费输在赌桌上，不到一年便被迫离校。
In 1836 the university added a School of Engineering and Applied Science, becoming the first comprehensive university in the United States to have an engineering school and an astronomy department.1836 年，该校增设工程与应用科学学院，成为美国第一所同时拥有工程学院与天文学系的综合性大学。
In 1840 the professor John A. G. Davis was shot and killed on the Lawn during a dispute with a student, an event that led the students to create the university's honour system.1840 年，教授约翰·A·G·戴维斯在草坪上因与学生争执而中枪身亡，此事促使学生们建立起该校的荣誉制度。
The university remained open throughout the American Civil War, when 1,481 Confederate officers had been its students, and after a fire in 1895 the Rotunda was rebuilt as part of the university's recovery.在美国南北战争期间，该校始终保持开放，曾有 1,481 名邦联军官是它的学生；1895 年一场大火之后，圆厅得以重建，成为学校复兴的一部分。
In 1904 the Board of Visitors appointed Edwin Alderman as the university's first president, and he served for 27 years and guided its growth into a modern institution.1904 年，校监委员会任命埃德温·奥尔德曼为该校首任校长，他任职 27 年，引领学校成长为现代高等学府。
In 1904 the university joined the Association of American Universities, and in 1909 a gift from Andrew Carnegie helped it establish 26 departments across six schools.1904 年，该校加入美国大学协会；1909 年，安德鲁·卡内基的捐赠帮助它在六所学院中设立了 26 个系。
In 1954 the university was re-chartered as a comprehensive university, and its junior college division became Clinch Valley College, which later grew into the University of Virginia's College at Wise.1954 年，该校经重新立法成为综合性大学，其大专部则成为克林奇谷学院，后来发展为弗吉尼亚大学怀斯学院。
In 1950 Gregory Swanson became the first African American to enter the university, enrolling in the law school, and in 1955 the first African American undergraduates were admitted to the College of Arts and Sciences.1950 年，格雷戈里·斯旺森进入法学院就读，成为该校第一位黑人学生；1955 年，首批黑人本科生被文理学院录取。
In 1955 Walter Ridley became the first African American to earn a degree from the university, and during the 1960s full integration of the student body and faculty was achieved.1955 年，沃尔特·里德利成为该校首位取得学位的黑人学生；到 1960 年代，学生与教师队伍实现了完全融合。
In 1970 the university became fully coeducational when women were admitted to the College of Arts and Sciences, and in 1972 Mary Washington College, its women's division, became an independent institution.1970 年，文理学院开始招收女生，该校实现全面男女同校；1972 年，其女子部玛丽·华盛顿学院成为一所独立院校。
In 1987 the Academical Village and Monticello were jointly designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only such designation for an American university campus.1987 年，「学术村」与蒙蒂塞洛被共同列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，这是美国大学校园唯一获此殊荣者。
In 2004 the university became the first American public university with private gifts exceeding state funding, and in 2005 Governor Mark Warner proposed a charter that would loosen state control.2004 年，该校成为美国第一所私人捐赠超过州政府拨款的公立大学；2005 年，州长马克·沃纳提出一项章程议案，意在放松州政府的管控。
On August 1, 2010 Teresa A. Sullivan became the university's first female president, and the university also cut its state general funds that year by 50 percent.2010 年 8 月 1 日，特蕾莎·A·沙利文成为该校首位女校长；同年，该校获得的州一般性拨款被削减了 50%。
In April 2012 the Board of Visitors asked Sullivan to resign, a decision reversed on June 26, 2012 after protests led by students and faculty rallied to support her.2012 年 4 月，校监委员会要求沙利文辞职，但在学生与教师发起抗议、声援她之后，这一决定于 2012 年 6 月 26 日被撤销。
In 2017 white supremacists and others held the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville on August 11 and 12, when a car attack killed a counter-protester in the streets near the university.2017 年，白人民族主义者等人在夏洛茨维尔于 8 月 11 日至 12 日举行「团结右翼」集会，其间一次汽车冲撞袭击在校园附近的街道上撞死了一名反对者。
In 2018 James E. Ryan became the university's ninth president, and on November 13, 2022 a shooting at the university killed three football players and wounded two other people.2018 年，詹姆斯·E·瑞安成为该校第九任校长；2022 年 11 月 13 日，校园内一起枪击案造成三名橄榄球队员死亡、另有两人受伤。
In 2025 the United States Department of Justice called on Ryan to resign, and he resigned on June 27, 2025, with the Board of Visitors accepting the resignation the same day.2025 年，美国司法部要求瑞安辞职，他于 2025 年 6 月 27 日辞职，校监委员会当天接受了辞呈。

Academics

The University of Virginia offers 70 bachelor's degrees, 94 master's degrees, 55 doctoral degrees, six educational specialist degrees and two first-professional degrees in law and medicine, and it does not award honorary degrees.弗吉尼亚大学提供 70 种学士学位、94 种硕士学位、55 种博士学位、6 种教育专科学位，以及法学、医学两种第一专业学位；该校不授予荣誉学位。
Students may apply for the Jefferson Scholarship, a four-year full-cost scholarship that about 30 scholars receive each year from a network of more than 4,500 nominating high schools.学生可申请「杰斐逊奖学金」，这是一项提供四年全额资助的奖学金，每年由 4,500 多所具提名资格的高中网络推荐、约 30 名学者获得。
The College of Arts and Sciences enrols its top entering students as Echols Scholars, and the School of Engineering and Applied Science enrols its top students as Rodman Scholars, about five percent of undergraduates in all.文理学院把最优秀的入学新生编为「埃科尔斯学者」，工程与应用科学学院则把其拔尖学生编为「罗德曼学者」，两者合计约占本科生的 5%。
The university offers full tuition scholarships for Virginia families with incomes below $100,000, and free tuition, room and board for those below$ 50,000.该校为年收入低于 10 万美元的弗吉尼亚州家庭提供全额学费奖学金，为年收入低于 5 万美元的家庭则免收学费、住宿费与餐费。
According to the National Science Foundation, the university spent $614 million on research and development in 2019, ranking 44th in the nation and first in Virginia, an increase of$ 160 million since 2015.据美国国家科学基金会统计，该校 2019 年研发支出达 6.14 亿美元，在全美排名第 44 位、在弗吉尼亚州排名第一，比 2015 年增加 1.6 亿美元。
The university's North Fork research park, a 3.7 million square foot, 562-acre facility, is one of the largest university research parks in the United States, and a further 568 acres are held for it.该校的北福克研究园区占地 562 英亩、建筑面积 370 万平方英尺，是美国规模最大的大学研究园区之一，另有 568 英亩土地为其预留。
University of Virginia researchers have conducted a growing body of work on hypersonic flight, and a group including Eric Loth has worked to develop the world's largest offshore wind turbines.弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员在超音速飞行领域积累了日益增多的成果，包括埃里克·洛思在内的团队则致力于研制全球最大的海上风力发电机。
In 2015 Science magazine listed among the year's top 10 scientific discoveries the finding by Jonathan Kipnis and Antoine Louveau of previously undetected lymphatic vessels in the brain.2015 年，《科学》杂志将乔纳森·基普尼斯与安托万·卢沃发现脑内此前未被察觉的淋巴管列为当年十大科学发现之一。
Brian Nosek's Reproducibility Project at the university was listed by Science as a top discovery for its investigation of the reproducibility of psychological studies.布莱恩·诺塞克在该校主持的「可重复性计划」，因其对心理学研究可重复性的调查而被《科学》列为重大发现之一。
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is headquartered at the university, and the university is a partner in the Green Bank Telescope and the Very Large Array observatories.美国国家射电天文台总部设在该校，该校还是绿岸望远镜与甚大天线阵天文台的合作方。
Faculty have included a winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with 25 Guggenheim Fellows, 26 Fulbright Fellows and 8 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.该校教师中有一位 2005 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主，还有 25 位古根海姆学者、26 位富布赖特学者与 8 位美国艺术与科学院院士。
The Center for Politics, led by the most-cited professor Larry Sabato, is a widely cited source on American elections, and the university hosted the civil rights leader Julian Bond as a professor.由被引用最多的教授拉里·萨巴托领导的「政治中心」是美国选举研究的权威来源，该校还聘用了民权运动领袖朱利安·邦德任教。
The university counts more than 250,000 living graduates, and its alumni have founded more than 65,000 companies.该校在世校友超过 25 万人，其校友创办的公司超过 6.5 万家。
In 2024 U.S. News ranked the McIntire School of Commerce 2nd among undergraduate business programmes and the Darden School of Business 10th among graduate business schools.2024 年，《美国新闻与世界报道》将麦金太尔商学院列为全美本科商科项目第 2 位，将达登商学院列为研究生商学院第 10 位。
The university's School of Law was ranked 4th overall and 1st among public universities in the 2024 U.S. News rankings, and the School of Medicine was ranked 30th for research.在 2024 年《美国新闻与世界报道》排名中，该校法学院综合排名第 4、在公立大学中位列第 1，医学院研究排名第 30。

Campus

The university, whose campus is traditionally called the Grounds, is centred on the Academical Village, Jefferson's design of a Lawn flanked by pavilions and student rooms with the Rotunda at its head.这所大学的校园传统上被称为「场地」，以「学术村」为中心布局——即杰斐逊设计的草坪，两侧排列馆舍与学生宿舍，圆厅位于草坪顶端。
The Rotunda, modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, served as the university's library until 1938, and the Academical Village is regarded as a masterpiece of Jeffersonian architecture.圆厅仿罗马万神殿而建，在 1938 年之前一直是该校的图书馆，「学术村」则被视为杰斐逊式建筑的杰作。
The central campus covers 1,135 acres within the city of Charlottesville, and the university maintains a further 568 acres for the North Fork research park.该校中心校区位于夏洛茨维尔市内，占地 1,135 英亩，另为北福克研究园区保有 568 英亩土地。
The university's three residential colleges are Brown College at Monroe Hill, Hereford College and the International Residential College, which together house part of the student body.该校的三所住宿学院分别是位于门罗山的布朗学院、赫里福德学院与国际住宿学院，共同容纳一部分在校学生。
Newcomb Hall serves as the main student life building, and the university's John Paul Jones Arena, opened in 2006, hosts athletics and major entertainment events.纽科姆楼是主要的校园生活建筑，2006 年启用的约翰·保罗·琼斯体育馆则承办体育赛事与大型演出活动。
The Lawn, the Rotunda and the surrounding pavilions form the core of the historic district that Jefferson laid out as the university's original campus.草坪、圆厅与四周的馆舍共同构成历史街区的核心，这正是杰斐逊规划的最初校园。
The Shannon Library, formerly named the Alderman Library after the university's first president, is the university's main library and was extensively renovated in the 2020s.香农图书馆原名奥尔德曼图书馆，以该校首任校长命名，是学校的主图书馆，并于 2020 年代进行大规模翻修。
The university also operates the University of Virginia's College at Wise, a public liberal arts college in southwestern Virginia founded as Clinch Valley College in 1954.该校还办有弗吉尼亚大学怀斯学院，这是位于弗吉尼亚州西南部的一所公立文理学院，1954 年以克林奇谷学院之名创办。

Reputation

In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the University of Virginia is placed 268th in the world.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，弗吉尼亚大学位列世界第 268 位。
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it 179th in the world.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列为世界第 179 位。
The U.S. News Best Global Universities 2026-2027 ranks it 135th in the world, and the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 places it in the 201-300 band.《美国新闻与世界报道》2026-2027 最佳全球大学排名将其列为世界第 135 位，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名将其列入 201-300 区间。
U.S. News ranked the university 26th among national universities in its 2026 rankings, and Washington Monthly placed it 113th in its 2025 national university rankings.《美国新闻与世界报道》在 2026 年排名中将该校列为全美大学第 26 位，《华盛顿月刊》在 2025 年全美大学排名中将其列为第 113 位。
U.S. News ranked the McIntire School of Commerce 2nd and 1st among public universities, the University of Virginia School of Law 4th overall and 1st among public universities, and the Darden School of Business 10th.《美国新闻与世界报道》将麦金太尔商学院列为第 2 位、在公立大学中第 1，将弗吉尼亚大学法学院列为综合第 4 位、公立大学第 1，将达登商学院列为第 10 位。
The OpenAlex database credits the University of Virginia with 213,761 scholarly works and 19,864,712 citations from its researchers.OpenAlex 数据库收录弗吉尼亚大学 213,761 篇学术成果与 19,864,712 次引用。
The university has produced 57 Rhodes Scholars, the most of any state university in the United States, and its alumni include 31 state governors and 33 U.S. senators.该校共培养出 57 位罗德学者，数量在美国各州立大学中居首，其校友中还有 31 位州长与 33 位美国参议员。
The university has been a member of the Association of American Universities since 1904, and it won the Capital One Cup in 2015 and again in 2019.该校自 1904 年起即为美国大学协会成员，并于 2015 年与 2019 年两度赢得「第一资本杯」。
In 2025 the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression ranked the University of Virginia first among the 252 colleges and universities it surveyed for freedom of speech.2025 年，个人权利与表达基金会在其调查的 252 所高校中，将弗吉尼亚大学列为言论自由第一名。

Student life

The university's honour system, first codified in 1842 by Professor Henry St. George Tucker, rests on the three tenets that students will not lie, cheat or steal, and originally carried the single sanction of expulsion.该校的荣誉制度由亨利·圣乔治·塔克教授于 1842 年首次成文，以学生「不说谎、不作弊、不偷窃」三大信条为基础，最初只设开除这一种处罚。
In 2022 a student referendum replaced the single sanction with a two-semester suspension, the first change to the penalty in the system's long history.2022 年，一次学生公投将以开除为唯一处罚的制度改为停学两学期，这是该制度长久历史中处罚方式的首次变更。
Students are traditionally called first-years, second-years, third-years and fourth-years rather than freshmen or seniors, and the campus itself is called the Grounds.学生传统上按「一年级生、二年级生、三年级生、四年级生」相称，而不用「新生」「高年级生」等称呼；校园本身则被称为「场地」。
Traditions include the Lighting of the Lawn, begun in 2001 to bring the community together after the September 11 attacks, and Springfest in the spring.校内传统包括「草坪点灯礼」，始于 2001 年，为在九一一袭击之后凝聚社群而设；还有春季举办的「春之节」。
The university's self-governance and honour system are the oldest continuously functioning student-run honour system among American universities.该校的自治与荣誉制度是美国大学中运行时间最久、由学生自行管理的荣誉制度。
The first fraternity at the university, Delta Kappa Epsilon, was founded in 1852, and the university was the birthplace of the Kappa Sigma and Pi Kappa Alpha fraternities.该校首个兄弟会「Delta Kappa Epsilon」成立于 1852 年，该校也是「Kappa Sigma」与「Pi Kappa Alpha」两个兄弟会的发源地。
The Madison House student volunteer centre and the university's large Peace Corps contingent reflect the strong emphasis on service in student life.学生志愿中心「Madison House」以及该校人数众多的和平队志愿者，都体现出学生生活中对服务精神的重视。
The university's athletics teams, nicknamed the Cavaliers, compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and the university won more than 20 NCAA team championships in the 21st century.该校运动队昵称「骑士」，参加大西洋沿岸联盟的赛事；进入 21 世纪以来，该校已赢得 20 多项全国大学体育协会团体冠军。

Notable people

Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States, founded the university in 1819 and designed its first buildings.《独立宣言》主要起草人、美国第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊于 1819 年创办该校，并亲自设计了其最早的建筑。
James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was a member of the university's first Board of Visitors, as was James Monroe, the fifth President.美国第四任总统詹姆斯·麦迪逊是该校首届校监委员会成员，第五任总统詹姆斯·门罗亦然。
Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States, studied law at the university, and Edgar Allan Poe attended it in 1826.美国第 28 任总统伍德罗·威尔逊曾在该校学习法律；埃德加·爱伦·坡则于 1826 年就读于此。
John Backus, who graduated from the university in 1949, led the team that created the Fortran programming language and won the 1977 Turing Award.1949 年毕业于该校的约翰·巴克斯领导团队创造了 Fortran 编程语言，并获得了 1977 年图灵奖。
Robert F. Kennedy, the United States Attorney General and a senator, and his brother Edward M. Kennedy, a long-serving senator, were both university alumni.曾任美国司法部长与参议员的罗伯特·F·肯尼迪及其长期担任参议员的弟弟爱德华·M·肯尼迪都是该校校友。
Robert Mueller, who served as Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Francis Collins, who led the Human Genome Project, are alumni of the university.曾任美国联邦调查局局长的罗伯特·穆勒与曾主持人类基因组计划的弗朗西斯·柯林斯都是该校校友。
Yan Huiqing, who became Premier and President of the Republic of China, was one of the first Chinese students at the university and graduated in 1900.后来出任中华民国国务总理与总统的颜惠庆是该校最早的中国留学生之一，于 1900 年毕业。
The artist Georgia O'Keeffe, the basketball player Ralph Sampson and the journalist Katie Couric are among the university's notable alumni.画家乔治亚·欧姬芙、篮球运动员拉尔夫·桑普森与记者凯蒂·库里克都是该校的著名校友。
The university also counts the polar explorer Richard E. Byrd and the army physician Walter Reed among its alumni.该校的著名校友中还包括极地探险家理查德·E·伯德与军医沃尔特·里德。