University of Passau

The University of Passau (German: Universität Passau) is a public research university in Passau, Lower Bavaria, Germany, and the only university in the administrative district of Niederbayern.帕绍大学（University of Passau，德语：Universität Passau）是德国下巴伐利亚帕绍的一所公立研究型大学，也是下拜恩行政区唯一的大学。

Founded by a resolution of the Bavarian State Parliament on 1 January 1973, it opened for teaching in the winter semester 1978/79 and today has five faculties and 39 degree programmes.该校由巴伐利亚州议会于 1973 年 1 月 1 日决议设立，1978/79 年冬季学期开始授课，现设 5 个学院、39 个学位项目。

It is a small university by German standards, and in the QS World University Rankings 2027 it is placed in the 1201-1400 band while the Times Higher Education ranking 2027 puts it in the 601-650 band.以德国标准衡量该校规模较小，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列 1201-1400 区间，而 2027 年泰晤士高等教育排名则将其列于 601-650 区间。

History

• In 1612 Prince-Bishop Leopold of Passau founded a gymnasium in the city, and in 1622 a college for the training of secular and religious clergy was attached to it.1612 年，帕绍采邑主教利奥波德在该城创办了一所文理中学，1622 年又在其下附设培养在俗与修会神职人员的学院。
• That college is the institutional root of the university, which is why the institution dates its academic ancestry to the early seventeenth century rather than to 1973.这所学院正是大学的制度源头，因此该校把学术谱系上溯至 17 世纪初，而非仅仅始于 1973 年。
• In 1773 the school was renamed Fürstbischöfliche Akademie, a title that underlined its dependence on the prince-bishop rather than on the Bavarian state.1773 年，该校更名为“采邑主教学院”，这一名称凸显其隶属于采邑主教而非巴伐利亚国家。
• In 1803 it was downgraded to a Kurfürstliches Lyzeum, and after a period of decline it was re-established as the Passauer Lyzeum.1803 年，学校被降格为“选帝侯中学”，经历一段衰落期后又以“帕绍中学”的名义重建。
• In 1833 a state lyceum was created as the first independent institution of higher learning in Passau, and in 1923 it was converted into a philosophical-theological college.1833 年，一所国立中学作为帕绍第一所独立高等学府成立，并于 1923 年改制为哲学-神学院。
• Under the Nazi regime the college was forced to alter its seal, and in 1950 a new seal showing Mary with the Christ Child vanquishing evil was introduced.纳粹统治时期，该学院被迫更改校徽，1950 年启用新校徽，图案为圣母怀抱圣婴降伏邪恶。
• In 1969 the city council of Passau opened negotiations to turn the old philosophical-theological college into a full university, a move driven by the region's lack of a university.1969 年，帕绍市议会启动谈判，计划把原有的哲学-神学院升格为完整大学，动因是该地区长期没有大学。
• On 1 January 1973 the Bavarian State Parliament passed the law establishing the University of Passau, creating the first university in Lower Bavaria in the modern era.1973 年 1 月 1 日，巴伐利亚州议会通过设立帕绍大学的法律，创建了现代意义上下巴伐利亚的第一所大学。
• In 1977 the jurist Karl August Friedrichs became chancellor of the university and oversaw the legal and administrative preparations for its opening.1977 年，法学家卡尔·奥古斯特·弗里德里希斯出任该校校务长，负责开学前的法律与行政筹备。
• With effect from 1 August 1978 the Philosophical-Theological College was integrated into the university as its Catholic-Theological Faculty.自 1978 年 8 月 1 日起，哲学-神学院作为天主教神学学院并入大学。
• The university was formally opened on 9 October 1978, and teaching began in the winter semester 1978/79, 152 years after the University of Landshut had moved to Munich.大学于 1978 年 10 月 9 日正式开学，1978/79 年冬季学期开始授课，此时距兰茨胡特大学迁往慕尼黑已过去 152 年。
• In 1981 the Philosophicum, the arts and humanities building, was extended to designs by the architect Werner Fauser, giving the young campus its first large lecture complex.1981 年，人文楼“哲学馆”按建筑师维尔纳·福泽的设计扩建，为这所年轻的校园提供了第一座大型授课建筑群。
• Karl-Heinz Pollok served as founding president from 1978 to 1997 and shaped the institution's emphasis on law, economics and international relations.卡尔-海因茨·波洛克于 1978 至 1997 年担任创校校长，塑造了该校以法学、经济学和国际关系为重心的格局。
• Walter Schweitzer, a statistician, led the university from 1997 to 2012 and consolidated its research profile and its network of foreign partner universities.统计学家瓦尔特·施魏策尔于 1997 至 2012 年执掌该校，巩固了其科研定位与海外伙伴院校网络。
• In 2010 the Department of Catholic Theology and the Chair of Philosophy were declared inactive for a planned fifteen years, a decision that provoked controversy because the faculty had won numerous research awards.2010 年，天主教神学系与哲学教席被宣布停办十五年，这一决定引发争议，因为该院教师曾多次获得科研奖项。
• Carola Jungwirth became the university's first female president in 2016, and Ulrich Bartosch succeeded her in 2020.卡罗拉·容格维尔特于 2016 年成为该校首位女校长，乌尔里希·巴尔托施于 2020 年接任。
• In the summer semester of 2023 the university reorganised itself into five faculties, merging and renaming its previous departments into the current structure.2023 年夏季学期，该校重组为 5 个学院，把原有的系所合并并重新命名，形成今日架构。
• Construction of the International Science Centre at the Spitzberg began in mid-2023 as the largest campus expansion since the university's foundation, and it will include an 800-seat lecture hall.施皮茨贝格的国际科学中心于 2023 年年中开工，是该校建校以来规模最大的校园扩建工程，其中将设一座 800 座讲堂。
• In April 2026 Jan Hendrik Schumann took office as president, inheriting a university of about 10,000 students and a budget of 92.9 million euros.2026 年 4 月，扬·亨德里克·舒曼就任校长，接手一所约有万名学生、预算 9,290 万欧元的大学。
• The university library was founded together with the university in 1978 and opened to students and to the citizens of Passau in the same year, which made it one of the youngest university libraries in Bavaria.大学图书馆与大学同时在 1978 年创办，并于同年向学生和帕绍市民开放，是巴伐利亚最年轻的大学图书馆之一。

Academics

• Five faculties make up the university since 2023: Law, Business and Economics, Social and Educational Sciences, Humanities and Cultural Studies, and Computer Science and Mathematics.自 2023 年起，该校由 5 个学院组成：法学院、经济学院、社会与教育学院、人文与文化学院、计算机科学与数学学院。
• It offers 39 undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes, a deliberately narrow portfolio for a German university of its size.该校开设 39 个本科与研究生学位项目，对于同等规模的德国大学而言，这一学科组合刻意保持精简。
• The Law Faculty prepares students for the German state examination and runs its own Repetitorium, a revision programme for the bar examination that enjoys a strong national reputation.法学院为学生参加德国国家考试做准备，并自设备考复习班，这一司法考试辅导项目在全国享有良好声誉。
• It also offers an LL.M. in German law for foreign lawyers and a Master of European Law, which draw students from across Europe and Asia.该院还开设面向外国法律人的德国法 LL.M. 项目与欧洲法硕士项目，吸引欧洲和亚洲学生前来就读。
• The Business and Economics Faculty teaches B.Sc. programmes in Business Administration and Economics and in Business Computing, with master's programmes added from 2008 and a business-informatics master from 2012.经济学院开设工商管理与经济学、商业信息学两个理学士项目，2008 年起增设硕士项目，2012 年又添商业信息学硕士。
• In the winter semester 2020/21 Passau launched a Bachelor of Laws in Legal Tech and a B.Sc. in Digital Transformation in Business and Society, both described as unique in Germany at the time.2020/21 年冬季学期，帕绍推出“法律科技”法学学士与“商业与社会的数字化转型”理学士，当时均被称为德国独有。
• The Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics offers B.Sc. degrees in Informatics, Internet Computing and Mathematics, and M.Sc. degrees including AI Engineering and Computational Mathematics.计算机科学与数学学院开设信息学、互联网计算与数学等理学士学位，以及人工智能工程、计算数学等理学硕士学位。
• The Humanities Faculty covers teacher training for primary, middle and grammar schools and B.A. programmes in International Cultural and Business Studies and European Studies.人文学院涵盖小学、中学与文理中学师资培养，以及国际文化与商业研究、欧洲研究等文学士项目。
• The eight-semester European Studies Major includes a compulsory year abroad and is funded by the DAAD under its Bachelor Plus programme.为期八个学期的“欧洲研究主修”包含一年必修的海外学习，并获得德国学术交流中心“Bachelor Plus”项目资助。
• A Master's programme in Southeast Asian Studies is taught entirely in English, one of several programmes designed for international students.东南亚研究硕士项目全程以英语授课，是该校为国际学生设计的多个项目之一。
• On 1 July 2024 the university enrolled 10,521 students, of whom 1,647 held foreign nationality, and in winter semester 2025/26 it counted 255 doctoral candidates.2024 年 7 月 1 日，该校注册学生 10,521 人，其中 1,647 人为外国籍；2025/26 年冬季学期有博士生 255 人。
• It employs about 760 academic staff and 549 administrative staff, a ratio that reflects its seminar-based teaching model.该校约有 760 名学术人员与 549 名行政人员，这一比例体现了以研讨课为主的教学模式。
• The 2026 budget stood at 92.9 million euros, funded mainly by the Free State of Bavaria through the state university budget.2026 年预算为 9,290 万欧元，主要由巴伐利亚自由州通过州立大学预算拨款。
• The University Library holds about two million volumes and 3,050 journals and gives access to more than 300,000 digital media across five reading rooms with over 1,300 study places, open sixteen hours a day.大学图书馆藏书约两百万册、期刊 3,050 种，可访问逾 30 万件数字资源，设有 5 个阅览室、1,300 多个座位，每天开放十六小时。
• Named research units include the Institute for IT Security and Security Law, the FORWISS software-systems institute, the Passau Institute of Digital Security, the Institute for Intercultural Communication and the Centre for European Law.具名研究机构包括信息技术安全与安全法研究所、FORWISS 软件系统研究所、帕绍数字安全研究所、跨文化传播研究所以及欧洲法中心。
• The Passau International Centre of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, known as PICAIS, hosts visiting fellows and cross-faculty research groups.帕绍国际高级跨学科研究中心（PICAIS）接待访问学者并组织跨学院研究团队。
• The university maintains partnerships with 255 universities abroad, among them Leiden University, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Lund University, Stockholm University, Corvinus University of Budapest, the Catholic University of Portugal, Laval University and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras.该校与 255 所海外高校保持伙伴关系，其中包括莱顿大学、巴塞罗那自治大学、隆德大学、斯德哥尔摩大学、布达佩斯考文纽斯大学、葡萄牙天主教大学、拉瓦尔大学与印度理工学院马德拉斯分校。
• Teacher education is coordinated by the Centre for Teacher Training and Subject Didactics, which links the university to schools across Lower Bavaria.师资培养由教师培训与学科教学法中心统筹，把大学与下巴伐利亚各地学校连接起来。
• The Catholic theology department, inactive as a full faculty since 2010, continues to provide religious education within the teacher-training programmes and the M.A. in Charity Studies.天主教神学系自 2010 年起不再作为完整学院运作，但仍在师资培养项目与“慈善学”硕士项目中承担宗教教育。

Campus

• Passau's campus is unusual in Germany because it forms a single closed quarter along the left bank of the Inn, with only the theology department and a few offices in the old town.帕绍的校园在德国颇为特殊：它沿因河左岸形成一片封闭街区，只有神学系与少数办公机构位于老城。
• The university began in the south and west wings of the former Augustinian monastery of St. Nikola, founded in 1070 under Bishop Altmann of Passau.大学最初设在圣尼古拉奥斯定会修道院的南翼与西翼，该修道院由帕绍主教阿尔特曼于 1070 年创建。
• The Nikolakloster is the oldest building on campus and the only one that breaks with the modern architecture of the rest, and it now houses the language centre.尼古拉修道院楼是校园内最古老的建筑，也是唯一与周边现代建筑风格不同的楼宇，现用作语言中心。
• The IT Centre and International House opened on 6 April 2006 with funding from Bavaria's High-Tech Offensive and house the informatics research campus.信息技术中心与国际楼于 2006 年 4 月 6 日启用，由巴伐利亚“高科技攻势”资金支持，容纳信息学研究园区。
• The Centre for Media and Communication opened on 14 May 2014 and contains a newsroom and broadcasting equipment used by communication-science students.媒体与传播中心于 2014 年 5 月 14 日启用，内设新闻编辑室与播音设备，供传播学学生使用。
• In 2009 the campus was named Germany's most beautiful campus by the student magazine UNICUM, an award that reflects its riverside lawns and compact layout.2009 年，该校园被学生杂志 UNICUM 评为“德国最美校园”，这一奖项反映了其河畔草坪与紧凑布局。
• Student services operate four residence halls outside the campus, at Bräugasse, Donau-Schwaben-Straße, Leonhard-Paminger-Straße and Maierhofstraße, plus a mensa seating 560 and four cafeterias.学生服务处在校园外运营四处宿舍，分别位于布罗伊巷、多瑙-施瓦本街、莱昂哈德-帕明格街与迈尔霍夫街，另有一座 560 座食堂和四间咖啡厅。
• The sports centre includes a 400-metre synthetic track, a beach-volleyball court, a golf practice area, a climbing rock, a fitness studio and a rowing and canoeing facility on the river.体育中心设有 400 米塑胶跑道、沙滩排球场、高尔夫练习场、攀岩墙、健身室以及河上的赛艇与皮划艇设施。
• Passau itself lies at the confluence of the Inn, Ilz and Danube, faces Austria across the river and is known for its baroque old town and the organ of St. Stephen's Cathedral.帕绍位于因河、伊尔茨河与多瑙河交汇处，隔河与奥地利相望，以巴洛克老城和圣斯德望主教座堂的管风琴闻名。
• Construction of the International Science Centre at the Spitzberg, begun in 2023, will add an 800-seat auditorium and research space to the northern edge of the campus.2023 年开工的施皮茨贝格国际科学中心将在校园北缘增设 800 座报告厅与科研空间。
• The refectory seats 560 and has won awards for its food, while four campus cafeterias sell sandwiches, coffee and, in keeping with Bavaria, beer.学生食堂可容纳 560 人，其餐食曾获奖，校园内另有四间咖啡厅供应三明治、咖啡，以及符合巴伐利亚习惯的啤酒。

Reputation

• The University of Passau is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, a position that understates its standing in law and business education.帕绍大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列 1201-1400 区间，这一位次低估了其在法学与商科教育上的地位。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it in the 601-650 band, its strongest showing among the major global tables.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列于 601-650 区间，这是该校在主要全球榜单中的最佳表现。
• It does not appear in the 2026-2027 edition of the U.S. News Best Global Universities list, and it is also absent from the main table of the Shanghai ARWU 2026.该校未进入 2026-2027 年度《美国新闻与世界报道》全球最佳大学榜单，也未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜。^[1]
• In the Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2024, open to institutions founded within the last fifty years, Passau reached 66th place worldwide.在仅面向建校五十年以内高校的 2024 年泰晤士高等教育年轻大学排名中，帕绍位列全球第 66 名。
• OpenAlex records 10,498 works and 262,079 citations for the university, a citation intensity that is high for an institution of its size.OpenAlex 记录该校 10,498 部（篇）文献与 262,079 次被引，对于这一规模的院校而言引用强度较高。
• It is the only university in Lower Bavaria, which gives it a regional monopoly in law, teacher education and business studies.该校是下巴伐利亚唯一的大学，在法学、师资培养与商科教育方面具有区域垄断地位。
• Passau's law faculty is known for its state-examination preparation, and its graduates regularly enter the Bavarian judiciary and the higher civil service.帕绍法学院以国家考试辅导著称，其毕业生常进入巴伐利亚司法系统与高级公务员队伍。
• The university's international orientation is measurable: in 2008 some 37 per cent of its students spent at least one semester at a partner university, then the highest share in Germany.该校的国际化程度可以量化：2008 年约有 37% 的学生在伙伴院校学习至少一个学期，当时为全德最高比例。
• In summer semester 2020 international students made up 13.26 per cent of the student body, or 1,577 people, and the share has grown since.2020 年夏季学期，国际学生占学生总数的 13.26%，即 1,577 人，此后这一比例继续上升。
• Employers in Munich, Nuremberg and Vienna recruit from Passau's law, business-informatics and international-cultural-studies programmes, which combine a foreign language with a professional field.慕尼黑、纽伦堡与维也纳的雇主从帕绍的法学、商业信息学及国际文化研究等项目招聘，这些项目把外语与专业领域结合起来。

Student life

• A university crèche accepts children of students and staff aged one to three, an unusual service for a German university and one that is heavily used by student parents.校内托儿所接收一至三岁的教职工与在读学生子女，这项服务在德国高校中并不常见，使用者多为已为人父母的学生。
• The university has no formal motto, and its identity is expressed through the triad of internationality, interdisciplinarity and practical orientation that appears in its mission statement.该校没有正式校训，其自我定位体现在使命宣言中的三个关键词：国际化、跨学科与实践导向。
• More than 100 student groups are registered, ranging from faculty societies and three orchestras to two choirs, a debating club and groups affiliated with ELSA, AEGEE and AIESEC.学校注册有 100 多个学生团体，从各院系学会、三支乐团到两支合唱团、辩论社，以及隶属 ELSA、AEGEE 和 AIESEC 的小组。
• Students elect a 23-member student parliament every summer semester, and that parliament appoints the speakers' council that represents them in the senate.学生每学年夏季学期选举产生 23 人组成的学生议会，再由议会任命在参议院代表学生的发言人理事会。
• On 17 November 2009 students occupied the Audimax as part of the nationwide protests against the Bologna reforms and underfunding of higher education.2009 年 11 月 17 日，学生占领了最大阶梯教室，参加全国性抗议，反对博洛尼亚改革与高等教育经费不足。
• A semester ticket for Passau's city buses was introduced in summer semester 2013 after a student vote in July 2012, costing 22.50 euros and rising to 36.50 euros by 2025.帕绍市公交学期票在 2012 年 7 月学生投票后于 2013 年夏季学期推出，票价 22.50 欧元，到 2025 年涨至 36.50 欧元。
• Five student fraternities are active in Passau, among them Corps Budissa Leipzig, K.St.V. Boiotro, Burschenschaft Hanseatia and Oeno-Danubia, a tradition that remains contested among students.帕绍有五个学生联谊会活跃，其中包括莱比锡布迪萨军团、博约特罗天主教联谊会、汉萨提亚兄弟会与奥诺-达努比亚联谊会，这一传统在学生中仍有争议。
• The university's competitive sports clubs are the Passau Red Wolves in American football and Passau Lacrosse, while most other sport is recreational and free of charge.该校的竞技体育俱乐部为美式橄榄球的“帕绍红狼”与帕绍长曲棍球队，其余运动多为免费的大众健身项目。
• Orientation Weeks introduce new students to the university, the libraries, the old town and the bars, and end with a welcome reception featuring Leberkäse, pretzels and beer.“迎新周”带新生熟悉大学、图书馆、老城与酒吧，并以供应肉糕、碱水面包和啤酒的欢迎会收尾。

Notable people

• Karl-Heinz Pollok was the founding president of the university, serving from 1978 to 1997 and setting its early priorities in law, economics and international relations.卡尔-海因茨·波洛克是该校创校校长，1978 至 1997 年在任，奠定了法学、经济学与国际关系等早期重点。
• Walter Schweitzer, a professor of statistics, was president from 1997 to 2012, and Carola Jungwirth became the first woman to hold the office in 2016.统计学教授瓦尔特·施魏策尔于 1997 至 2012 年任校长，卡罗拉·容格维尔特则于 2016 年成为首位担任该职的女性。
• Johann Graf Lambsdorff, professor of economic theory at Passau, is known for developing the Corruption Perceptions Index for Transparency International.帕绍大学经济理论教授约翰·格拉夫·兰布斯多夫以受透明国际委托开发“腐败感知指数”而知名。
• Dirk Heckmann, professor of public law, security law and internet law, sits as a member of the Bavarian Constitutional Court.公法、安全法与互联网法教授迪尔克·黑克曼是巴伐利亚宪法法院的法官。
• Juli Zeh, the novelist and legal scholar, studied law in Passau and has since become one of Germany's best-known contemporary writers.小说家与法学学者尤莉·策曾在帕绍学习法律，此后成为德国最知名的当代作家之一。
• Martin Selmayr, who studied law at Passau, served as Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and later headed its representation to the Holy See.曾在帕绍学习法律的马丁·塞尔迈尔于 2018 至 2019 年任欧盟委员会秘书长，后出任欧盟委员会驻教廷代表处负责人。
• Andreas Scheuer, a Passau graduate, was Germany's federal minister of transport and digital infrastructure from 2018 to 2021.帕绍毕业生安德烈亚斯·绍伊尔于 2018 至 2021 年担任德国联邦交通与数字基础设施部长。
• Antje von Dewitz, chief executive of the outdoor-equipment company VAUDE, studied at Passau and is known for turning the family firm towards sustainability.户外装备企业 VAUDE 首席执行官安特耶·冯·德维茨曾就读于帕绍，以推动家族企业转向可持续发展而知名。
• Bernd Sibler, a Bavarian state minister and later district administrator, and Karolina Gernbauer, head of the Bavarian State Chancellery, are both Passau graduates.巴伐利亚州部长、后任县长的贝恩德·西布勒，以及巴伐利亚州总理府办公厅主任卡罗利娜·格恩鲍尔，均为帕绍毕业生。
• Anna Rosmus, the Holocaust researcher whose work on her native Passau prompted threats and exile, studied at the university and wrote about the city's Nazi past.大屠杀研究者安娜·罗斯穆斯因研究家乡帕绍的纳粹历史而遭受威胁并被迫离开，她曾在该校就读并书写这段过去。
• Werner Beulke, emeritus professor of criminal law and criminology, and Ulrich Manthe, professor of Roman law, represent the law faculty's long scholarly tradition.刑法与犯罪学荣休教授维尔纳·博伊尔克与罗马法教授乌尔里希·曼特，代表了法学院悠久的学术传统。
• Ralf Westhoff, the film director whose comedy Shoppen premiered in 2006, is a Passau graduate, as is the artist Christiane Kaufmann.喜剧片《Shoppen》（2006 年首映）的导演拉尔夫·韦斯特霍夫与艺术家克里斯蒂安妮·考夫曼都是帕绍毕业生。