University of Mumbai

The University of Mumbai is a public state university seated in the Indian state of Maharashtra and one of the largest university systems anywhere in the world, with more than 549,000 students on its own campuses and in its affiliated colleges.孟买大学是坐落于印度马哈拉施特拉邦的一所公立邦立大学，也是全球规模最大的大学体系之一，自有校园与附属学院合计学生逾 549,000 名。

It was established in 1857 as the University of Bombay following the educational programme set out in Wood's Despatch of 1854, and it formally took its present name, University of Mumbai, only in 1996.本校于 1857 年以孟买大学之名创立，其直接依据是 1854 年伍德教育训令所定的改革方案，直到 1996 年才正式改用现名孟买大学。

A largely affiliating and examining institution, it extends its jurisdiction over seven districts of western Maharashtra and places in the 901-950 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.这是一所以联合与考试为主的院校，管辖马哈拉施特拉邦西部七个地区，并在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中处于 901-950 位区间。

History

• The university traces its origin to the Despatch of 1854, drafted by Sir Charles Wood, then President of the Board of Control, which called for chartered universities to be created in the major cities of India.本校渊源可追溯至 1854 年的训令，由时任印度事务监督委员会主席查尔斯·伍德爵士起草，主张在印度各大城市创设获特许的大学。

• That Despatch was addressed to Governor-General Lord Dalhousie and supplied the policy framework under which the three founding Indian universities, including Bombay, were all established in 1857.该训令呈送总督达尔豪西勋爵，为包括孟买在内的印度首批三所大学于 1857 年共同创设提供了政策框架。

• The University of Bombay was formally created in 1857 after the Bombay Association, an early Indian civic body, presented a petition to the imperial Government of India urging the founding of a university.孟买协会是印度早期的一个市民团体，它向帝国政府请愿创办大学后，孟买大学于 1857 年正式设立。

• The new university was closely modelled on similar institutions in the United Kingdom, and in particular on the affiliating and examining structure then operated by the University of London.这所新建大学以英国同类学府为蓝本，尤其仿效当时由伦敦大学运作的联合与考试体制。

• The earliest teaching unit to be folded into the new system was the Faculty of Arts of Elphinstone College, an institution founded back in 1835, well before the university itself existed.最早并入新体系的教学校是埃尔芬斯通学院的文学院，该院早在 1835 年便已创办，远在大学本身成立之前。

• The medical side was represented by Grant Medical College, which had opened in 1845 and which supplied the principal clinical teaching base for the university's new degree system.医学一端则由格兰特医学院代表，该院于 1845 年开办，为大学新的学位体系提供了主要的临床教学基地。

• Both Elphinstone College and Grant Medical College had existed before the university was founded, and each surrendered its own degree-granting privileges to the new central body at Bombay.埃尔芬斯通学院与格兰特医学院皆早于大学存在，二者在建校时都把各自的学位授予权让渡给设在孟买的中央机构。

• Provincial medical schools also affiliated to the university in its early decades, among them the Sindh Medical School at Hyderabad in the Sindh region, then part of the same presidency.建校初期地方医学院校亦相继加入联合体系，其中包括当时同属一管区的信德地区海得拉巴的信德医学院。

• The university held its first degree examinations in 1862, when the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Licentiate in Medicine were awarded to candidates for the very first time.1862 年该校首次举行学位考试，文学士与医学执照学位在这一年首次授予应考者。

• Cornelia Sorabji took her degree in 1888 to become the first woman ever to graduate from the university, a milestone widely remembered in the history of the education of Indian women.科尔内利亚·索拉布吉于 1888 年毕业，成为该校有史以来第一位获得学位的女生，此役在印度女性教育史上广受铭记。

• Sorabji went on to study law at Somerville College in Oxford, becoming the first woman to read law there and, on returning home, the first woman to be admitted as an advocate in India.索拉布吉后赴牛津萨默维尔学院研习法律，成为该校首位攻读法律的女生，回国后又成为印度首位获准执业的女性辩护律师。

• Until 1904 the university confined itself almost entirely to conducting examinations, granting affiliations to colleges and framing curricula and guidelines for those colleges to follow.1904 年之前，该校几乎只限于主持考试、授予学院联合资格、编订课程并为各学院提供遵行的指引。

• From 1904 onward teaching departments, research disciplines and dedicated post-graduate courses were gradually introduced, converting the body from a purely examining university into a teaching one.自 1904 年起学校陆续设立教学学系、研究型学科与专门的研究生课程，使其由纯粹的考试机构逐步转型为教学型大学。

• Several additional academic departments were established in the years after 1904, steadily deepening the university's own direct teaching and research activity alongside its affiliating role.1904 年之后又设立若干新的教学学系，在联合职能之外稳步加深大学自身的直接教学与研究活动。

• By 1949, shortly after Indian independence, student enrolment stood at 42,272 and the university governed some 80 affiliated colleges spread across the wider Bombay region.到 1949 年、即印度独立后不久，全校注册学生为 42,272 名，管辖分布在更广泛孟买地区的约 80 所联合学院。

• Enrolment then ballooned over the following decades, and by 1975 the university counted 156,190 students and 114 affiliated colleges, nearly quadrupling its 1949 student body.此后数十年间学生数急剧膨胀，到 1975 年已达 156,190 名学生、114 所联合学院，几乎将 1949 年的学生规模扩大了两倍多。

• After India achieved independence in 1947, the university's functions and powers were comprehensively reorganised under the Bombay University Act that was passed in 1953.印度于 1947 年独立后，本校职权依 1953 年通过的《孟买大学法》进行了全面改组。

• That 1953 statute defined the modern balance between the university's own teaching wings and its oversight of a very wide network of affiliated colleges scattered across the state.这部 1953 年法令确立了大学自有教学部门与统辖遍布全省的庞大联合学院网络之间的现代格局。

• As part of the broader renaming of Indian cities from colonial to local forms, the institution's name was changed from the University of Bombay to the University of Mumbai in 1996.作为印度城市由殖民旧称改作本地名称的更大浪潮之一部分，本校于 1996 年由「University of Bombay」改称现名「University of Mumbai」。

• The Government Law College, which holds the title of being the oldest law school in Asia, was in fact founded in 1855, fully two years before the university itself came into being.享有亚洲最古老法学院之名的政府法律学院，实际上创立于 1855 年，比大学本身的成立还要早整整两年。

• Although it long predated the university, the Government Law College was affiliated to the University of Mumbai only in 1860, some three years after the parent university was created.尽管其创办远早于大学，政府法律学院却直到 1860 年、即母体大学成立约三年之后才正式加入孟买大学的联合体系。

• The Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, founded in 1887 and later renamed Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, became the first engineering institute ever established within the university.维多利亚纪念工艺学院创立于 1887 年、后更名为维玛塔·吉佳拜理工学院，成为本校历史上创办的第一所工程学院。

Academics

• The university offers courses covering the sciences, commerce and the arts, and by extension into law, medicine, engineering, management, dentistry and the social sciences across its many units.该校课程涵盖科学、商科与人文，并经由众多院系延伸至法学、医学、工程、管理、牙科与社会科学等领域。

• Because it is fundamentally an affiliating university, most of its enormous student body is enrolled not in its own departments but in a very large network of separately run affiliated colleges.由于其根本上是联合制大学，庞大的学生群体多数并非在其自有学系、而是在众多各自管理的联合学院中注册就读。

• As of 2013 the university had 711 affiliated colleges, a figure that helps explain why it counts among the largest and most sprawling university systems anywhere in the world.截至 2013 年该校共有联合学院 711 所，这一数字有助于解释其为何跻身全球规模最大、分布最广的大学体系之列。

• Its formal jurisdiction extends over seven districts of western Maharashtra, namely Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Thane.其正式辖境覆盖马哈拉施特拉邦西部七个地区，即孟买市、孟买郊区、帕尔加尔、赖加德、勒特纳吉里、辛德杜尔格与塔那。

• Its own teaching and research are centred on several sites, chief among them the Kalina campus in Mumbai, where the central offices and the Jawaharlal Nehru Library are located.其自有教研集中于数处校区，其中以孟买的卡利纳校园为首，学校中枢机构与贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁图书馆皆设于该处。

• Several departments of the university operate inside vocational institutions rather than on the four main Mumbai campuses, spreading its teaching across the city and beyond.本校多个学系设于职业学校内部而非孟买四处主校区之中，使其教学散布全城乃至更远。

• The Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute for Financial and Management Studies on the Kalina campus offers professional programmes including BMS, MFSM, MS Finance and the MMS management degree.卡利纳校园内的阿尔克什·迪内什·莫迪金融与管理研究所开设 BMS、MFSM、金融硕士与管理硕士等专业课程。

• Medicine and medical research are taught in several prominent Mumbai hospitals, among them the Tata Memorial Hospital, the Bombay Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College with King Edward Memorial Hospital.医学与医学研究在孟买多家著名医院授课，包括塔塔纪念医院、孟买医院，以及塞斯·G.S.医学院与爱德华国王纪念医院。

• The Department of Medicine at the Tata Memorial Hospital has since been transferred to affiliation with the Homi Bhabha National Institute rather than remaining directly under the university.塔塔纪念医院的医学系此后改由霍米·巴巴国立研究所联合，而不再直接隶属于本校。

• Chemical engineering grew out of the university's own department, the University Department of Chemical Technology, which later gained full university status as the Institute of Chemical Technology.化学工程源于校内的大学化学工艺学系，该学系后来升格、成为拥有独立大学地位的化学技术研究所。

• Engineering teaching within the university system was long led by the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, the historic first engineering institute that had been founded under its umbrella.本校体系内的工程教学长期由维玛塔·吉佳拜理工学院领衔，它是历史上第一所在其旗下创办的工程学院。

• Thadomal Shahani Engineering College was the first college in the university to open courses in Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics Engineering and Biomedical Engineering.塔多马尔·沙哈尼工程学院是校内率先开设计算机工程、信息技术、电子工程与生物医学工程诸课程的学院。

• Law teaching runs through several historic colleges, with the Government Law College still standing as the oldest law school anywhere in Asia and a founding affiliate of the system.法学经多所历史悠久的学院传授，其中政府法律学院至今仍是全亚洲最古老的法学院，也是该体系最早的联合成员之一。

• Post-graduate education expanded steadily from 1904, when research disciplines and advanced taught courses were first introduced into what had previously been a purely examining university.研究生教育自 1904 年起稳步扩张，正是那一年研究型学科与高级授课课程首次被引入这所此前纯粹的考试型大学。

• The university maintains a wide network of partner institutions, having signed memoranda of understanding with universities in Europe, North America, China and Australia for staff and student exchange.该校维系庞大的伙伴院校网络，已与欧洲、北美、中国及澳大利亚多所大学签署合作备忘录，用于师生交流。

• Among those partners are the University of Amsterdam, the University of Bath, Liverpool Hope University, Toronto Metropolitan University, Nankai University and Edith Cowan University in Australia.其伙伴包括阿姆斯特丹大学、巴斯大学、利物浦希望大学、多伦多都会大学、南开大学，以及位于澳大利亚的埃迪斯科文大学。

Campus

• The university's modern administrative and academic core stands on the Kalina campus in Mumbai, the site to which much of its own teaching, its offices and its central library belong.本校现代的行政与学术核心位于孟买卡利纳校园，其自有教学、办公机构与中央图书馆多集中于此。

• The historic Fort campus preserves some of the university's oldest buildings and its single most famous landmark, the Rajabai Clock Tower that houses the university's library collection.历史悠久的堡校区保存着学校部分最古老的建筑，以及最著名的单一地标——藏有大学图书馆馆藏的拉贾拜钟楼。

• The architect Sir George Gilbert Scott modelled the Rajabai Clock Tower on the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster in London, and the tower was completed in the 1870s.建筑师乔治·吉尔伯特·斯科特爵士以伦敦威斯敏斯特宫的钟楼为蓝本设计拉贾拜钟楼，该塔于 19 世纪 70 年代落成。

• The local businessman Premchand Roychand helped pay for the tower's construction and named it in memory of his mother Rajabai, binding a public gift to a personal family tribute.本地商人普雷姆钱德·罗伊昌德捐助建塔费用，并以母亲拉贾拜之名命名，使一项公益捐赠兼具家族私人纪念之意。

• The tower rises to 85 m (280 ft) across five storeys, and at about 9.1 m (30 ft) above the ground eight stone statues are set to represent the Indian castes.该塔高 85 米（280 英尺）、共五层，在离地约 9.1 米（30 英尺）处嵌有八尊石雕，用以表现印度的种姓。

• Its tower clock is reported to have played sixteen different tunes, among them Rule Britannia and God Save the Queen, making the Gothic landmark audible across the whole Fort district.塔钟据报能演奏十六支不同乐曲，其中包括《统治吧不列颠尼亚》与《天佑女王》，使这一哥特式地标的声音响彻整个堡区。

• On the initiative of the then Vice-Chancellor Rajan Welukar, restoration of the tower began in 2013, and its carefully executed first phase was completed in May 2015.在时任副校长拉詹·韦卢卡尔的推动下，钟楼修复工程于 2013 年启动，其精心实施的第一阶段于 2015 年 5 月完工。

• The IT major Tata Consultancy Services gave a grant of Rs 4 crore toward that first phase of the restoration, an early instance of corporate funding directed at the city's heritage fabric.信息业巨头塔塔咨询服务为修复第一阶段捐资 4,000 万卢比，是企业资助城市遗产修缮的早期范例之一。

• The Jawaharlal Nehru Library, the central library located on the Kalina campus, was reported in May 2019 to be in dire condition and urgently in need of structural restoration.坐落于卡利纳校园的中央图书馆贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁图书馆，2019 年 5 月被报道状况堪忧、亟需结构性修复。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the University of Mumbai is placed in the 901-950 band, the range the list uses for institutions sharing broadly comparable standing that year.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，孟买大学位列 901-950 位区间，此为该年度榜单用于大致相当院校的名次范围。

• On the QS table for 2024 the university had been ranked 751-760 in the world and 291-300 in Asia, offering a clearer picture of its standings over recent ranking cycles.在 QS 2024 年榜单上该校曾列世界第 751-760 位、亚洲第 291-300 位，可借此更清楚地看出其近年排名走势。

• The university did not enter the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2027 at all, so it sits entirely outside that year's THE global league table.本校完全未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，因而全然不在该年度的 THE 全球榜单之内。

• In earlier editions the Times Higher Education had placed it 1201-1500 in the world for 2023 and 351-400 in Asia for 2022, in the same band among emerging economies.在更早的榜单中，泰晤士高等教育曾将其列为 2023 年世界第 1201-1500 位、2022 年亚洲第 351-400 位，在新兴经济体中亦处同一档。

• The University of Mumbai was not listed in the US News Best Global Universities table for 2026-2027, nor did it appear in the Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2026.孟买大学未被收录进 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名，也未出现在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中。

• Within India the government's National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked the university 61st among universities in 2024 and placed it 96th overall in the country in 2023.在国内，政府主导的国家机构排名框架于 2024 年将本校列为大学类第 61 名、2023 年综合排名全国第 96 名。

• OpenAlex records 20,172 scholarly works attributed to the institution and 527,159 citations received by those works, a quantitative measure of its cumulative research output.据 OpenAlex 数据库，该校累计署名学术成果 20,172 项、这些成果获引用 527,159 次，可作为其科研总产出的量化标度。

• Its most visible strength lies in sheer scale, since with more than 549,000 students spread over 711 affiliated colleges it counts among the largest university systems anywhere.它最突出的长处在于规模，学生逾 549,000 名、遍布 711 所联合学院，使之跻身全球最大大学体系之列。

• No Nobel, Turing or Fields laureate is affiliated with the university in a permanent teaching capacity, though its National Institutional Ranking Framework placing serves as a domestic measure of standing.本校并无以常任教职身份隶属的诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖得主，不过国家机构排名框架的名次提供了国内声誉的标尺。

Student life

• With more than 549,000 students across its own campuses and affiliated colleges, the university serves a student population larger than the entire higher-education intake of many nations.全校连同自有校园与附属学院的学生逾 549,000 名，其服务对象之众超过许多国家高等教育的整体招生规模。

• Because most students belong to affiliated colleges rather than to university departments, everyday student life is in practice lived out across hundreds of separate and locally run campuses.由于多数学生隶属于联合学院而非大学学系，日常校园生活实际上是在数百个各自独立、地方管理的校区中展开。

• The university modernised its vast examination process by delivering question papers online and by assessing answer scripts through scanning at remote examination centres across its jurisdiction.学校通过线上分发试卷、并在辖区内的远端考点以扫描方式评阅答卷，使其庞大的考试流程趋于现代化。

• In 2015 the university began an academic depository in collaboration with the central securities depository CDSL, becoming the first university in India to start such a digital records repository.2015 年该校与中央证券存管机构 CDSL 合作建立学术保管库，成为印度第一所创办此类数字化记录保管库的大学。

• The Jawaharlal Nehru Library on the Kalina campus serves as the central library for the university's own teaching and research community, distinct from the college libraries of affiliates.卡利纳校园的贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁图书馆充当本校自有教研群体的中央图书馆，与各联合学院的馆藏相区别。

• Teaching sites stretch over seven districts from Mumbai City in the north to Sindhudurg in the south, so the student body is drawn from a very wide stretch of western Maharashtra.教学点纵贯从北部孟买市到南部辛德杜尔格的七个地区，学生来源因此横跨马哈拉施特拉邦西部的广大地域。

• The university's affiliation network binds elite heritage institutions, such as the Government Law College founded in 1855, into the administrative rhythms of a single much wider state system.学校的联合网络把政府法律学院这类 1855 年创建的精英历史名院，纳入了一个更庞大的邦级体系的行政节奏之中。

• Under this affiliating model a student reads at one of the many affiliated colleges but ultimately receives a degree conferred by the University of Mumbai itself, which still frames the curricula and runs the final examinations.在这一联合制之下，学生在众多联合学院之一就读，但最终获得由孟买大学本身授予的学位，该校仍负责编订课程并主持终期考试。

• The central Kalina campus, with the Jawaharlal Nehru Library and the Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute, draws students from the affiliated colleges for post-graduate work and access to shared facilities.拥有贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁图书馆与阿尔克什·迪内什·莫迪研究所的卡利纳中心校园，吸引各联合学院学生前来攻读研究生并使用共享设施。

Notable people

• Cornelia Sorabji, the first woman to graduate from the university in 1888 and later the first female advocate in India, remains its most celebrated early alumna and a national pioneer.科尔内利亚·索拉布吉于 1888 年成为该校首位女毕业生、后为印度第一位女性辩护律师，至今仍是最负盛名的早期校友与全国先驱。

• Sir Charles Wood, whose Despatch of 1854 as President of the Board of Control set the chartered universities of India on foot, is honoured as the remote founding impetus behind the institution.查尔斯·伍德爵士以印度事务监督委员会主席之身于 1854 年发出训令、催生了印度各特许大学，被视为本校遥远的创办推手。

• Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India to whom that Despatch was addressed, presided over the era in which the University of Bombay was formally established in 1857.该训令呈送的对象、印度总督达尔豪西勋爵，主政了孟买大学于 1857 年正式创设的那个年代。

• Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, a noted orientalist and social reformer, was numbered among the university's very first graduates and later rose to serve as its own Vice-Chancellor.著名东方学家与社会改革者罗摩克里希纳·戈帕尔·班达卡尔位列本校最早一批毕业生，后来还升任该校副校长。

• Georg Bühler, an eminent European scholar of ancient Indian language and law, held the distinguished status of fellow of the university and helped shape its early academic life.研究印度古代语言与法律的杰出欧洲学者格奥尔格·比勒，获聘为该校会士，并参与塑造了其早期学术风气。

• Vice-Chancellor Rajan Welukar, an astrophysicist by training, personally directed the 2013 beginning of the restoration of the Rajabai Clock Tower during his tenure at the university.副校长拉詹·韦卢卡尔本为天体物理学家，任内亲自主持了 2013 年启动的拉贾拜钟楼修复工程。

• Mukesh Ambani, chairman of Reliance Industries and one of India's leading industrialists, studied chemical engineering at the university's Institute of Chemical Technology, formerly its own chemical department.信实工业董事长、印度主要实业家之一的穆克什·安巴尼，曾在本校化学技术研究所（其前身即校内化学学系）攻读化学工程。

• Business alumni further include the industrialists Anil Ambani and Adi Godrej, and Anji Reddy, who founded the pharmaceutical firm Dr. Reddy's Laboratories.商科出身的校友还包括实业家安尼尔·安巴尼、阿迪·戈德雷吉，以及创办制药企业「Dr. Reddy's Laboratories」的安吉·雷迪。

• Chanda Kochhar, who earned her degrees at the university before 1982, later rose to become the chief executive and managing director of the major lender ICICI Bank.钱达·科查尔在本校取得学位，后升任大型贷款机构 ICICI 银行的首席执行官兼董事总经理。

• Lara Dutta, crowned Miss Universe for 2000, and the classical conductor Mehli Mehta, father of the famed Zubin Mehta, are counted among the university's alumni in the wider cultural world.2000 年加冕的环球小姐劳拉·杜塔与古典指挥梅利·梅塔（著名指挥祖宾·梅塔之父），皆被视为该校在更广阔文化领域的校友。