University of Siena

The University of Siena (Italian: Università degli Studi di Siena, abbreviated UNISI) is a public university in Siena, in the Tuscany region of Italy, and one of Europe's oldest universities, with its first documented record dated 26 December 1240. It is a member of the Coimbra Group of leading European research universities.锡耶纳大学（意大利语：Università degli Studi di Siena，简称 UNISI）是意大利托斯卡纳大区锡耶纳的一所公立大学，是欧洲最古老的大学之一，其最早的文献记载可追溯到 1240 年 12 月 26 日。该校是欧洲顶尖研究型大学组成的科英布拉集团成员。

Originally established as the Studium Senese in 1240, it is regarded as Italy's first publicly funded university, and today about 16,000 students study in a city of some 53,000 inhabitants, making it one of the most student-dominated university cities in Tuscany.该校最初于 1240 年以「锡耶纳学馆」（Studium Senese）之名创办，被视为意大利第一所公费大学；如今约 16,000 名学生在这座约 53,000 人口的城市中就读，使其成为托斯卡纳学生占比最高的大学城之一。

In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Siena is placed 572nd globally, and the university is organised into 14 departments grouped in four disciplinary areas covering the biomedical, experimental, social, legal and humanistic disciplines.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，锡耶纳大学位列全球第 572 位；该校由 14 个系组成，归入四个学科领域，涵盖生物医学、实验科学、社会科学、法学与人文学科。

History

• On 26 December 1240 Ildebrandino Cacciaconti, then podestà of Siena, signed a decree imposing a tax on citizens who rented rooms to students of the local Studium Senese.1240 年 12 月 26 日，时任锡耶纳执政官伊尔德布兰迪诺·卡恰孔蒂（Ildebrandino Cacciaconti）签署法令，向出租房间给当地锡耶纳学馆学生的市民征税。
• In 1252 Pope Innocent IV declared the teachers and students of Siena completely immune from taxes and forced labour imposed by the city of Siena.1252 年，教宗英诺森四世宣布锡耶纳学馆的师生完全免于锡耶纳市所征的税赋与劳役。
• The commune also exempted teachers of law and Latin from military service, and teachers of Latin were excused from their duties as night watchmen.锡耶纳市政当局还免除法学与拉丁语教师的兵役，拉丁语教师亦免于守夜之责。
• By the early 14th century the studium had five teachers of Latin, logic and law and two doctors of natural sciences, teaching medicine.到 14 世纪初，这所学馆已有五名拉丁语、逻辑学与法学教师，以及两名教授自然科学的医学博士。
• One of the most notable maestri of the School of Medicine was Pietro Ispano, a philosopher and personal doctor to Emperor Frederick II, who became Pope John XXI in 1276.医学院最著名的教师之一是彼得罗·伊斯帕诺（Pietro Ispano），他是一位哲学家，也是皇帝腓特烈二世的私人医生，并于 1276 年成为教宗若望二十一世。
• In 1321 the studium attracted many pupils after a mass exodus from the prestigious Bologna University, when a Sienese student body protest followed a death sentence there.1321 年，著名的博洛尼亚大学发生大规模学生出走，锡耶纳学馆因此吸引了大批学生；此次出走源于该校一名学生被判死刑后学生群体的抗议。
• Partly at the instigation of their law lecturer Guglielmo Tolomei, students resigned from the Studium Bolognese, and Siena, funded by the local commune, was able to accommodate them.在其法学教师古列尔莫·托洛梅（Guglielmo Tolomei）的推动下，学生们从博洛尼亚学馆退出，而锡耶纳在市政当局资助下得以接纳他们。
• The studium of Siena was promoted to the status of Studium Generale by Emperor Charles IV shortly after his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in 1355.1355 年，查理四世加冕为神圣罗马帝国皇帝后不久，将锡耶纳学馆升格为「Studium Generale」（总学馆）。
• This placed teachers and students under imperial protection and meant that the licences the university granted were valid ubique docendi, allowing their holders to teach throughout Christendom.此举使师生受到帝国保护，也意味着该校授予的执教资格具有「ubique docendi」（到处可教）的效力，持证人可在整个基督教世界执教。
• The Casa della Sapienza was built in the early 15th century as a centre combining classrooms and housing for those enrolled in the studium, having been proposed by bishop Francesco Mormile in 1392.「智慧之家」（Casa della Sapienza）建于 15 世纪初，是一座集教室与住宿于一体的设施，供学馆注册学生使用；该构想由主教弗朗切斯科·莫尔米莱（Francesco Mormile）于 1392 年提出。
• It was completed about twenty years after Mormile's proposal, its first occupants took up residence in 1416, and room and board then cost fifty gold florins for a semester.它在该提议提出约二十年后建成，首批住户于 1416 年入住，当时的食宿费为每学期五十枚金弗罗林。
• By the mid-14th century Siena had declined as a power in Tuscany, eclipsed by the rise of Florence, which defeated the Republic of Siena in 1555.到 14 世纪中叶，锡耶纳在托斯卡纳的势力已趋衰落，被崛起的佛罗伦萨所盖过；佛罗伦萨于 1555 年击败了锡耶纳共和国。
• The city authorities nevertheless asked the Medici, then hereditary dukes of Florence, to preserve the academy, and reforms under Francesco and Grand Duke Ferdinando I brought new statutes and prerogatives.尽管如此，市政当局仍请求当时佛罗伦萨的世袭公爵美第奇家族保全这所学府；在弗朗切斯科与费迪南多一世大公治下，改革带来了新的章程与特权。
• In 1737 the Medici line became extinct and the rule of Tuscany passed to the French House of Lorraine, and the Tuscan economist Sallustio Bandini solicited scholarships for the university and bequeathed it a large library.1737 年美第奇家族绝嗣，托斯卡纳的统治权转归法国的洛林家族；托斯卡纳经济学家萨卢斯蒂奥·班迪尼（Sallustio Bandini）为大学募得奖学金，并遗赠了一座大型图书馆。
• In 1808, when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany, they abolished the Studium Senese, and the university did not reopen until after Napoleon's defeat and the restoration of Ferdinand III as Grand Duke of Tuscany.1808 年拿破仑军队占领托斯卡纳后废除了锡耶纳学馆，大学直到拿破仑战败、斐迪南三世复任托斯卡纳大公之后才重新开学。
• During the Risorgimento, Sienese students organised openly patriotic groups, and in the April 1848 revolts three professors, one assistant and fifty-five students formed the Compagnia della Guardia Universitaria.在意大利复兴运动期间，锡耶纳学生组织了公开的爱国的团体；在 1848 年 4 月的起义中，三名教授、一名助教与五十五名学生组成了「大学卫队连」。
• This troop fought at the battles of Curtatone and Montanara, and its flag is still preserved in the Chancellor's building to this day.这支队伍参加了库尔塔托内与蒙塔纳拉战役，其旗帜至今仍保存在校长办公楼内。
• After the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, Tuscany and Siena came under the Kingdom of Sardinia, which became the Kingdom of Italy, and the academy recovered thanks to local enterprises and legislative recognition of its pharmacy and obstetrics schools.1859 年第二次意大利独立战争后，托斯卡纳与锡耶纳归入撒丁王国（即后来的意大利王国）；在当地企业支持与立法承认其药学及助产学校之后，这所学府得以恢复。
• The old hospital Santa Maria della Scala was transformed into the General University Hospital, and in 1880 the Law Faculty established the Circolo Giuridico, or Legal Circle, for in-depth seminars on legal studies.旧医院「圣玛丽亚·德拉斯卡拉」被改建为大学综合医院；1880 年法学院设立了「Circolo Giuridico」（法学圈），通过研讨会与讲座深入探讨法律问题。
• In 1892 the Minister of Public Education, Ferdinando Martini, proposed suppressing the Sienese academy, but a general tradesmen's strike and an uprising of the population forced him to withdraw the project.1892 年，公共教育部长费迪南多·马尔蒂尼（Ferdinando Martini）提议裁撤锡耶纳这所学府，但商人总罢工与民众起义迫使他撤回该方案。
• Having escaped this danger, the city invested anew in the university, creating new degrees and faculties, and the Monte dei Paschi di Siena bank financed the construction of the biology department.躲过这一危机后，城市重新投资于大学，设立新的学位与学院，锡耶纳牧山银行出资兴建了生物学系馆。
• The 20th century brought growth, with the student population rising from about four hundred between the wars to more than 15,000 in recent years.20 世纪该校持续发展，学生人数从两次世界大战之间约四百人增至近年的一万五千余人。
• Following Italy's 2010 university reform, the Gelmini law, Siena's nine former faculties were replaced by 14 departments grouped into four areas.在意大利 2010 年的大学改革（即「杰尔米尼法」）之后，锡耶纳原有的九个学院被 14 个系取代，并归入四个领域。
• Since 2014 the Department of Economics and Statistics and the Department of Business and Law have merged their degree courses into the School of Economics and Management, known as SEM.自 2014 年起，经济与统计系与商业与法律系将其学位课程合并为「经济与管理学院」，简称 SEM。

Academics

• The University of Siena is organised into 14 departments grouped in four areas: Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Economics Law and Political Sciences, Experimental Sciences, and Literature History Philosophy and the Arts.锡耶纳大学设有 14 个系，归入四个领域：生物医学与医学科学、经济法律与政治科学、实验科学，以及文学历史哲学与艺术。
• Each department offers both graduate and undergraduate courses, and the departments are the principal centres of scientific research, teaching and training, reflecting the breadth of a university that has taught law, medicine and the liberal arts since the thirteenth century.每个系都同时开设研究生与本科课程，各系是科学研究、教学与培训的主要中心，体现了这所自十三世纪起便教授法学、医学与博雅学科的大学的广博。
• Siena's traditional strengths lie in its Law School, Medical School and Economics and Management School, and the university is especially renowned for law, medicine and economics.锡耶纳的传统优势在于其法学院、医学院与经济管理学院，该校尤以法学、医学与经济学著称。
• The university's Coimbra Group membership links it to a network of leading European universities, and it takes part in European University mobility and research programmes.该校的科英布拉集团成员身份使其与欧洲顶尖大学的网络相连，并参与欧洲大学流动与研究项目。
• Degree courses for 2022-23 ranged across biotechnology, medicine, dentistry, nursing, economics, law, political science, biology, chemistry, pharmacy, geology, physics, engineering, mathematics and cultural heritage.2022/23 学年的学位课程涵盖生物技术、医学、牙科、护理、经济学、法学、政治学、生物学、化学、药学、地质学、物理学、工程、数学与文化遗产等领域。
• A number of master's and doctoral programmes at Siena are taught in English, including programmes in economics, finance, medical biotechnology, chemistry and artificial intelligence and automation engineering.锡耶纳的若干硕士与博士项目以英语授课，包括经济学、金融学、医学生物技术、化学以及人工智能与自动化工程等项目。
• The university's Law School traces its origins to the medieval School of Law and Grammar, one of the three original schools of the Studium Senese.该校法学院可追溯到中世纪的法律与文法学校，是锡耶纳学馆最初的三所学校之一。
• The School of Medicine similarly descends from the medieval School of Medicine, where Pietro Ispano and other physicians taught in the 13th century.医学院同样源于中世纪的医学学校，彼得罗·伊斯帕诺与其他医师曾在 13 世纪于此执教。
• Research at Siena spans medical biotechnology, molecular and developmental medicine, medicine surgery and neuroscience, and life sciences.锡耶纳的研究涵盖医学生物技术、分子与发育医学、医学外科与神经科学，以及生命科学。
• Other research areas include biotechnology chemistry and pharmacy, information engineering and mathematics, physical sciences earth and environment, and economics and statistics.其他研究领域包括生物技术化学与药学、信息工程与数学、物理科学地球与环境，以及经济学与统计学。
• The Department of Philology and Literary Criticism, the Department of Social Political and Cognitive Sciences and the Department of History and Cultural Heritage cover the humanities and social sciences.语文学与文学批评系、社会政治与认知科学系以及历史与文化遗产系则涵盖人文与社会科学。
• OpenAlex attributes 60,657 research works with 5,649,152 citations to the University of Siena, reflecting a substantial volume of medical and life-science research.OpenAlex 为锡耶纳大学收录 60,657 篇研究成果、被引 5,649,152 次，反映其医学与生命科学研究规模可观。
• The university operates the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Siena, a historic botanical garden used for teaching and research.该校运营着「锡耶纳大学植物园」（Orto Botanico），这是一座用于教学与研究的历史植物园。
• Siena hosts medical, biomedical and neuroscience research alongside strong traditions in law, economics, political sciences and cultural heritage studies.锡耶纳在医学、生物医学与神经科学研究之外，在法学、经济学、政治科学与文化遗产研究方面也有深厚传统。
• The university participates in national and European research programmes, and its academics contribute to Italian and international scientific networks.该校参与国家级与欧洲的研究项目，其学者亦为意大利及国际科学网络作出贡献。
• The university's large student body relative to the city makes Siena one of Italy's most student-dominated university towns.相对于城市规模而言，该校庞大的学生群体使锡耶纳成为意大利最具「学生城」色彩的大学城之一。
• Siena's teaching combines a centuries-old tradition of legal and medical studies with modern programmes in the social and experimental sciences.锡耶纳的教学把数百年的法律与医学研究传统与现代社会科学及实验科学的项目结合起来。
• Because the university is dispersed through the city, its departments, libraries and services are embedded in the daily life of Siena's historic centre.由于大学分布全城，其各系、图书馆与服务深深嵌入锡耶纳历史城区的日常生活之中。

Campus

• Siena's campus is the city itself: about 15,600 students live among the roughly 53,000 inhabitants of Siena, and university buildings are interwoven with the historic centre.锡耶纳的校园就是城市本身：约 15,600 名学生与锡耶纳约 53,000 名居民共处，大学建筑与历史城区交织在一起。
• The university occupies and has restored many historic buildings, some of which were returned to the city for use as apartments or by the contradas, the city's traditional districts.该校占用并修复了许多历史建筑，其中一些已交还城市，用作公寓或供「contrade」（锡耶纳传统街区）使用。
• The faculties of Engineering and Literature have found space in what was once the San Niccolò Psychiatric Hospital, whose large rooms now house their departments.工程学院与文学院在昔日的圣尼科洛精神病院中找到了空间，其宽敞的厅室如今容纳了这两个学院的各系。
• The former Convent of Santa Chiara was transformed into the first collegiate residence in Italy, reserved for those working towards a European postgraduate degree.昔日的圣基娅拉修道院被改建为意大利首个学院式宿舍，专供攻读欧洲研究生学位的学生居住。
• The church of San Vigilio serves as the university chapel, and the Orto Botanico functions as the university's botanical garden.圣维吉利奥教堂作为大学礼拜堂使用，植物园（Orto Botanico）则作为大学的植物园。
• The ten university dormitories are located within the historic centre at Fontebranda, Mattioli, Porrione, Sperandie and San Marco, on the outskirts at Acquacalda, and near the university's extended areas at San Miniato.该校的十座宿舍分布在历史城区内的丰特布兰达、马蒂奥利、波里奥内、斯佩兰迪耶与圣马可，以及城郊的阿夸卡尔达与大学扩展区附近的圣米尼亚托。
• The rector's office is located at Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, in the heart of the historic city centre.校长办公室位于锡耶纳历史城区中心的班基迪索托街 55 号，邮编 53100。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027, the University of Siena is placed 572nd in the world.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，锡耶纳大学位列全球第 572 位。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place Siena in the 376-400 band globally, among the stronger Italian universities.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将锡耶纳大学列入全球 376 至 400 区间，位居意大利较强大学之列。
• In the U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026-2027 Siena is ranked 599th in the world.在 2026 至 2027 年版美国新闻最佳全球大学排名中，锡耶纳大学位列世界第 599 位。^[1]
• The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 places Siena in the 701-800 band worldwide.2026 年软科世界大学学术排名将锡耶纳大学列入全球 701 至 800 区间。
• Siena is renowned for its schools of law, medicine and economics and management, which have drawn students from across Italy and Europe for centuries and remain its most competitive programmes.锡耶纳以其法学、医学以及经济与管理学院著称，这些领域数百年来吸引了意大利与欧洲各地的学生，至今仍是其最具竞争力的项目。
• As Italy's first publicly funded university and one of its oldest, Siena occupies a distinctive place in the history of Italian higher education.作为意大利第一所公费大学，也是该国最古老的大学之一，锡耶纳在意大利高等教育史上占有独特地位。
• OpenAlex records 5,649,152 citations to Siena's 60,657 research works, with particular strength in medicine, biotechnology and the life sciences, and its citation volume places it among Italy's more research-intensive institutions.OpenAlex 记录锡耶纳大学的 60,657 篇研究成果共获 5,649,152 次引用，尤以医学、生物技术与生命科学见长；其引用量使其跻身意大利研究最为密集的院校之列。
• The university's membership of the Coimbra Group associates it with a network of leading European research universities.该校的科英布拉集团成员身份使其与一个欧洲顶尖研究型大学的网络相联系。
• Siena's high ratio of students to residents makes it one of the most student-centred cities in Italy, reinforcing its reputation as a university town.锡耶纳学生与居民的高比例使其成为意大利最具学生导向的城市之一，巩固了其大学城的声誉。
• The university's long history of legal and medical teaching is reflected in the continued prominence of its law and medical departments in national assessments.该校悠久的法律与医学教学历史，体现为其法学与医学各系在国内评估中持续突出的地位。
• Siena's position among Italian universities has remained stable in international rankings, placing it in the upper-middle tier of the Italian University system.锡耶纳大学在意大利大学中的地位在国际排名中保持稳定，使其居于意大利大学体系的中上游。

Student life

• The University of Siena has no formal university motto, and its identity is bound up with the city of Siena and its medieval origins as the Studium Senese, one of the oldest continuously operating universities in Europe.锡耶纳大学没有正式校训，其身份认同与锡耶纳城及其作为「锡耶纳学馆」的中世纪起源紧密相连，该校也是欧洲历史最悠久、延续办学至今的大学之一。
• The religious and civic calendar of Siena, including the Palio horse race between the city's contradas, shapes the rhythm of student life in the city.锡耶纳的宗教与市民历法，包括各街区之间的赛马会「Palio」，塑造了城中学生生活的节奏。
• The first collegiate residence in Italy, created from the former Convent of Santa Chiara, houses students working towards a European postgraduate degree.由昔日圣基娅拉修道院改建的意大利首个学院式宿舍，供攻读欧洲研究生学位的学生居住。
• The university chapel at San Vigilio and the ten university dormitories support a campus life that is integrated into the historic centre.圣维吉利奥的大学礼拜堂与十座大学宿舍，支撑着融入历史城区的校园生活。
• The university's botanical garden, the Orto Botanico, offers students a space for study and recreation within the city.该校植物园（Orto Botanico）为学生提供了城中学习与休憩的空间。
• Biology, medical and engineering students use buildings adapted from former hospitals and convents, giving study spaces a distinctive historic character.生物、医学与工程专业的学生使用由旧医院与修道院改建的建筑，使学习空间具有独特的历史韵味。
• The university prides itself on diversity, and its international students live among the Sienese in the historic centre rather than on a separate campus.该校以多元化为荣，其国际学生与锡耶纳市民同住在历史城区，而非集中在一个单独校区。
• Student traditions connected with Siena's medieval university include academic ceremonies held in the city's historic buildings and churches.与锡耶纳中世纪大学相关的学生传统，包括在该市历史建筑与教堂中举行的学术典礼。

Notable people

• Pietro Ispano, a professor of medicine at Siena, became Pope John XXI in 1276 and was also a philosopher and physician to Emperor Frederick II.锡耶纳的医学教授彼得罗·伊斯帕诺于 1276 年成为教宗若望二十一世，他也是一位哲学家，并曾任皇帝腓特烈二世的医生。
• Cino da Pistoia, the medieval jurist and poet, taught law at Siena and was a leading commentator on Roman law.中世纪法学家与诗人奇诺·达皮斯托亚（Cino da Pistoia）曾在锡耶纳教授法学，是罗马法的重要注释家。
• Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte studied law at Siena and later became Pope Julius III.乔瓦尼·玛丽亚·乔基·德尔蒙特曾在锡耶纳攻读法学，后来成为教宗尤利乌斯三世。
• Fabio Chigi, who became Pope Alexander VII, was also associated with Siena, continuing its tradition of producing church leaders.后来成为教宗亚历山大七世的法比奥·基吉也与锡耶纳有关，延续了该校培养教会领袖的传统。
• Norberto Bobbio, the philosopher and political theorist, was a professor at Siena and became one of Italy's most influential legal and political thinkers.哲学家与政治理论家诺贝托·博比奥曾任锡耶纳的教授，后成为意大利最具影响力的法律与政治思想家之一。
• Frank Hahn, the British economist, was a professor of economics at Siena and directed the PhD programme of its economics department.英国经济学家弗兰克·哈恩曾任锡耶纳的经济学教授，并主持其经济学系的博士项目。
• Samuel Bowles, the American economist, and Richard M. Goodwin, a mathematician and economist, were also professors associated with the university.美国经济学家塞缪尔·鲍尔斯以及数学家兼经济学家理查德·M·古德温，也是与该校相关的教授。
• Antonio Tabucchi, the Italian writer, was a professor of Portuguese language and literature at Siena.意大利作家安东尼奥·塔布其曾任锡耶纳的葡萄牙语言与文学教授。
• Silvana Sciarra, a professor at Siena, served as President of the Constitutional Court of Italy.锡耶纳的教授西尔瓦娜·夏拉曾任意大利宪法法院院长。
• Carlo Cottarelli, the economist and former director of the International Monetary Fund, studied or taught in connection with Siena's economics tradition.经济学家、国际货币基金组织前官员卡洛·科塔雷利与锡耶纳的经济学传统有所关联。
• Rino Rappuoli, the Italian biologist and chief scientist of GSK, is associated with Siena's strong biomedical research tradition.意大利生物学家、GSK 首席科学家里诺·拉普奥利与锡耶纳强大的生物医学研究传统相关联。
• Gianna Nannini, the Italian pop singer, is among the university's best-known former students.意大利流行歌手吉安娜·南尼尼是该校最知名的前学生之一。
• Luigi Berlinguer, a professor of law who became Rector and Italy's Minister of Education, is a prominent figure linked to the university.法学教授路易吉·贝林格曾任校长与意大利教育部长，是与该校相关的重要人物。
• Song Weiqing, a professor of social economics at the University of Macau, is a Chinese-linked academic connected with Siena.澳门大学社会经济学教授宋卫清是与锡耶纳有所关联的华人学者。