University of Tartu

The University of Tartu, known in Estonian as Tartu Ülikool, is the national university of Estonia, a public research institution in the city of Tartu and the largest and oldest university in the country, with 15,573 students of whom 1,435 are international.塔尔图大学（Tartu Ülikool）是爱沙尼亚的国立大学，位于塔尔图市，为一所公立研究型大学，也是全国规模最大、历史最悠久的大学，共有 15,573 名学生，其中 1,435 名为国际学生。

It was founded in 1632 by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, making it one of the oldest universities in northern Europe, and it has functioned continuously as an Estonian-language institution since 1919.该校由瑞典国王古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫于 1632 年创办，是北欧历史最悠久的大学之一，自 1919 年以来一直作为爱沙尼亚语授课机构持续运作。

In the 2027 QS World University Rankings it is placed 367th, it falls in the 376-400 band of the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it is 281st in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities and 501-600 in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, with OpenAlex recording 48,290 works and 4,596,384 citations.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校位列第 367；在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中处于 376 至 400 区间；在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 281；在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 501 至 600 区间；OpenAlex 统计其研究成果 48,290 项、累计被引 4,596,384 次。

History

• A precursor to the university was the Jesuit grammar school Gymnasium Dorpatense, founded in 1583 by Stefan Batory, then king of Poland and Lithuania, and it existed until 1601.该校的前身之一是耶稣会文法学校 Gymnasium Dorpatense，由时任波兰立陶宛联邦国王斯特凡·巴托里于 1583 年创办，存续至 1601 年。

• The foundation act of the new university in Dorpat was signed on 30 June 1632 by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden while he was on campaign in Germany, a few months before his death at the Battle of Lützen.塔尔图（Dorpat）新大学的创办文书由瑞典国王古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫于 1632 年 6 月 30 日签署，当时他正在德意志作战，数月后即阵亡于吕岑战役。

• The first chancellor was Baron Johan Skytte, governor-general of the Swedish provinces of Livonia, Ingria and Karelia, and the first students matriculated on 20 and 21 April 1632.该校首任校监为约翰·斯屈特男爵，他时任瑞典属利沃尼亚、因格里亚与卡累利阿的总督；首批学生于 1632 年 4 月 20 日至 21 日注册入学。

• The academy opened on 15 October 1632 with faculties of philosophy, law, theology and medicine, enjoying the privileges of Uppsala University, and at the time it was the third oldest university in the kingdom of Sweden.学院于 1632 年 10 月 15 日开学，设哲学、法律、神学与医学四个学院，享有乌普萨拉大学的特权，当时是瑞典王国历史第三悠久的大学。

• Among its early students were the physician Urban Hiärne and the philologists Olof Verelius and Arvid Moller, while its first professors included Friedrich Menius, professor of history, and Georg Mancelius, professor of theology and author in 1638 of the first Latvian-German dictionary.该校早期学生中有医生乌尔班·希耶内与文献学家奥洛夫·韦雷利乌斯、阿尔维德·莫勒；其最早的教授则包括历史学教授弗里德里希·梅尼乌斯与神学教授格奥尔格·曼策利乌斯，后者于 1638 年编纂了首部拉脱维亚语—德语词典。

• After the outbreak of the Russo-Swedish war of 1656-1658 the university was moved from Tartu to Tallinn, and it was closed in 1665.俄瑞战争（1656 至 1658 年）爆发后，大学从塔尔图迁至塔林，并于 1665 年停办。

• The university reopened in Tartu in 1690 as the Academia Gustavo-Carolina, and its staff included Sven Dimberg, professor of mathematics and the first in the world to lecture on Newton's theory.1690 年，大学在塔尔图以古斯塔沃—卡罗利纳学院（Academia Gustavo-Carolina）之名重建，其师资包括数学教授斯文·迪姆贝里，他是世界上首位依据牛顿理论授课的学者。

• Less than a decade later, amid the coalition against Sweden and the Great Famine of 1695-1697, the university moved to Pärnu, where it opened on 28 August 1699 as the Academia Pernaviensis.不到十年后，在反瑞典联盟与 1695 至 1697 年大饥荒的双重压力下，大学迁往派尔努，于 1699 年 8 月 28 日以阿卡德米亚·佩尔纳维恩西斯（Academia Pernaviensis）之名开学。

• The academy was closed on 12 August 1710 when Pärnu surrendered to the army of Muscovy during the Great Northern War, and although Tsar Peter I agreed to maintain it, the university remained shut for 92 years.大北方战争期间，派尔努于 1710 年 8 月 12 日向莫斯科军队投降，学院随之关闭；尽管沙皇彼得一世同意维持该校，大学仍停办了 92 年。

• The university was relaunched by the leaders of the local Baltic German nobility and officially opened in April 1802, with its charter confirmed by the reform-minded Tsar Alexander I of Russia.该校由当地波罗的海德意志贵族领袖重新筹建，于 1802 年 4 月正式开学，其章程由锐意改革的俄国沙皇亚历山大一世批准。

• It was the first German-speaking university in the entire Russian Empire, and the prominent organiser and rector at its reopening was Georg Friedrich Parrot.它是整个俄罗斯帝国第一所以德语授课的大学，其重建时期的重要组织者兼校长为格奥尔格·弗里德里希·帕罗特。

• The language of instruction was German from 1802 to 1893, during which Dorpat belonged both to the German-language and the Russian university systems, with more than half the professors coming from Germany.1802 至 1893 年间，该校教学语言为德语，这一时期的多尔帕特兼具德语大学与俄国大学双重属性，半数以上的教授来自德意志。

• The years between 1860 and 1880 are regarded as the university's golden age, when it was an international centre of scholarship and the eleventh largest of the thirty German-language universities.1860 至 1880 年被视为该校的黄金时代，当时它是国际学术中心，在三十所德语大学中规模位列第十一。

• Between 1882 and 1898 russification was imposed on language and appointments, and by 1898, when both the town and the university were renamed Yuryev, virtually all distinguished German scholars had left.1882 至 1898 年间，语言与人事均被推行俄罗斯化；到 1898 年城镇与大学双双更名为尤里耶夫（Yuryev）时，几乎所有杰出的德意志学者都已离去。

• In 1918, during part of the autumn term and under German occupation, the university was reopened as Dorpat, while Russian academic staff and students took refuge in Voronezh, giving rise to Voronezh State University.1918 年秋季学期的一部分时间里，大学在德国占领下以多尔帕特之名重开；与此同时，俄国教职员与学生避难至沃罗涅日，由此催生了沃罗涅日国立大学。

• After Estonia became independent in 1918, the University of Tartu has been an Estonian-language institution since 1919, and it remained so through the Soviet period.1918 年爱沙尼亚独立后，塔尔图大学自 1919 年起成为爱沙尼亚语授课机构，并在整个苏联时期保持这一性质。

• During the Soviet occupation the university was named Tartu State University in 1940-1941 and 1944-1989, and Ostland-Universität in Dorpat during the German occupation of 1941-1944.苏联占领期间，该校于 1940 至 1941 年及 1944 至 1989 年称为塔尔图国立大学，1941 至 1944 年德国占领期间则名为多尔帕特奥斯特兰大学（Ostland-Universität）。

• Estonia regained independence in 1991, and the full recovery of the university's academic autonomy can be dated to 1992, when financial and academic strategic planning were introduced.爱沙尼亚于 1991 年恢复独立，该校学术自主权的全面恢复可追溯至 1992 年，其时引入了财务与学术战略规划。

• The science of lectins, lectinology, was founded at the university in 1888 with the publication of Peter Hermann Stillmark's thesis on the isolation of ricin.凝集素学（lectinology）于 1888 年在该校创立，标志是彼得·赫尔曼·斯蒂尔马克关于蓖麻毒素分离的学位论文发表。

• In the following decade the university adapted its organisation to American, Scandinavian and German university models against the background of its Soviet and Baltic German past, adopting the Bologna declaration.此后十年间，该校在苏联与波罗的海德意志历史的背景下，参照美国、北欧与德国的大学模式调整组织架构，并采纳了博洛尼亚宣言。

• Recent plans include the abolition of the chair system and of the traditional faculties in favour of four large divisions in humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and medicine.近期的规划包括取消教授席位制度与传统学院建制，改设人文、社会科学、自然科学与医学四个大部。

Academics

• The university's academic structure consists of the institutes and colleges of four faculties, namely Arts and Humanities, Social Sciences, Medicine, and Science and Technology, plus institutions not affiliated to any faculty.该校的学术架构由四个学院——人文与艺术学院、社会科学学院、医学院、科学与技术学院——下属的研究所与学院，以及不隶属任何学院的机构组成。

• It offers 61 bachelor's curricula and 86 master's programmes, including 30 programmes taught in English, three at the undergraduate level and 27 at master's level.该校开设 61 个本科课程与 86 个硕士项目，其中 30 个以英语授课，本科层次 3 个、硕士层次 27 个。

• The three bachelor's programmes fully taught in English are business administration, medicine, and science and technology, while the master's portfolio includes an Erasmus Mundus programme in excellence in analytical chemistry.三个完全以英语授课的本科项目为工商管理、医学、科学与技术；硕士项目则包括一个伊拉斯谟世界项目「分析化学卓越计划」。

• Around 120 doctoral degrees are defended annually, more than half of Estonia's total, and the university has 1,130 doctoral students, about 30 per cent of them international, across eight doctoral programmes.该校每年约有 120 人通过博士论文答辩，占爱沙尼亚全国总数的一半以上；其博士研究生共 1,130 名，约 30% 为国际学生，分布于八个博士项目。

• The university ranks in the top one per cent of the world's most-cited institutions in fifteen fields, including biology and biochemistry, chemistry, clinical medicine, immunology, geosciences and neuroscience.该校在十五个领域跻身全球被引最多的前 1% 机构之列，涵盖生物学与生物化学、化学、临床医学、免疫学、地球科学与神经科学等。

• UT accounts for 56 per cent of Estonia's national research output, publishes more than 2,000 high-level research articles annually, and about fifty of its scientists are among the world's most-cited.塔尔图大学贡献了爱沙尼亚全国科研成果的 56%，每年发表 2,000 余篇高水平研究论文，其约五十名科学家跻身全球被引最多的学者之列。

• The university has excelled among Baltic institutions in winning European Research Council grants, awarded to Professor of Molecular Systems Biology Mart Loog, Professor of Nanomedicine Tambet Teesalu and Professor of International Law Lauri Mälksoo.该校在波罗的海地区高校中赢得欧洲研究理事会（ERC）资助方面表现突出，获资助者包括分子系统生物学教授马尔特·洛格、纳米医学教授坦贝特·泰萨卢与国际法教授劳里·梅尔克索。

• Research achievements in recent years have been most remarkable in molecular and cell biology, laser medicine, materials science, laser spectroscopy, biochemistry and psychology.近年来的科研成就以分子与细胞生物学、激光医学、材料科学、激光光谱学、生物化学与心理学等领域最为突出。

• As the largest provider of continuing education in Estonia, the university offers around 1,200 courses a year to more than 39,000 participants.作为爱沙尼亚最大的继续教育提供方，该校每年开设约 1,200 门课程，参与者超过 39,000 人次。

• The university has contracts with 154 business partners worth 10.2 million euros and works with international companies such as Swedbank, Pfizer, ABB Corporate Research and Eesti Energia Group.该校与 154 个商业伙伴签有总额 1,020 万欧元的合同，并与瑞典银行、辉瑞、ABB 企业研究中心与爱沙尼亚能源集团等国际企业合作。

• It has spun off more than 60 start-ups, among them the software firms Reach-U and Positium and the biotechnology company Icosagen, and has set a goal of integrating entrepreneurship courses into every curriculum.该校已孵化 60 多家初创企业，包括软件公司 Reach-U 与 Positium、生物技术公司 Icosagen，并设定将创业课程融入每一门课程体系的目标。

• The student satellite ESTCube-1, developed collectively by university staff and students, was deployed into orbit in 2013 and made Estonia the forty-first space nation in the world.由该校教职员与学生共同研制的学生卫星 ESTCube-1 于 2013 年发射入轨，使爱沙尼亚成为世界上第 41 个航天国家。

• About 35 per cent of the university's study courses are offered partly or fully online, through web-based courses, video lectures, webinars, e-portfolios and massive open online courses.该校约 35% 的课程以部分或完全在线的形式提供，方式包括网络课程、视频讲座、网络研讨会、电子档案与大规模开放在线课程。

• While mainly located in Tartu, the university also operates in Narva, Pärnu, Tallinn and Viljandi, with Narva and Pärnu Colleges part of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Viljandi Culture Academy under Arts and Humanities.该校主要位于塔尔图，同时也在纳尔瓦、派尔努、塔林与维尔扬迪开展活动；纳尔瓦学院与派尔努学院隶属社会科学学院，维尔扬迪文化学院则归人文与艺术学院。

• The support structure of the university consists of fifteen units, and the institutes and colleges are grouped under the four faculties.该校的支撑架构由十五个单位组成，各研究所与学院则归入四个学院之下。

• The University of Tartu is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network and participates in the LERU-CE7 group, the European University Association and the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities.塔尔图大学是科英布拉集团与乌得勒支网络的成员，并参与 LERU-CE7 联盟、欧洲大学协会与欧洲研究密集型大学协会（The Guild）。

Campus

• The university possesses 56 buildings, 11 of them outside Tartu, and 31 of its buildings are listed architectural monuments that decorate the city.该校拥有 56 座建筑，其中 11 座位于塔尔图以外，31 座被列为建筑文物，装点着这座城市。

• The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as an embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment.该校的历史建筑被列入「欧洲遗产标志」名录，被誉为启蒙时代大学理念的化身。

• Many new buildings have been raised at Maarjamõisa, about two kilometres southwest of the historical university centre, including the Technology Institute, the Biomedical Center, the Chemistry building and the new Physics building.许多新建筑建在历史校区中心西南约两公里的马亚里亚默伊萨（Maarjamõisa），包括技术研究所、生物医学中心、化学楼与新物理楼。

• The Delta building was built in the city centre, and numerous university buildings and student dormitories have recently been constructed or renovated, such as the Von Bock House.德尔塔楼（Delta）建于市中心；此外，大量校园建筑与学生宿舍近期得到新建或翻修，例如冯·博克楼（Von Bock House）。

• The university's four museums, botanical gardens and sports facilities are, by and large, open to the general public.该校的四个博物馆、植物园与体育设施大体上向公众开放。

• In May 2023 the university relaunched its virtual tour, offering 360-degree photographs of more than 160 locations across the campus.2023 年 5 月，该校重新推出线上虚拟导览，提供校园内 160 多个地点的 360 度全景照片。

• A statue of Gustav II Adolf, the university's formal founder, was raised on campus in 1928 and removed by the Soviet occupation authorities in 1950, and a new statue by Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren was unveiled in 1992.该校正式创办人古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫的雕像于 1928 年在校园竖立，1950 年被苏联占领当局移走；1992 年由伊丽莎白·特贝柳斯—米伦创作的新雕像重新揭幕。

• The university's four faculties and its institutions are spread across Tartu, with additional teaching sites in Narva, Pärnu, Tallinn and Viljandi, and the Estonian Marine Institute located in the capital.该校四个学院及其机构分布于塔尔图各地，并在纳尔瓦、派尔努、塔林与维尔扬迪设有教学点，爱沙尼亚海洋研究所则位于首都。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings the University of Tartu is placed 367th, and in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings it falls in the 376-400 band.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，塔尔图大学位列第 367；在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中处于 376 至 400 区间。

• In the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities it is ranked 281st, and in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities it falls in the 501-600 band.在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，该校位列第 281；在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 501 至 600 区间。

• The QS World University Rankings placed the University of Tartu 358th in the world in 2024, making it the top-ranked university in the Baltics and third in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia region.2024 年 QS 世界大学排名将塔尔图大学列为全球第 358，使其成为波罗的海地区排名最高的大学，并在新兴欧洲与中亚地区位列第三。

• It is the only university in the Baltic countries to place among the top 200 universities in Europe according to the Times Higher Education ranking.据泰晤士高等教育排名，该校是波罗的海三国中唯一跻身欧洲前 200 名的大学。

• The university belongs to the top one per cent of the world's most-cited universities and research institutions in fifteen research areas.该校在十五个研究领域跻身全球被引最多的大学与科研机构前 1%。

• UT accounts for 56 per cent of Estonia's national research output, and more than half of the country's doctoral theses are defended at the university.塔尔图大学贡献了爱沙尼亚全国科研成果的 56%，全国半数以上的博士论文在该校通过答辩。

• According to OpenAlex the university has produced 48,290 research works attracting 4,596,384 citations, a reflection of its role as the flagship of Estonian science.据 OpenAlex 统计，该校已产出 48,290 项研究成果，累计被引 4,596,384 次，体现出其作为爱沙尼亚科学旗舰的地位。

• The University of Tartu won first place in Central and Eastern Europe by the amount of venture capital raised by unicorn startups founded by its alumni.按校友创办的独角兽初创企业所募集的创业投资额计算，塔尔图大学在中东欧地区位居第一。

• The university has about fifty scientists among the top one per cent of the most-cited in the world and has been notably successful in winning European Research Council grants among Baltic institutions.该校约有五十名科学家跻身全球被引最多的前 1%，并且在波罗的海地区高校中赢得欧洲研究理事会资助的成绩尤为突出。

Student life

• The mascot of the university is a blue bird called Tiksu, a character that features prominently in student life and university branding.该校的吉祥物是一只名为蒂克苏（Tiksu）的蓝色小鸟，这一形象在学生生活与学校标识中十分突出。

• Around 1,800 international students from 90 countries study at the university, the vast majority coming from Ukraine, Russia and Finland.约有来自 90 个国家的 1,800 名国际学生在校就读，其中绝大多数来自乌克兰、俄罗斯与芬兰。

• In the Erasmus programme for student exchange the university cooperates with more than 800 universities, and it has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with about 70 institutions.在学生交流的伊拉斯谟项目中，该校与 800 多所大学合作，并与约 70 所机构签署了双边合作协议。

• The university has received good reviews from foreign students and an International Student Satisfaction Award based on student feedback.该校获得了国际学生的好评，并基于学生反馈荣获「国际学生满意度奖」。

• According to the university, as of 2016 its alumni account for 100 per cent of Estonian judges, 99 per cent of Estonian doctors, dentists and pharmacists, and 60 per cent of the ministers in the Estonian government.据校方统计，截至 2016 年，爱沙尼亚的法官全部为该校校友，医生、牙医与药剂师中有 99% 为该校校友，爱沙尼亚政府部长中 60% 出自该校。

• The alumni also make up 95 per cent of Estonian judicial prosecutors, 87 per cent of members of the Estonian Bar Association and 40 per cent of the members of the Riigikogu, the Estonian parliament.其校友还占爱沙尼亚检察官的 95%、爱沙尼亚律师协会成员的 87%，以及爱沙尼亚议会（Riigikogu）议员的 40%。

• The university's four museums, botanical gardens and sports facilities support student life, and the Tartu University Clinic serves as the main teaching hospital for the medical faculty.该校的四个博物馆、植物园与体育设施为学生生活提供支撑，塔尔图大学诊所则是医学院的主要教学医院。

• More than half of Estonia's PhD theses are defended at the university, and about 30 per cent of its 1,130 doctoral students come from abroad, reflecting a lively research community.爱沙尼亚半数以上的博士论文在该校通过答辩，其 1,130 名博士研究生中约 30% 来自海外，显示出活跃的研究共同体。

Notable people

• The university's formal founder was King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who signed its foundation act in 1632, and its first chancellor was Baron Johan Skytte.该校的正式创办人是瑞典国王古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫，他于 1632 年签署了建校文书，首任校监为约翰·斯屈特男爵。

• Georg Friedrich Parrot was the prominent organiser and rector during the university's reopening in 1802, when its new charter was confirmed by Tsar Alexander I.格奥尔格·弗里德里希·帕罗特是该校 1802 年重建时期的重要组织者兼校长，其时新章程由沙皇亚历山大一世批准。

• The chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, who won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, studied and worked at the university during its Dorpat period.1909 年诺贝尔化学奖得主、化学家威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德在该校多尔帕特时期求学并工作。

• Carl Ernst von Baer, the naturalist regarded as a founder of embryology, was associated with the university during the nineteenth century.被誉为胚胎学奠基人之一的博物学家卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔在 19 世纪与该校渊源深厚。

• The physicists Moritz Hermann Jacobi, a pioneer of electrotyping and of electric motors, and Emil Lenz, who formulated Lenz's law, both studied at the university.电铸术与电动机的先驱、物理学家莫里茨·赫尔曼·雅各比，以及提出楞次定律的埃米尔·楞次，均曾就读于该校。

• The physiologist Carl Schmidt and the pharmacologist Johan Georg Dragendorff were among its distinguished nineteenth-century professors.生理学家卡尔·施密特与药理学家约翰·格奥尔格·德拉根多夫是该校 19 世纪的杰出教授。

• Jaan Tallinn, a co-founder of the internet telephony company Skype and an investor in artificial intelligence safety, is a graduate of the university.网络电话公司 Skype 联合创始人、人工智能安全领域的投资人扬·塔林（Jaan Tallinn）是该校毕业生。

• Juri Lotman, the founder of the Tartu-Moscow school of cultural semiotics, taught at the university and gave his name to the Tartu Semiotic School.塔尔图—莫斯科文化符号学派的奠基人尤里·洛特曼曾在该校任教，「塔尔图符号学派」即以其为标志。

• Kersti Kaljulaid, who served as President of Estonia from 2016 to 2021, is among the university's notable alumni.2016 至 2021 年任爱沙尼亚总统的克尔斯蒂·卡柳莱德是该校著名校友之一。

• Among its contemporary researchers, Mart Loog works on molecular systems biology and Lauri Mälksoo on international law, both having won European Research Council grants.在当代研究者中，马尔特·洛格从事分子系统生物学研究、劳里·梅尔克索从事国际法研究，二人均获得欧洲研究理事会资助。