University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania, known as Penn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest universities in the United States.宾夕法尼亚大学（University of Pennsylvania），简称宾大，是一所位于美国宾夕法尼亚州费城的私立常春藤联盟研究型大学，也是美国历史最悠久的大学之一。

It was founded in 1740 by Benjamin Franklin, one of the founders of the United States, and was the first American institution to combine practical and liberal education, ranking 15th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学校由美国开国元勋之一本杰明·富兰克林于 1740 年创办，是美国第一所把实用教育与博雅教育结合的高校，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列全球第 15。

In the autumn of 2022 it enrolled 23,374 students, 9,760 of them undergraduates and 13,614 postgraduate, and its endowment reached 31.1 billion dollars in 2026.2022 年秋季学校在校学生 23374 人，其中本科生 9760 人、研究生 13614 人；2026 年捐赠基金达到 311 亿美元。

History

• The university began as a charity school chartered in 1740, and its founder Benjamin Franklin intended new knowledge to come from the widest understanding of existing resources and the most inventive use of them.学校最初是 1740 年获特许设立的一所慈善学校，创办人本杰明·富兰克林主张新知识来自对既有资源最广泛的认识与最有创见的运用。

• Franklin argued that if North America was to match Europe in industry, commerce and military strength it had to adopt a practical education that produced inventive people alert to the creations of others.富兰克林认为，北美若要在工业、商业与军事实力上比肩欧洲，就必须推行务实教育，培养富有创见、能敏锐回应他人创造的人才。

• Teaching began in 1751, and in 1755 the school was renamed the College and Academy of Philadelphia.学校于 1751 年开始授课，1755 年改名为费城学院与研究院。

• Unlike Harvard, Yale and William and Mary, which followed the English pattern and trained clergymen, the new college was shaped by the Scottish reform of higher education, then unparalleled in North America.与延续英国模式、以培养神职人员为目标的哈佛、耶鲁与威廉与玛丽学院不同，这所新学院深受当时北美绝无仅有的苏格兰高等教育改革影响。

• Its first provost, William Smith, was a supporter of the Scottish Enlightenment and introduced science into a curriculum that had been based on Greek and Latin.学校首任院长威廉·史密斯是苏格兰启蒙运动的拥护者，他把科学引入原本以希腊文与拉丁文为主的课程。

• Penn was the first American university to teach modern languages, history, mathematics, agriculture and English, and so helped establish the modern American model of higher education.宾大是美国第一所开设现代语言、历史、数学、农学与英语课程的高等学府，由此开创了现代美国高等教育模式。

• In 1765 John Morgan, a member of the first graduating class, founded the first medical school in North America, which made the college a university in fact.1765 年，首届毕业生约翰·摩根创建了北美洲第一所医学院，使这所学院在实际上具备了大学的形态。

• In 1779 the government of Pennsylvania reorganised the institution by law and named it the University of the State of Pennsylvania, and in 1791 the name was shortened to the University of Pennsylvania.1779 年宾夕法尼亚政府通过立法改组学校，定名为宾夕法尼亚州大学；1791 年校名简化为宾夕法尼亚大学。

• In 1872 the university left its site in the city centre and bought land in West Philadelphia, where the present campus was developed.1872 年，学校由市中心校址迁出，在费城西部购置大片土地，建设今天的校园。

• The astronomer David Rittenhouse, who served as a vice-provost in the eighteenth century, built several mechanical observatories, one of which survives on the campus, and his model of the solar system worked as an analogue computer.十八世纪曾任副校长的天文学家戴维·里滕豪斯建造了数座机械天文台，其中一座至今保留在校园中；他制作的太阳系模型实际上是一台机械模拟计算机。

• The Wharton School, founded in 1881, was the first collegiate school of business in the world.1881 年成立的沃顿商学院是世界上第一所大学商学院。

• In 1946 engineers at the university's Moore School of Electrical Engineering completed ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, opening a new era in computing.1946 年，学校摩尔电气工程学院的工程师建成世界第一台通用电子数字计算机 ENIAC，开辟了计算机的新时代。

• Penn is one of only three private land-grant universities in the United States, a status that reflects its combination of private endowment and public service.宾大是美国仅有的三所私立赠地大学之一，这一身份反映了其私人基金与公共服务相结合的特点。

• Four statutory colleges, in agriculture and life sciences, human ecology, industrial and labour relations, and veterinary medicine, are partly funded by New York State.农业与生命科学、人类生态、工业与劳动关系以及兽医学四所法定学院，由纽约州提供部分财政支持。

• The university has been nonsectarian and coeducational in principle since its foundation.学校自创办之初即以不分教派、男女同校为原则。

• It maintains campuses beyond Philadelphia, including the New Bolton Center for large-animal medicine and the Morris Arboretum.除费城校区之外，学校还拥有面向大动物医学的纽博尔顿中心与莫里斯树木园。

• Penn is a member of the Ivy League and one of the twelve founding members of the Association of American Universities.宾大是常春藤联盟成员，也是美国大学协会的十二个创始成员之一。

• The university was the first in the United States to award degrees in veterinary medicine and in journalism, and the first to grant doctorates in electrical engineering and industrial engineering.学校是美国第一所授予兽医学与新闻学学位的高校，也是第一所授予电子工程与工业工程博士学位的高校。

• Penn expanded steadily through the twentieth century and ended it with about 20,000 students, 3,400 faculty members and more than 4,000 courses on offer.二十世纪间学校稳步扩张，到该世纪末在校学生约 2 万人、教师约 3400 人，开设课程逾 4000 门。

• In 1749 Franklin published his proposals for the education of young people in Pennsylvania, which led to the founding of the academy that grew into the university.1749 年富兰克林发表关于宾夕法尼亚青年教育的建议书，由此促成学院的设立，即后来大学的前身。

• In 1789 the supporters of the college regained control of it and restored the name College of Philadelphia, before the state university and the college were united in 1791.1789 年学院的支持者重新取得控制权并恢复费城学院之名，随后州立大学与学院于 1791 年合并。

• The school of veterinary medicine, founded in 1884, was the first of its kind in the United States.1884 年创办的兽医学院是美国同类学院中的第一所。

• Houston Hall, opened in 1896, is generally described as the first purpose-built student union building in the United States.1896 年启用的休斯敦堂通常被认为是美国第一座专门建造的学生会大楼。

• The university was one of the twelve founding members of the Association of American Universities when that body was created in 1900.美国大学协会于 1900 年成立时，学校是其十二个创始成员之一。

Academics

• The university is organised into twelve schools, of which four admit undergraduates: the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the School of Nursing and the Wharton School.学校设有十二所学院，其中四所招收本科生：文理学院、工程与应用科学学院、护理学院与沃顿商学院。

• Its graduate and professional divisions include the Medical School, the Law School, the Annenberg School for Communication, the Graduate School of Education and the Veterinary School.其研究生与专业学院包括医学院、法学院、安尼博传媒学院、教育研究生院以及兽医学院。

• Undergraduates may take courses in every undergraduate and graduate school of the university and may also earn credit at neighbouring institutions.本科生可选修学校所有本科与研究生学院的课程，也可在周边院校修读并取得学分。

• Penn offers a number of coordinated and dual degree programmes, among them international relations and business, management and technology, nursing and health care, and life sciences and management.学校提供多种联合学位与双学位项目，包括国际关系与商业、管理与科技、护理与卫生保健，以及生命科学与管理。

• Its interdisciplinary centres include the Institute for Medicine and Engineering and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.其跨学科机构包括医学与工程研究所以及认知科学研究所。

• As of 2018 the university had 4,793 academic staff, and its total staff, including the health system, numbered 39,859 in the autumn of 2020.截至 2018 年学校有学术人员 4793 人；计入医疗系统在内，2020 年秋季教职工总数为 39859 人。

• It had 9,760 undergraduates and 13,614 graduate and professional students in the autumn of 2022, with about 4,500 professors.2022 年秋季学校有本科生 9760 人、研究生与专业学院学生 13614 人，教授约 4500 人。

• Its endowment of 31.1 billion dollars in 2026 makes it one of the wealthiest universities in the world, and its annual budget was 4.4 billion dollars in 2024.其 2026 年捐赠基金为 311 亿美元，使其成为全球财力最雄厚的大学生之一；2024 年年度预算为 44 亿美元。

• Research expenditure is among the highest of any American university, and in 2006 it reached more than 66 million dollars in sponsored programmes, with 4,200 staff, 870 postdoctoral fellows and 3,800 graduate students engaged in research.学校的研究经费在全美高校中位居前列，2006 年受资助项目经费超过 6600 万美元，参与研究的有 4200 名教职工、870 名博士后与 3800 名研究生。

• Admission is highly selective: in 2019 the university received more than 59,000 applications for the undergraduate class and admitted 4.1 per cent of them.学校录取竞争极为激烈：2019 年本科申请超过 59000 份，录取率为 4.1%。

• The Atlantic Monthly has listed Penn among the eight hardest American universities to enter, and its law, medical and business schools are the most competitive at graduate level.《大西洋月刊》曾把宾大列为美国最难申请的八所高校之一，其法学院、医学院与商学院在研究生阶段竞争最为激烈。

• It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and is a member of the Association of American Universities.学校通过中部各州高等教育委员会认证，并是美国大学协会的成员。

• As of 2024 its alumni, faculty and researchers included 36 Nobel laureates.截至 2024 年，其校友、教师与研究人员中包括 36 位诺贝尔奖得主。

• The university is particularly strong in business, engineering, medicine, nursing, law, design, the social sciences and the humanities.学校在商学、工程、医学、护理、法律、设计、社会科学与人文学科方面尤为突出。

• The Wharton School's undergraduate programme is generally placed first or close to it in national rankings of business education.沃顿商学院的本科项目在美国商科教育排名中通常位列第一或接近第一。

• Among the twelve schools are the Annenberg School for Communication, the Graduate School of Education, the School of Social Policy and Practice and the School of Veterinary Medicine.十二所学院中包括安尼博传媒学院、教育研究生院、社会政策与实践学院以及兽医学院。

• The university meets the full demonstrated financial need of admitted undergraduates and awards both need-based and merit-based aid.学校满足被录取本科生经核实的全部经济需求，并提供基于需求与基于成绩两类资助。

Campus

• The main campus covers 299 acres in the University City district of West Philadelphia, about 1.5 miles from the city centre, in a dense urban setting.主校区位于费城西部大学城，占地 299 英亩，距市中心约 1.5 英里，处在密集的城市环境之中。

• Altogether the university holds about 1,085 acres, including 694 acres at the New Bolton Center and 92 acres at the Morris Arboretum.学校全部用地约 1085 英亩，其中包括纽博尔顿中心的 694 英亩与莫里斯树木园的 92 英亩。

• The campus grew up around College Hall, built in the 1870s after the move to West Philadelphia, and most of its historic buildings date from the following fifty years.校园围绕 1870 年代迁址后建成的学院楼发展起来，其余历史建筑多建于此后五十年间。

• Locust Walk, a pedestrian spine lined with trees and brick buildings, runs through the centre of the campus.以行道树与红砖建筑夹道的步行主轴「蝗虫步道」横贯校园中部。

• Its museums include the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, which holds major collections from the Middle East and the Americas.学校博物馆包括宾夕法尼亚大学考古学与人类学博物馆，藏有大量来自中东与美洲的文物。

• The institute of contemporary art and the Arthur Ross Gallery show modern and historical work, and the campus has a number of public sculptures.当代艺术学院与阿瑟·罗斯画廊展出当代与历史作品，校园内还散布着多件公共雕塑。

• The university's colours are red and blue, and its athletic teams are known as the Quakers.学校代表色为红色与蓝色，运动队被称为「贵格会」。

• The campus is served by the Philadelphia subway and trolley network, and the surrounding University City district has been redeveloped with research and technology firms.校园由费城地铁与有轨电车网络连接，周边大学城区经改造聚集了科研与科技企业。

• University City is also home to Drexel University and several hospitals and research institutes, making the district a dense academic and medical quarter.大学城一带还有德雷塞尔大学以及多所医院与研究机构，使该区形成密集的学术与医疗区域。

• The campus includes a large student housing stock, athletics facilities along the Schuylkill riverfront and the Penn Museum and hospital complexes.校园拥有大量学生宿舍、沿斯库尔基尔河岸的体育设施，以及博物馆与医院建筑群。

• College Hall, completed in the early 1870s, is the oldest building on the West Philadelphia campus and became the pattern for the quadrangle that grew around it.1870 年代初建成的学院楼是费城西部校区最古老的建筑，也是围绕它发展起来的方庭院的范本。

• The university's library system, centred on the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center, holds more than seven million volumes across its constituent libraries.学校图书馆系统以范佩尔特—迪特里希图书馆中心为核心，各分馆合计藏书逾七百万册。

Reputation

• Penn ranks 15th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, 14th in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, 14th in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities and 17th in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities.宾大在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列全球第 15，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名第 14，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名第 14，2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名第 17。^[1]

• It is one of the most selective universities in the United States and is consistently ranked among the world's top twenty in every major global table.学校是美国录取竞争最激烈的大学之一，在各大全球排名中始终位居世界前二十。

• Eight signers of the Declaration of Independence and seven signers of the Constitution were associated with the university, as were three American presidents.有 8 位《独立宣言》签署人与 7 位《美国宪法》签署人与学校相关，另有 3 位美国总统曾在此就读。

• Its alumni, faculty and researchers include 36 Nobel laureates, and it has produced 46 state governors and nine foreign heads of state.其校友、教师与研究人员中包括 36 位诺贝尔奖得主，学校还培养了 46 位州长与 9 位外国国家元首。

• Penn alumni have won 81 Olympic medals, 26 of them gold, as well as 28 Tony Awards, 16 Grammy Awards, 11 Emmy Awards and four Academy Awards.宾大校友共获得 81 枚奥运奖牌（其中金牌 26 枚），以及 28 项托尼奖、16 项格莱美奖、11 项艾美奖与 4 项奥斯卡奖。

• Two of its alumni have served as NASA astronauts and five have been awarded the Medal of Honor.其校友中有 2 人担任过美国国家航空航天局航天员，5 人被授予荣誉勋章。

• The university is particularly renowned for the Wharton School, whose alumni include leading figures in finance, industry and public life.学校尤以沃顿商学院闻名，其校友中包括金融界、产业界与公共生活中的重要人物。

• Its engineering and medical schools share in the university's reputation, and the ENIAC project gave Penn a lasting place in the history of computing.其工程学院与医学院共同支撑着学校的声誉，而 ENIAC 项目使宾大在计算机史上占据了持久的位置。

• In the 2024 U.S. News national ranking of American universities the university was placed sixth.在 2024 年 US News 全美大学排名中，学校位列第六。

Student life

• The university motto, Leges sine moribus vanae, means laws without morals are useless, and it appears on the university's seal.学校校训为「法无德不立」，语出拉丁文，见于校印之上。

• Penn has 33 varsity teams and competes in NCAA Division I and the Ivy League, and it is a member of the Philadelphia Big 5 basketball grouping.学校有 33 支校级运动队，参加美国大学体育协会甲级联赛与常春藤联盟赛事，并是费城五校篮球联盟的成员。

• The Penn Relays, an annual track and field meeting held at Franklin Field since 1895, is the largest such event in the United States.自 1895 年起在富兰克林田径场举行的宾大接力赛，是美国规模最大的田径赛会。

• The Daily Pennsylvanian is the independent student newspaper, published since the nineteenth century.《宾夕法尼亚日报》是学生自办报纸，自十九世纪起出版。

• The university has hundreds of student organisations, including professional societies, performance groups and community service programmes.学校有数百个学生组织，包括专业学会、表演团体与社区服务项目。

• Greek-letter fraternities and sororities have a long history at Penn, and their houses stand along Locust Walk and on the campus's edges.兄弟会与姐妹会在宾大有悠久历史，其会所分布在蝗虫步道两侧与校园周边。

• The campus is closely tied to the city of Philadelphia, whose museums, concert halls and historic sites are within walking distance of the University City district.校园与费城这座城市联系紧密，其博物馆、音乐厅与历史遗迹距大学城区步行可达。

• First-year students are required to live in university housing, and most undergraduates remain on campus for their whole course.一年级学生必须住校，多数本科生在整个学业期间都住在校内。

• Student life includes an annual spring festival, a cappella and performing arts groups, and a wide range of athletic and recreational clubs.学生生活包括一年一度的春季节庆、无伴奏合唱与表演艺术团体，以及种类丰富的体育与休闲俱乐部。

• The university's mascot is the Quaker, and its teams have competed in the Ivy League since the league's athletic agreement was formalised in the 1950s.学校的吉祥物是「贵格会」，其运动队自二十世纪五十年代常春藤联盟赛事协定正式化以来一直参加该联盟的比赛。

Notable people

• Benjamin Franklin, the founder, shaped the university's practical and inclusive approach to education and remained its patron throughout his life.创办人本杰明·富兰克林确立了学校务实而包容的教育取向，并终身担任其赞助人。

• John Morgan, a member of the first graduating class, founded North America's first medical school at the college in 1765.首届毕业生约翰·摩根于 1765 年在学院内创建了北美洲第一所医学院。

• William Smith, the first provost, brought Scottish Enlightenment ideas to the curriculum and helped define the institution's modern character.首任院长威廉·史密斯把苏格兰启蒙思想带入课程，塑造了学校的现代气质。

• David Rittenhouse, an astronomer and instrument maker who served as vice-provost, built the mechanical orrery that survives on the campus.曾任副校长的天文学家与仪器制造者戴维·里滕豪斯建造了留存至今的机械太阳系仪。

• Warren Buffett, the investor, and Elon Musk, the entrepreneur, both studied at the university, the latter at the Wharton School.投资人沃伦·巴菲特与企业家埃隆·马斯克都曾在此求学，后者就读于沃顿商学院。

• Several American presidents and many senators, governors and cabinet members have been educated at Penn.美国多位总统以及众多参议员、州长与内阁成员曾在宾大就读。

• The physicists and physicians among its faculty have contributed to medicine, and its medical school founded in 1765 remains among the strongest in the country.其教师中的物理学家与医生为医学做出了贡献，1765 年创办的医学院至今仍是全美实力最强者之一。

• Writers, architects and artists have also studied at the university, and its design school has trained many practising architects.作家、建筑师与艺术家也曾在此求学，其设计学院培养了大量执业建筑师。

• The university's business alumni are prominent in finance and industry, and its law graduates serve in the courts and in government.学校商科校友在金融与产业界颇具影响，其法学毕业生服务于法院与政府部门。

• Penn's medical and nursing graduates staff hospitals across the United States and have led several major research institutions.宾大的医学与护理毕业生服务于全美各地的医院，并领导了多家重要研究机构。