University of Peradeniya

The University of Peradeniya (Sinhala: පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, Tamil: பேராதனைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்) is a public university in Peradeniya, near Kandy in the Central Province of Sri Lanka, and the largest university in the country.佩拉德尼亚大学（University of Peradeniya，僧伽罗语：පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය，泰米尔语：பேராதனைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்）是斯里兰卡中央省康提附近佩拉德尼亚的一所公立大学，也是该国规模最大的大学。

It descends from the University of Ceylon of 1942, occupies a campus of about 700 hectares in the Mahaweli flood plain and is the only residential university in Sri Lanka, with nine faculties and 73 departments teaching some 11,000 students.该校承袭 1942 年创办的锡兰大学，校园位于马哈威利河洪泛平原，占地约 700 公顷，是斯里兰卡唯一的住宿制大学，设 9 个学院、73 个系，学生约 1.1 万人。

In the QS World University Rankings 2027 it is placed in the 1201-1400 band, the Times Higher Education ranking 2027 puts it in the 1401-1600 band, and U.S. News ranked it 1,090th for 2026-2027.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中该校位列 1201-1400 区间，2027 年泰晤士高等教育排名将其列于 1401-1600 区间，而《美国新闻与世界报道》2026-2027 年度榜单将其列为第 1,090 名。

History

• The first proposal for a university in Ceylon dates from 1899, but no progress was made until the Ceylon University Association was formed in 1906 under Ponnambalam Arunachalam, James Peiris and Marcus Fernando.在锡兰创办大学的首次提议可追溯至 1899 年，但直到 1906 年波南帕拉姆·阿鲁纳查兰、詹姆斯·佩里斯与马库斯·费尔南多发起成立锡兰大学协会，才有了实质进展。
• Those demands were partly met on 1 January 1921, when the Ceylon University College was created to prepare students for external degrees of the University of London.这些诉求在 1921 年 1 月 1 日部分实现：锡兰大学学院成立，为攻读伦敦大学校外学位的学生提供预备教育。
• A committee chaired by Justice M. T. Akbar was appointed on 20 December 1926 and recommended that the future university be unitary, residential and located outside Colombo.1926 年 12 月 20 日，由法官阿克巴主持的委员会受命成立，建议未来的大学应为单一制、住宿制，并设在科伦坡之外。
• A second committee under Sir Walter Buchanan-Riddel weighed sites at Uyanawatta, Mavilmada and Aruppola before Samuel Chelliah Paul and Andreas Nell argued successfully for Peradeniya.由沃尔特·布坎南-里德尔爵士领导的第二个委员会考察了乌亚纳瓦塔、马维尔马达与阿鲁波拉等选址，最终塞缪尔·切利亚·保罗与安德烈亚斯·内尔成功说服各方选择佩拉德尼亚。
• In 1938 the government acquired the estate and laid out a University Park on part of the land, although no decision had yet been taken to build the university itself.1938 年，政府征购了这片庄园，并在部分土地上辟出“大学公园”，尽管此时尚未决定是否兴建大学。
• Planning only accelerated in 1941, when Sir Ivor Jennings arrived as principal of Ceylon University College and pressed the Minister of Education, C. W. W. Kannangara, to move the institution to Peradeniya.规划直到 1941 年才加速推进：伊沃尔·詹宁斯爵士出任锡兰大学学院院长，并力促教育部长坎南加拉把学校迁往佩拉德尼亚。
• Jennings is therefore regarded as the forefather of the University of Peradeniya, and his arguments persuaded the government to commit to a residential campus in the Kandy hills.因此詹宁斯被视为佩拉德尼亚大学的奠基之父，他的论证促使政府决定在康提山区建设住宿制校园。
• The University of Ceylon was created in 1942 as the country's first unitary, residential and autonomous university, amalgamating the Ceylon University College and the Ceylon Medical College with 55 academic staff and 904 students in four faculties.锡兰大学于 1942 年成立，是斯里兰卡第一所单一制、住宿制、自治的大学，合并了锡兰大学学院与锡兰医学院，初设 4 个学院，有 55 名教师与 904 名学生。
• Because of the Second World War construction at Peradeniya began only in 1946, and until then lectures and laboratory classes continued in the former college buildings in Colombo.由于第二次世界大战，佩拉德尼亚的建设直到 1946 年才动工，在此之前授课与实验课仍在科伦坡的原学院建筑中进行。
• The campus layout was planned by the consultants Sir Patrick Abercrombie and Clifford Holliday, whose first phase developed only the left bank of the Mahaweli River.校园总体规划由顾问帕特里克·阿伯克龙比爵士与克利福德·霍利迪完成，第一期工程仅开发马哈威利河左岸。
• A special convocation was held on 12 February 1948, when Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, laid the foundation stone of the convocation hall and received an honorary degree.1948 年 2 月 12 日举行特别学位典礼，格洛斯特公爵亨利王子为礼堂奠基，并获授荣誉学位。
• The first transfer of students took place in 1949, when the law and agriculture departments and the third- and fourth-year veterinary students moved from Colombo to Peradeniya.学生首次搬迁发生在 1949 年，法学系、农学系以及三、四年级的兽医学生从科伦坡迁往佩拉德尼亚。
• On 6 October 1952 the faculties of Arts and Oriental Studies moved with the main library and the university administration, and that date marks the official establishment of the Peradeniya campus.1952 年 10 月 6 日，文学院与东方研究学院连同主图书馆和校部机关迁入，这一天被视为佩拉德尼亚校区正式成立之日。
• The campus was ceremonially opened on 20 April 1954 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, a visit delayed by the death of King George VI.1954 年 4 月 20 日，爱丁堡公爵菲利普亲王在伊丽莎白二世女王在场的情况下为校园正式揭幕，这次访问因乔治六世去世而推迟。
• Until 1967 the University of Ceylon operated sections in Colombo and Peradeniya, and in that year the two were separated into the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya and the University of Ceylon, Colombo.1967 年之前，锡兰大学在科伦坡与佩拉德尼亚两地办学，同年两者分立为锡兰大学佩拉德尼亚分校与锡兰大学科伦坡分校。
• Under the University Act No. 1 of 1972 the campus became the Peradeniya campus of the single University of Sri Lanka, which had one vice-chancellor and five campus presidents.依据 1972 年第 1 号大学法，该校区成为统一的斯里兰卡大学下属的佩拉德尼亚校区，全国设一名校长与五名校区负责人。
• The Universities Act No. 16 of 1978 dissolved that structure and re-established Peradeniya as an independent university alongside Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura, Kelaniya, Moratuwa and Jaffna.1978 年第 16 号大学法解散了这一架构，把佩拉德尼亚与科伦坡、斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉、凯拉尼亚、莫拉图瓦和贾夫纳并列为独立大学。
• A separate sub-campus was established at Mahailuppallama in the North Central Province in 1968 to serve the Faculty of Agriculture, with its own residential facilities.1968 年，学校在北中省的马海卢帕拉马设立分校区服务农学院，并配备独立的住宿设施。
• The Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture was founded in 1975 and the Postgraduate Institute of Science in 1996, later joined by institutes for humanities and medical sciences.农业研究生院于 1975 年成立，科学研究生院于 1996 年成立，此后又增设人文与医学研究生院。
• The Faculty of Management, created in 2015, was the most recent addition to the faculty structure, and W. M. T. Madhujith was appointed vice-chancellor in 2024.2015 年设立的管理学院是学院架构中最新的一员，而 W. M. T. 马杜吉特于 2024 年获任校长。

Academics

• Nine faculties teach at Peradeniya: Arts, Science, Medicine, Agriculture, Engineering, Dental Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Management, and Allied Health Sciences.佩拉德尼亚设有 9 个学院：文学院、理学院、医学院、农学院、工程学院、牙科学院、兽医与动物科学学院、管理学院以及联合健康科学学院。
• Those faculties contain 73 departments and are supported by about 20 centres and units, including the Staff Development Centre and the Career Guidance Unit.这些学院下设 73 个系，并由约 20 个中心与单位支撑，包括教师发展中心与职业指导中心。
• Four postgraduate institutes operate within the university: Agriculture, Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Medical Sciences, the last added most recently.校内设有四个研究生院：农业、科学、人文与社会科学以及医学研究生院，其中医学研究生院设立最晚。
• It enrols 11,065 students, of whom 9,605 are undergraduates and 1,440 postgraduates, and employs 731 academic staff and 2,973 administrative staff.该校注册学生 11,065 人，其中本科生 9,605 人、研究生 1,440 人，另有 731 名学术人员与 2,973 名行政人员。
• The student-to-teacher ratio stood at 1:13 in 2008, and Peradeniya employs more professors and associate professors than any other university in Sri Lanka.2008 年该校师生比为 1:13，其教授与副教授人数在斯里兰卡各大学中最多。
• The Faculty of Medicine teaches at the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, the island's second-largest hospital, and its curriculum is taught entirely in English.医学院在佩拉德尼亚教学医院授课，该院是斯里兰卡第二大医院，其课程全程以英语讲授。
• The Faculty of Engineering sits on the opposite bank of the Mahaweli and inherits a tradition that built the Akbar Bridge with its first cohort of students.工程学院位于马哈威利河对岸，其传统可追溯到首期学生亲手建造阿克巴桥的时期。
• Agricultural teaching spans the Peradeniya campus and the Mahailuppallama sub-campus, and the Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture offers three postgraduate degrees.农学教学横跨佩拉德尼亚主校区与马海卢帕拉马分校区，农业研究生院开设三个研究生学位项目。
• The Faculty of Arts is the largest, and unlike the other faculties it teaches partly in Sinhala and Tamil: in 2008 some 69.85 per cent of its students studied in Sinhala and 15.93 per cent in Tamil.文学院规模最大，且与其他学院不同，部分课程以僧伽罗语和泰米尔语授课：2008 年该院约 69.85% 的学生以僧伽罗语学习、15.93% 以泰米尔语学习。
• The Faculty of Science hosts the Postgraduate Institute of Science, established by the Ministry of Higher Education in 1996 as a national institute.理学院下设科学研究生院，该院由高等教育部长于 1996 年设立，属国家级机构。
• Dental Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, and Allied Health Sciences complete a health cluster that is unique in Sri Lanka for its breadth.牙科学院、兽医与动物科学学院以及联合健康科学学院共同构成一个健康学科群，其门类之全在斯里兰卡独一无二。
• Women made up 53.15 per cent of undergraduates in 2009-2010, although in engineering the share was only 15.46 per cent.2009-2010 学年女生占本科生总数的 53.15%，但在工程学院这一比例仅为 15.46%。
• The library holds more than 430,000 items, including a legal deposit collection of 300,000, about 5,000 palm-leaf manuscripts and 17,000 microfilms.图书馆藏有逾 43 万件资料，包括 30 万件法定缴存藏品、约 5,000 份贝叶经手稿与 1.7 万件缩微胶片。
• Its palm-leaf collection is the second largest in Sri Lanka and its historical map collection the largest in the country.其贝叶经收藏为斯里兰卡第二大，历史地图收藏则为全国最大。
• The Intercollegiate Sri Lanka Education program brings about twenty undergraduates from American liberal-arts colleges, among them Cornell University, Bates College, Bowdoin College, Carleton College, Grinnell College and Swarthmore College, to Peradeniya each year for five months of study.“斯里兰卡校际教育项目”每年把约二十名美国文理学院本科生送到佩拉德尼亚学习五个月，参与院校包括康奈尔大学、贝茨学院、鲍登学院、卡尔顿学院、格林内尔学院与斯沃斯莫尔学院。
• The university reports the largest government endowment of any higher-education institution in Sri Lanka, LKR 2.265 billion, or roughly US$6.3 million.该校获得的政府捐赠在斯里兰卡高校中最多，达 22.65 亿斯里兰卡卢比，约合 630 万美元。
• Research agreements link it with the University of California, Davis, the National University of Singapore, the University of Pennsylvania, Aberdeen, Göttingen and Guelph, among others.科研协议把该校与美国加州大学戴维斯分校、新加坡国立大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、阿伯丁大学、哥廷根大学与圭尔夫大学等连接起来。
• In 2008 the university produced 358 postgraduate degrees, including 15 doctorates, and in 2009-2010 it admitted 2,620 new undergraduates.2008 年该校授予 358 个研究生学位，其中博士 15 人；2009-2010 学年录取本科新生 2,620 人。

Campus

• The campus occupies about 700 hectares on the lower slopes of the Hanthana range and in the Mahaweli flood plain, much of it still under forest.校园占地约 700 公顷，位于汉塔纳山脉低坡与马哈威利河洪泛平原之上，大部分区域仍为林地。
• It lies about six kilometres from the centre of Kandy, the last royal capital of Sri Lanka, and roughly 115 kilometres from Colombo.校园距斯里兰卡末代王都康提市中心约六公里，距科伦坡约 115 公里。
• The main entrance is on Galaha Road, and the Faculty of Engineering stands alone on the far bank of the Mahaweli, linked to the rest by the Akbar Bridge.主入口位于加勒哈路，工程学院独处马哈威利河对岸，由阿克巴桥与其余校区相连。
• The Akbar Bridge was designed by A. Thurairajah, dean of engineering in 1975-1977 and 1982-1985, and built by the faculty's first cohort of students.阿克巴桥由 1975-1977 年及 1982-1985 年任工程学院院长的 A. 图赖拉贾设计，由该院首期学生建造。
• The Sarasavi Uyana railway station lies on campus, and the Yaka Paalama footbridge links it to the opposite bank, while shuttle buses run to Kandy and Galaha junction.萨拉萨维乌亚纳火车站位于校园内，雅卡帕拉马人行桥将其与对岸相连，另有班车往返康提与加勒哈路口。
• The Senate building stands on 130 granite columns modelled on a palace of the Polonnaruwa period and carries a plaque commemorating the Queen's visit of 1954.参议院大楼立于 130 根花岗岩柱之上，形制仿波隆纳鲁沃时期的宫殿，楼内留有纪念 1954 年女王到访的铭牌。
• The Ediriweera Sarachchandra theatre, built in the style of an ancient Greek amphitheatre, is the only theatre of its kind in Sri Lanka and is named after the playwright who taught there.埃迪里维拉·萨拉钱德拉剧场仿古希腊圆形剧场建造，是斯里兰卡唯一的此类剧场，以曾在该校任教的剧作家命名。
• Seven faculty libraries and one library at the Mahailuppallama sub-campus form a centrally administered network, the oldest academic library system in the country.七个学院图书馆与马海卢帕拉马分校区的图书馆构成集中管理的网络，也是该国历史最悠久的学术图书馆体系。
• Peradeniya is the only residential university in Sri Lanka, housing most of its undergraduates in halls such as Ramanathan and Arunachalam, and it also runs guest houses for visitors.佩拉德尼亚是斯里兰卡唯一的住宿制大学，多数本科生住在拉马纳坦堂、阿鲁纳查兰堂等宿舍，学校还经营供访客使用的招待所。
• The Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, founded in 1821, adjoin the campus, and the mild hill climate keeps temperatures moderate throughout the year.创办于 1821 年的佩拉德尼亚皇家植物园紧邻校园，温和的山地气候使全年气温变化平缓。
• The Faculty of Engineering alone enrolled 1,468 students in 2008, of whom only 227 were women, a stark illustration of the gender gap in Sri Lankan engineering.仅工程学院 2008 年就有 1,468 名学生，其中女生只有 227 人，鲜明反映了斯里兰卡工程领域的性别差距。

Reputation

• The University of Peradeniya is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, and it remains the highest-placed Sri Lankan university in most international tables.佩拉德尼亚大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列 1201-1400 区间，在多数国际榜单中仍是排名最高的斯里兰卡大学。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it in the 1401-1600 band, a fall from the 301-400 band it reached in 2023.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列于 1401-1600 区间，较其 2023 年所处的 301-400 区间明显下滑。
• U.S. News ranked it 1,090th in its Best Global Universities list for 2026-2027, the best position of any Sri Lankan institution in that table.在 2026-2027 年度《美国新闻与世界报道》全球最佳大学榜单中，该校位列第 1,090 名，是斯里兰卡高校在该榜的最好名次。^[1]
• It does not appear in the main table of the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026, and no Sri Lankan university has yet entered that ranking.该校未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜，目前尚无斯里兰卡大学进入该榜。
• In 2023 Times Higher Education placed Peradeniya in the 301-400 band, the highest world position any Sri Lankan university has reached in recent history.2023 年，泰晤士高等教育将佩拉德尼亚列入 301-400 区间，这是近代以来斯里兰卡大学取得的最高世界位次。
• QS ranked it 350th in Asia in 2025, and in 2022 it stood first in Sri Lanka in the QS, THE and U.S. News tables simultaneously.QS 在 2025 年将其列为亚洲第 350 名，而 2022 年它同时在 QS、THE 与《美国新闻与世界报道》三张榜单上位居斯里兰卡第一。
• The University Ranking by Academic Performance placed it 1,123rd in the world in 2019-2020, again first among Sri Lankan universities.在 2019-2020 年度“学术表现大学排名”中，该校位列世界第 1,123 名，同样居斯里兰卡高校之首。
• OpenAlex records 16,215 works and 679,511 citations for the university, the largest research footprint of any institution in Sri Lanka.OpenAlex 记录该校 16,215 部（篇）文献与 679,511 次被引，其科研体量为斯里兰卡各机构之最。
• Its medical, dental and veterinary graduates staff the island's hospitals and animal-health services, which anchors its domestic reputation in the health professions.该校医学、牙科与兽医毕业生支撑着斯里兰卡的医院与动物卫生体系，这使其在国内医疗行业的声誉十分稳固。
• Peradeniya is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities and hosts several national journals, including the Ceylon Journal of Science.该校是英联邦大学协会成员，并承办包括《锡兰科学杂志》在内的多份国家级学术期刊。

Student life

• The university motto is the Sanskrit phrase Sarvasya Locanam Sastram, rendered as Knowledge is the Eye Unto All, and it appears on the university crest.该校校训为梵语“Sarvasya Locanam Sastram”，意为“知识是众生的眼睛”，并见于校徽之上。
• As the only residential university in the country, Peradeniya houses most undergraduates on campus, and hall life, mess committees and inter-hall competition shape student culture.作为全国唯一的住宿制大学，佩拉德尼亚让多数本科生住校，宿舍生活、伙食委员会与宿舍间竞赛塑造了学生文化。
• Students run more than 100 clubs and societies, coordinated by the Peradeniya Students' Union and by separate unions in each faculty.学生运营 100 多个俱乐部与社团，由佩拉德尼亚学生联合会以及各学院独立的学生会协调。
• The Ceylon University Dramatic Society staged Ediriweera Sarachchandra's Maname in 1957 and Sinhabahu in 1960, plays that reshaped modern Sinhala theatre.锡兰大学戏剧社于 1957 年首演萨拉钱德拉的《玛纳梅》、1960 年首演《狮子臂》，这两部剧重塑了现代僧伽罗戏剧。
• Thirty athletics teams compete for the university, supported by a gymnasium, a 50-metre swimming pool and separate stadiums for cricket, rugby, football, hockey, tennis and athletics.该校有 30 支田径与运动队参赛，配套体育馆、50 米游泳池以及板球、橄榄球、足球、曲棍球、网球与田径专用场地。
• Voice of Hanthana, the student radio station, broadcasts online and takes its name from the mountain range that frames the campus.学生广播电台“汉塔纳之声”以环绕校园的山脉命名，通过网络播出节目。
• Ragging has marred the university's reputation: in 1975 a student was permanently disabled after jumping from a hostel to escape harassment, and in 1997 first-year student Selvanayagam Varapragash died after severe ragging.校园欺凌长期损害该校声誉：1975 年一名学生为躲避骚扰从宿舍跳下而永久致残，1997 年一年级学生塞尔瓦纳亚加姆·瓦拉普拉加什在遭受严重欺凌后死亡。
• Kandy, six kilometres away, supplies the social life that the campus cannot, above all the Esala Perahera procession, when the city fills with drummers, dancers and elephants.六公里外的康提提供了校园无法给予的社交生活，尤其是“艾萨拉佩拉赫拉”游行期间，全城挤满鼓手、舞者与大象。
• The campus has entered Sri Lankan popular culture through songs by W. D. Amaradeva and Nanda Malini and films such as Hanthane Kathawa, which were shot or set among its halls.该校通过 W. D. 阿马拉德瓦与南达·马利尼的歌曲以及《汉塔纳故事》等电影进入斯里兰卡流行文化，这些作品在校园宿舍间取景或以其为背景。

Notable people

• Sir Ivor Jennings, a constitutional lawyer, was the first vice-chancellor of the University of Ceylon from 1942 to 1955 and is remembered as the moving force behind the Peradeniya campus.宪法学家伊沃尔·詹宁斯爵士于 1942 至 1955 年出任锡兰大学首任校长，被视为佩拉德尼亚校区的主要推动者。
• C. W. W. Kannangara, the minister of education who made schooling free in 1945, and Andreas Nell, the planter-historian who proposed the Peradeniya site, both shaped the university's creation.1945 年推行免费教育的教育部长坎南加拉，以及提议在佩拉德尼亚建校的种植园主兼历史学者安德烈亚斯·内尔，都参与了该校的创建。
• Lakshman Kadirgamar, foreign minister of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2001 and again in 2005, was a Peradeniya law graduate and was assassinated in Colombo in 2005.拉克什曼·卡迪尔加马尔于 1994 至 2001 年及 2005 年两度出任斯里兰卡外交部长，是佩拉德尼亚法学毕业生，2005 年在科伦坡遇刺。
• Jayantha Dhanapala, a diplomat who served as United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs from 1998 to 2003, studied at Peradeniya.外交官贾扬塔·达纳帕拉于 1998 至 2003 年任联合国负责裁军事务的副秘书长，曾就读于佩拉德尼亚。
• Gananath Obeyesekere, emeritus professor of anthropology at Princeton and author of the debate on Captain Cook's death in Hawaii, is a Peradeniya alumnus.普林斯顿大学人类学荣休教授、《库克船长之死》争论的作者加纳纳特·奥贝塞克拉是佩拉德尼亚校友。
• Malik Peiris, the virologist who co-discovered the SARS coronavirus in 2003, trained in medicine at Peradeniya before his career in Hong Kong.2003 年共同发现 SARS 冠状病毒的病毒学家马利克·佩里斯在佩拉德尼亚接受医学训练，此后赴香港发展。
• Neelan Tiruchelvam, constitutional lawyer, member of parliament and founder of the International Centre for Ethnic Studies, was assassinated in 1999.宪法律师、议员兼国际族群研究中心创办人尼兰·蒂鲁切尔瓦姆于 1999 年遇刺身亡。
• Gunadasa Amarasekera, the Sinhala novelist and essayist, and Kusuma Karunaratne, the first woman professor of Sinhala, both studied at the university.僧伽罗语小说家与随笔作家古纳达萨·阿马拉塞克拉，以及首位僧伽罗语女教授库苏马·卡鲁纳拉特纳，均曾在该校学习。
• Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, who taught anthropology at Peradeniya from 1955 to 1960, later held the Balzan Prize and a chair at Harvard.斯坦利·贾亚拉贾·坦比亚 1955 至 1960 年在佩拉德尼亚教授人类学，后获巴尔赞奖并在哈佛大学任教。
• Senarath Paranavithana, the archaeologist and epigraphist who served as Archaeological Commissioner, taught at the university and gave his name to its teaching museum.曾任考古专员的考古学家与铭文学家塞纳拉特·帕拉纳维塔纳曾在该校任教，其名字被用于该校的教学博物馆。
• Seneka Bibile, the pharmacologist who designed Sri Lanka's essential-drugs policy, was a member of the medical faculty and is regarded as the architect of cheap medicine for the poor.设计斯里兰卡基本药物政策的药理学家塞内卡·比比莱曾是医学院教师，被视为让穷人用得起药的制度设计者。