University of Puerto Rico

The University of Puerto Rico (UPR, Universidad de Puerto Rico) is the public university system of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, a government-owned corporation with eleven campuses and its central administration in San Juan.波多黎各大学（University of Puerto Rico，简称 UPR）是美国属地波多黎各自由邦的公立大学系统，属政府所有的公营机构，下辖十一个校区，中央行政机构设于圣胡安。

It was authorised by the island legislature on 12 March 1903, grew out of the Escuela Normal Industrial opened at Fajardo in 1900, and became a land-grant institution when the Morrill-Nelson Act was extended to Puerto Rico in 1908.该系统于 1903 年 3 月 12 日经岛内立法机构批准设立，前身是 1900 年在法哈多开办的工业师范学校；1908 年《莫里尔-纳尔逊法》延伸适用于波多黎各后，它成为赠地学院。

In 2022-23 its eleven units enrolled 44,233 students with about 4,450 faculty, and the QS World University Rankings 2027 places the system in the 1001-1200 band.2022 至 2023 学年，十一个校区共有 44,233 名学生与约 4,450 名教师；2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将该系统列入 1001-1200 区间。

History

• In 1900 the Escuela Normal Industrial was established at Fajardo as the first higher education centre in Puerto Rico, with an initial enrolment of 20 students and five professors, and it moved to Río Piedras the following year.1900 年，工业师范学校在法哈多创办，成为波多黎各首个高等教育机构，最初仅有 20 名学生与 5 名教师，次年迁往里奥彼德拉斯。
• On 12 March 1903 the legislature authorised the founding of the University of Puerto Rico, and on that day the normal school was proclaimed its first department.1903 年 3 月 12 日，立法机构批准创设波多黎各大学，师范学校当日被宣布为该校的第一个系。
• When the Morrill-Nelson Act was extended to the island in 1908 the university became a land-grant college, entitled to federal land for teaching agriculture, science and engineering.1908 年《莫里尔-纳尔逊法》延伸至该岛后，大学成为赠地学院，有权获得联邦土地用于农业、科学与工程教学。
• The College of Liberal Arts followed in 1910 and the College of Agriculture at Mayagüez in 1911, giving the system its two enduring poles of arts and sciences in the east and engineering and agriculture in the west.文理学院于 1910 年设立，马亚圭斯的农学院于 1911 年设立，从此奠定该系统东西两翼的格局：东部以文理为主，西部以工程与农业为主。
• The institution was renamed the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1912, and the departments of pharmacy and law were added in 1913, the first professional schools on the island.1912 年，该校更名为农业与机械艺术学院；1913 年增设药学系与法学系，成为岛上最早的专业学院。
• The University Act of 1923 gave the institution a board of trustees and a rector as principal officer, and in 1924 it became independent of the Department of Public Instruction, with the governor appointing the first rector.1923 年《大学法》为该校设立董事会，并以校长为主要负责人；1924 年，学校脱离公共教育部独立，首任校长由总督任命。
• The School of Commerce, later the School of Business Administration, and the School of Tropical Medicine were created in 1926, extending the university into professional and medical training.1926 年，商学院（后为工商管理学院）与热带医学学院成立，使大学扩展到专业训练与医学教育领域。
• In 1927 rector Thomas E. Benner established the Department of Hispanic Studies under Federico de Onís, and the Master of Arts in Hispanic Studies became the institution's first graduate programme, with the Revista de Estudios Hispánicos appearing from 1928.1927 年，校长托马斯·E·本纳在费德里科·德奥尼斯主持下设立西语研究系，西语研究文学硕士成为该校首个研究生项目，《西语研究评论》自 1928 年起刊行。
• The San Felipe Segundo hurricane struck the island in 1928 and caused serious damage on the Río Piedras campus, and staff and faculty began a reconstruction effort that reshaped the quadrangle.1928 年，圣费利佩二世飓风袭击该岛，里奥彼德拉斯校区严重受损，教职员随即展开重建，并重塑了校园方庭的格局。
• The U.S. Congress extended the Bankhead-Jones Act to Puerto Rico in 1935, providing funds for research and for the construction of further buildings.1935 年，美国国会把《班克黑德-琼斯法》延伸适用于波多黎各，为科研与后续校舍建设提供经费。
• Between 1936 and 1939 major structures in Spanish Renaissance style rose around the Río Piedras quadrangle, among them the Tower Theatre, which remains the visual signature of the campus.1936 至 1939 年间，里奥彼德拉斯方庭周边建起一批西班牙文艺复兴风格的大型建筑，其中包括至今仍是校园视觉标志的塔楼剧场。
• In 1938 Augusto Rodríguez composed the music of the university anthem, Alma Mater, to words by Francisco Arriví, and it is still sung at graduations.1938 年，奥古斯托·罗德里格斯为校歌《母校》谱曲，歌词出自弗朗西斯科·阿里维之手，至今仍在毕业典礼上演唱。
• Act No. 135 of 7 May 1942 created the Higher Education Council as governing board and regulator, and in the same year Jaime Benítez was named rector.1942 年 5 月 7 日的第 135 号法设立高等教育委员会，作为该校的治理与监管机构；同年，海梅·贝尼特斯出任校长。
• The university received accreditation from the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 1947, the regional recognition that still governs its degrees.1947 年，该校获得中部各州学院与学校协会认证，这一区域性认可至今仍是其学位的基础。
• Act No. 1 of 1966 restructured the institution into three campuses, Río Piedras, Mayagüez and Medical Sciences, and turned the rector into a system president, an office Benítez held until 1971.1966 年第 1 号法把该校重组为里奥彼德拉斯、马亚圭斯与医学校区三个校区，并把校长改设为系统总校长，贝尼特斯担任此职至 1971 年。
• Regional colleges were opened at Arecibo, Cayey and Humacao in 1967, beginning the network of two-year and four-year units that would make the system island-wide.1967 年，阿雷西博、卡耶伊与乌马考三所地区学院开办，开启了覆盖全岛的两至四年制学院网络。
• Further units followed at Ponce in 1969, Bayamón in 1971, Aguadilla in 1972, Carolina in 1973 and Utuado in 1978, completing the eleven-campus map.此后又于 1969 年在蓬塞、1971 年在巴亚蒙、1972 年在阿瓜迪利亚、1973 年在卡罗莱纳、1978 年在乌图阿多增设学院，十一个校区的版图至此成形。
• The campus radio station WRTU began broadcasting from Río Piedras in 1980, giving the system a public radio voice in music and news.1980 年，校园电台 WRTU 在里奥彼德拉斯开播，为该系统提供了音乐与新闻类的公共广播声音。
• Act No. 186 of 7 August 1998 provided for the gradual autonomy of the regional colleges, turning them into eleven autonomous units under a single board of trustees.1998 年 8 月 7 日的第 186 号法规定地区学院逐步自治，使其成为同一董事会下的十一个自治单位。
• A strike in 2010 and 2011 against budget cuts and an 800-dollar student quota paralysed several campuses, and in July 2010 the Middle States Commission placed the system's accreditation on probation before full restoration at the end of 2011.2010 至 2011 年，反对削减预算与 800 美元学生收费的罢课使数个校区停摆；2010 年 7 月，中部各州委员会一度把该系统认证列为察看，至 2011 年底全面恢复。
• Hurricane Maria caused more than 175 million dollars of damage in 2017, yet all eleven campuses reopened within two months, and staff also struck that year against the fiscal oversight board's cuts.2017 年飓风玛丽亚造成逾 1.75 亿美元损失，但十一个校区在两个月内全部复课；同年教职员还罢工反对财政监督委员会的削减。
• In June 2021 the fiscal oversight board cut 94 million dollars from the budget, and the island government restored the money before the August semester began, while Zayira Jordán Conde became president in 2025.2021 年 6 月，财政监督委员会从预算中削减 9,400 万美元，岛政府在八月学期开始前补足款项；2025 年，扎伊拉·霍尔丹·孔德出任总校长。

Academics

• The system comprises eleven units, namely Río Piedras, Mayagüez, Medical Sciences, Arecibo, Bayamón, Carolina, Cayey, Humacao, Ponce, Aguadilla and Utuado.该系统由十一个单位组成，即里奥彼德拉斯、马亚圭斯、医学、阿雷西博、巴亚蒙、卡罗莱纳、卡耶伊、乌马考、蓬塞、阿瓜迪利亚与乌图阿多。
• Its academic offer runs to more than 450 programmes, including 35 associate degrees, 246 bachelor's degrees, 123 master's degrees, 43 doctorates, one Juris Doctor and 22 certificates.其学科供给超过 450 个项目，包括 35 个副学士、246 个学士、123 个硕士、43 个博士、1 个法律博士以及 22 个证书项目。
• Enrolment fell from 52,791 students in 2009-10 to 47,314 in 2014-15 and 44,233 in 2022-23, a decline the administration links to the island's population loss.在校生从 2009 至 2010 学年的 52,791 人降至 2014 至 2015 学年的 47,314 人，再降至 2022 至 2023 学年的 44,233 人；校方把这一下滑与岛上人口减少相联系。
• The system employs about 4,450 faculty and 11,178 administrative staff, making it one of the largest employers on the island.该系统聘有约 4,450 名教师与 11,178 名行政人员，是岛上最大的雇主之一。
• It is classified as an R2 doctoral university with high research activity, the only public institution in Puerto Rico carrying that Carnegie designation.该校被归类为科研活动活跃的 R2 级博士型大学，是波多黎各唯一获此卡内基分类的公立机构。
• About 90 per cent of the research produced in Puerto Rico is generated within the system, funded by agencies such as the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and NASA.波多黎各约 90% 的科研成果出自该系统，经费来自国家科学基金会、国家卫生研究院与美国航天局等联邦机构。
• Puerto Rico EPSCoR received more than 25 million dollars from the National Science Foundation in October 2010 for nanotechnology, and has drawn over 180 million dollars from federal agencies since its creation.波多黎各 EPSCoR 项目于 2010 年 10 月从国家科学基金会获得逾 2,500 万美元用于纳米技术，自设立以来已从联邦机构获得超过 1.8 亿美元。
• Externally funded research exceeded 87 million dollars in 2007-08 and had doubled roughly every five years since 1985, according to the system's own accounting.按该系统自己的统计，2007 至 2008 年度校外资助科研经费超过 8,700 万美元，自 1985 年以来大约每五年翻一番。
• The Mayagüez campus holds the system's only engineering school, accredited by ABET, and graduates more than 600 engineers a year, a figure that led Hispanic Engineer and Information Technology magazine to name it the top engineering school for Hispanics.马亚圭斯校区拥有系统内唯一的工学院，获 ABET 认证，每年培养 600 余名工程师；《西班牙裔工程师与信息技术》杂志因此将其评为西班牙裔学生的最佳工学院。
• The Medical Sciences campus in San Juan, with 2,657 students, houses the public system's schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and public health, and runs residency training with the island's teaching hospitals.位于圣胡安的医学校区有 2,657 名学生，设有公立系统内的医学、牙科、药学与公共卫生学院，并与岛内教学医院共同开展住院医师培训。
• Río Piedras, the largest unit with 13,599 students, concentrates the liberal arts, natural sciences, humanities and social sciences, and remains the seat of the system's oldest faculties.里奥彼德拉斯是最大的单位，有 13,599 名学生，集中了文理、自然科学、人文与社会科学，并授予系统内大部分博士学位。
• Undergraduate tuition stands at 157 dollars per credit and graduate tuition at 300 dollars, and about 80 per cent of degree students have their tuition fully covered by institutional and federal aid under Certification 4.本科学费为每学分 157 美元，研究生为每学分 300 美元；依据第 4 号认证，约 80% 的学位生其学费由校内与联邦资助全额支付。
• The system has maintained a system-wide admission rate of 67 per cent since 1997 and reports the highest selectivity index of any institution in Puerto Rico.自 1997 年以来，该系统的整体录取率维持在 67%，并称其选拔度为波多黎各各院校之最。
• Graduate study includes 43 doctoral programmes and a Juris Doctor at the School of Law, the oldest law school on the island.研究生教育包括 43 个博士项目以及法学院的 1 个法律博士项目，该法学院是岛上历史最久的法学院。
• The system budget stood at 1.52 billion dollars in 2014, the year in which federal and commonwealth appropriations still covered most of its operating costs.该系统 2014 年预算为 15.2 亿美元，当年联邦与自由邦拨款仍承担其大部分运营成本。
• Academic governance is shared between the board of trustees, a university board of eleven campus rectors and the academic senates of each unit, a structure created by the 1998 autonomy law.学术治理由董事会、由十一位校区校长组成的大学理事会以及各单位学术评议会共同承担，这一结构源自 1998 年的自治法。
• It remains the principal public provider of higher education on the island, alongside private systems such as the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico and Sacred Heart University, which together enrol a substantial share of local students.该校仍是岛上规模最大的高等教育提供者，领先于波多黎各泛美大学与圣心大学等私立选择，后两者合计也招收了相当比例的本地学生。
• Its School of Law, founded in 1913, is the oldest law school in Puerto Rico and one of the oldest in the Caribbean, and supplies a large part of the island's judiciary and civil service.该校法学院创办于 1913 年，是波多黎各历史最久的法学院，也是加勒比地区最古老的法学院之一，为岛内司法与公务员系统输送了大量人才。

Campus

• The Río Piedras campus in San Juan is the system's main seat, with 13,599 students, the central administration and the largest concentration of research institutes.位于圣胡安的里奥彼德拉斯校区是系统的主校区，拥有 13,599 名学生、中央行政机构以及最集中的研究机构群。
• Its central tower, modelled on the Giralda of Seville, carries the emblems of Harvard University and of the University of San Marcos, respectively the oldest universities in the United States and in the Americas.校园中央塔楼以塞维利亚的希拉尔达塔为原型，塔身饰有哈佛大学与圣马科斯大学的校徽，前者是美国最古老的大学，后者是美洲最古老的大学。
• The Mayagüez campus on the west coast, with 10,071 students, is the engineering and agricultural centre of the system and the site of its land-grant mission.西海岸的马亚圭斯校区有 10,071 名学生，是系统内的工程与农业中心，也是赠地使命的所在地。
• The Medical Sciences campus occupies a compact site in San Juan beside the university hospital complex, with 2,657 students in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and allied health.医学校区在圣胡安占据一块紧凑用地，紧邻大学医院群，有 2,657 名学生就读医学、牙科、药学与相关健康专业。
• The smallest unit, Utuado, enrols 331 students, while Aguadilla has 2,018 and Arecibo 2,868, reflecting the wide spread of the system across the island's municipalities.最小的乌图阿多校区仅有 331 名学生，阿瓜迪利亚有 2,018 人，阿雷西博有 2,868 人，显示出系统在岛内各市镇的广泛分布。
• The eleven campuses sit in ten municipalities, because Río Piedras and the Medical Sciences campus are both in San Juan, while the others run from Aguadilla in the north-west to Humacao in the east and Ponce on the southern coast.十一个校区分布在十个市镇：里奥彼德拉斯与医学校区同处圣胡安，其余则从西北的阿瓜迪利亚，到东部的乌马考，再到南岸的蓬塞。
• The 1936-1939 Spanish Renaissance quadrangle at Río Piedras, with its arcades and the Tower Theatre, remains the architectural core around which later buildings were added.里奥彼德拉斯 1936 至 1939 年建成的西班牙文艺复兴方庭，连同其连拱廊与塔楼剧场，仍是后来建筑不断增补所围绕的建筑核心。
• WRTU Radio Universidad, broadcasting from Río Piedras since 1980, operates as a public station on FM and online and serves as a training ground for student journalists.WRTU 大学电台自 1980 年起在里奥彼德拉斯播音，以调频与网络方式作为公共电台运营，也是学生记者的训练场。
• The eleven campuses range from large urban sites in San Juan to small colleges in rural municipalities, such as Utuado in the central cordillera, which opened in 1978 and enrols only 331 students.十一个校区从圣胡安的大型城市校园，一直延伸到乡村市镇的小型学院，例如 1978 年开办、仅有 331 名学生的中部山区乌图阿多校区。

Reputation

• The University of Puerto Rico is placed in the 1001-1200 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, a tied interval covering the system as a whole.波多黎各大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列 1001-1200 区间，该区间以整个系统为统计对象且为并列区间。
• It did not enter the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.该校未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名。
• It did not appear in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities main table.该校未进入 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学主榜。
• It did not enter the main table of the 2026 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.该校未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜。
• QS placed it 40th in Latin America in its 2022 regional ranking, after 37th in 2020, 42nd in 2018 and 62nd in 2015.在 QS 2022 年拉美地区排名中，该校位列第 40 位，此前 2020 年为第 37 位、2018 年为第 42 位、2015 年为第 62 位。
• In the 2018 editions it stood in the 800-1000 band of the QS World University Rankings and in the 801-1000 band of the Times Higher Education table.在 2018 年度的榜单中，该校处于 QS 世界大学排名 800-1000 区间与泰晤士高等教育排名 801-1000 区间。
• OpenAlex records 24,881 works and 1,314,860 citations for the system, with an h-index of 352 that places it among the most cited institutions in the Caribbean.OpenAlex 记录该系统 24,881 篇成果与 1,314,860 次引用，h 指数为 352，使其成为加勒比地区被引最多的机构之一。
• In 2020 the director of NASA's Puerto Rico grant consortium, Gerardo Moller, said that 25 per cent of the Hispanic employees hired by NASA are graduates of the university.2020 年，美国航天局波多黎各资助联盟主任赫拉尔多·莫勒表示，航天局聘用的西班牙裔员工中有 25% 是该校毕业生。
• The system combines land-grant, sea-grant and space-grant designations, and its Mayagüez engineering school is the only ABET-accredited engineering programme in the public system.该系统同时拥有赠地、赠海与赠空三项认定，其马亚圭斯工学院是公立系统内唯一获 ABET 认证的工程学科。

Student life

• Alma Mater, composed in 1938 by Augusto Rodríguez to words by Francisco Arriví, is sung at graduations and remains the system's shared ceremonial song across eleven campuses.《母校》于 1938 年由奥古斯托·罗德里格斯谱曲、弗朗西斯科·阿里维作词，在毕业典礼上演唱，是十一个校区共同享有的礼仪歌曲。
• The system has competed in the Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria since the league's foundation in 1929 and is its managing institution, with every campus fielding teams.自 1929 年大学校际体育联盟成立以来，该校一直参赛并担任联盟的管理机构，每个校区都派出代表队。
• The cost of an undergraduate credit rose from 53 dollars in 2017 to 157 dollars and is scheduled to reach 177 dollars in 2027, a trajectory that has repeatedly triggered student protest.本科学分费从 2017 年的 53 美元涨至 157 美元，并计划在 2027 年达到 177 美元，这一走势屡次引发学生抗议。
• Certification 4, the aid model that combines institutional and federal scholarships, covers the full tuition of about 80 per cent of degree students.第 4 号认证这一资助模式结合校内奖学金与联邦奖学金，为约 80% 的学位生全额支付学费。
• Diálogo, the system newspaper, had been printed for 32 years when it moved online in 2019 and was transferred from the central administration to the Arecibo campus.系统报纸《对话》在纸质发行 32 年后于 2019 年转为网络版，并由中央行政机构转交阿雷西博校区管理。
• The Alfa Fi Sigma fraternity was founded in 1932 by students opposed to the initiation rituals of the older fraternities, one of the earliest student organisations on the island.阿尔法·菲·西格玛兄弟会于 1932 年由反对旧式入会仪式的学生创立，是岛上最早的学生组织之一。
• The university editorial was formally established in 1943 and the magazine La Torre began publication in 1953, giving students and professors outlets for literary and political writing.大学出版部于 1943 年正式设立，《塔》杂志于 1953 年创刊，为学生与教授提供了文学与政论写作的园地。
• The strikes of 2010-11 and 2017 turned the student council into a national political actor, and campus assemblies remain the forum in which fee and budget decisions are contested.2010 至 2011 年与 2017 年的罢课使学生自治会成为全国性政治角色，校园大会至今仍是围绕学费与预算决策展开争论的场所。

Notable people

• Jaime Benítez was rector from 1942 and the system's first president from 1966 to 1971, and is credited with turning a provincial college into a university.海梅·贝尼特斯自 1942 年任校长，1966 至 1971 年出任系统首任总校长，被视为把一所地方学院办成大学的关键人物。
• Federico de Onís, a Spanish philologist exiled after the Civil War, founded the Department of Hispanic Studies in 1927 and made it a centre of transatlantic literary scholarship.西班牙内战后流亡的语文学家费德里科·德奥尼斯于 1927 年创立西语研究系，使之成为跨大西洋文学研究的中心。
• Margot Arce de Vázquez, professor of Hispanic studies, and Antonio S. Pedreira, author of Insularismo, were among the faculty who defined Puerto Rican literary criticism in the 1930s.西语研究教授玛戈特·阿尔塞·德巴斯克斯与《岛屿主义》作者安东尼奥·S·佩德雷拉，是 1930 年代奠定波多黎各文学批评的教师代表。
• Concha Meléndez, a professor and essayist, built the study of Puerto Rican literature as a discipline within the Río Piedras faculty.教授兼随笔作家孔查·梅伦德斯在里奥彼德拉斯的教学中，把波多黎各文学研究建成一门学科。
• Rafael Hernández Colón, a 1956 law graduate, was governor of Puerto Rico from 1973 to 1977 and again from 1985 to 1993.拉斐尔·埃尔南德斯·科隆 1956 年毕业于法学院，1973 至 1977 年及 1985 至 1993 年两度出任波多黎各总督。
• Carlos Romero Barceló, also a 1956 law graduate, was governor from 1977 to 1985 and later served as the island's resident commissioner in Washington.同样于 1956 年毕业于法学院的卡洛斯·罗梅罗·巴塞洛，1977 至 1985 年任总督，后出任该岛驻华盛顿的驻地代表。
• Pedro Rosselló, who took a master's in public health in 1981, was governor of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.佩德罗·罗塞略于 1981 年取得公共卫生硕士学位，1993 至 2001 年出任波多黎各总督。
• Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, a 1982 bachelor's and 1985 law graduate, was governor from 2005 to 2009 and had earlier sat in the U.S. House as resident commissioner.阿尼瓦尔·阿塞韦多·比拉 1982 年本科毕业、1985 年获法学学位，2005 至 2009 年任总督，此前曾以驻地代表身份在美国众议院任职。
• Nydia Velázquez, a 1974 graduate, has represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1993 and was the first Puerto Rican woman elected to Congress.尼迪亚·贝拉斯克斯 1974 年毕业，自 1993 年起在美国众议院代表纽约州，是首位当选国会议员的波多黎各女性。
• Orlando Figueroa, a 1978 science graduate, directed NASA's Mars Exploration Program from 2004 and was later recognised for his role in the Mars missions.奥兰多·菲格罗亚 1978 年理科毕业，曾主管美国航天局火星探测计划，并因火星任务中的贡献获得表彰。
• Olga D. González-Sanabria, an engineering graduate, became the highest-ranking Hispanic official at NASA's Glenn Research Center.工程专业毕业生奥尔加·D·冈萨雷斯-萨纳布里亚成为美国航天局格伦研究中心职位最高的西班牙裔官员。
• Antonia Novello earned her medical degree at the Medical Sciences campus in 1970 and was U.S. Surgeon General from 1990 to 1993, the first woman and the first Hispanic to hold the office.安东尼娅·诺韦洛 1970 年在医学校区取得医学学位，1990 至 1993 年任美国卫生总监，是首位担任该职的女性与西班牙裔人士。