University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopisto) is Finland's oldest and largest university, founded in 1640 in Turku as the Royal Academy of Turku under Swedish rule and moved to Helsinki in 1828. It is a public university with 31,871 students and 8,796 staff, and it ranks 123rd in the 2027 QS World University Rankings with a score of 63.8.赫尔辛基大学（Helsingin yliopisto）是芬兰历史最悠久、规模最大的大学，1640 年在瑞典统治下的图尔库以奥布皇家学院之名创办，1828 年迁至赫尔辛基。作为公立大学，现有在校生 31,871 人、教职工 8,796 人，2027 年 QS 世界大学排名以 63.8 分列第 123 位。

The university is bilingual by law, with teaching in Finnish and Swedish and English dominating at master and doctoral level. It is organised in eleven faculties and has produced Nobel laureates in literature, chemistry, medicine and economics as well as the mathematician who received one of the first two Fields Medals.学校依法实行芬兰语与瑞典语双语授课，硕士与博士阶段则以英语为主。全校下设十一个学院，先后产出文学、化学、生理学或医学与经济学领域的诺贝尔奖得主，以及首位菲尔兹奖得主之一。

History

• The university descends from the Cathedral School of the Finnish town of Turku, probably founded in 1276, and was founded as the Royal Academy of Turku on 26 March 1640 by Queen Christina of Sweden. It was the third university founded in the Swedish Empire, after Uppsala and the Academia Gustaviana at Dorpat, the predecessor of the University of Tartu.学校的前身是芬兰图尔库的大教堂学校，约建于 1276 年，1640 年 3 月 26 日由瑞典女王克里斯蒂娜在图尔库创办奥布皇家学院。它是瑞典帝国继乌普萨拉大学与多尔帕特的古斯塔夫学院之后的第三所大学，后者即今爱沙尼亚塔尔图大学的前身。

• The academy taught in Latin, and students began in the faculty of philosophy before specialising in theology, law or medicine, the three professional faculties that defined a university of the period. The junior classes of the cathedral school continued as a grammar school attached to the new institution.学院以拉丁语授课，学生先在哲学院学习，再分流至神学、法学或医学三个当时构成大学核心的专业学院；大教堂学校的初级课程则作为附属于新机构的文理中学继续存在。

• When Finland became a grand duchy of the Russian Empire in 1809, Grand Duke Alexander I expanded the university and in 1811 doubled its spending, creating six new professorships, twelve assistant posts, three language lectures and three practice master positions, while the institution was run in turn as the Imperial Academy of Turku, the Alexander Academy in Finland and the Imperial University of Turku.1809 年芬兰成为俄罗斯帝国的大公国后，大公亚历山大一世扩充了学校规模，1811 年把经费翻番，新增六个教授职位、十二个助教岗位、三门语言讲座与三席实践教师席位；学校先后以奥布皇家学院、芬兰亚历山大学院与图尔库帝国大学的名义运作。

• The Great Fire of Turku in 1827 destroyed much of the city, and a manifesto of Emperor Nicholas I ordered the university, with its possessions, staff, professors and students, to be transferred to Helsinki, where it was renamed the Imperial Alexander University in Finland and given the task of educating the civil servants of the grand duchy.1827 年图尔库大火焚毁城内大批建筑，沙皇尼古拉一世颁布敕令，将大学连同其财产、教职工、教授与学生整体迁往赫尔辛基，更名为芬兰亚历山大帝国大学，其使命是为大公国培养官僚。

• After the fire the university rebuilt quickly in Helsinki. The main building opposite the Senate Square was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel and completed in 1832, and a clinical hospital and a midwifery facility, a botanical garden and an observatory followed in 1832 and 1834, with a separate university library built in 1840 as a lesson learned from the fire that had destroyed the library of Turku.迁城后学校在赫尔辛基迅速重建。由 Carl Ludvig Engel 设计、面向参议院广场的主楼于 1832 年落成，临床医院与助产机构、植物园、天文台相继在 1832 至 1834 年间建成，吸取图尔库图书馆毁于大火的教训，大学图书馆于 1840 年单独建造。

• The nineteenth century brought an Humboldtian ideal of research and teaching, and the number of professors rose tenfold while students grew from about four hundred to just over three thousand. The admission of women marked a social change and the university became the model from which other Finnish institutions of higher education grew.19 世纪的学校秉持洪堡式的科研与教学理念，教授人数增至十倍，学生从约 400 人增至三千余人。招收女学生成为重要的社会变化，学校也成为芬兰其他高等教育机构效法的范本。

• After Finland declared independence in 1917 the university was renamed the University of Helsinki and given the task of building the nation state. The heir to the Russian crown had served as its chancellor during the Russian period, which had placed the university directly under the emperor rather than under the governor-general or the senate.1917 年芬兰独立后，学校更名为赫尔辛基大学，并承担建设民族国家的任务。俄罗斯时期由皇位继承人担任校监，使大学直接隶属于沙皇而非总督或参议院，这一体制随着独立而终结。

• The university became the scene of a language conflict in the interwar period. Geographer Väinö Tanner defended the use of Swedish, and in October 1934 the Swedish People's Party of Finland handed 153,914 collected signatures to the parliament and the government in defence of the Swedish language.两次世界大战之间，学校成为芬兰语与瑞典语之争的现场。地理学家韦诺·坦纳力主保留瑞典语地位，1934 年 10 月，芬兰瑞典人民党将征集到的 153,914 个签名联名递交议会与政府，以捍卫瑞典语的地位。

• Scholars from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland wrote to their diplomatic representations warning that the position of Swedish in the university would weaken Nordic unity, and the university was heavily damaged when a Soviet air raid on 27 February 1944 hit the campus during the Continuation War.丹麦、瑞典、挪威与冰岛的学者联名致函本国驻外代表，警告削弱瑞典语在大学的地位会危及北欧团结。1944 年 2 月 27 日，苏联空袭在继续战争期间重创校园。

• After the war research was directed towards improving Finnish living conditions. The university joined one of the first Big Science projects, the peaceful atomic energy and nuclear physics programme launched in 1955 by President Eisenhower, which brought together specialists from the university, the University of Technology and other institutes.战后学校的研究重心转向改善芬兰民生。1955 年，艾森豪威尔总统发起和平利用原子能与核物理计划，这是最早的大科学项目之一，赫尔辛基大学与赫尔辛基理工大学等机构的研究者由此汇聚到同一项工程中。

• At Meilahti a medical district was built up after the war. A women's clinic was established in the 1930s and the Helsinki University Central Hospital followed in 1966, the same year in which the theoretical science departments moved into new buildings on Haartmaninkatu, so that clinical medicine, laboratory science and the medical faculty ended up in one neighbourhood.战后学校在梅拉蒂建设起医学园区。20 世纪 30 年代建成女子诊所，1966 年赫尔辛基大学中央医院落成，同年理科学系迁入哈特曼卡图大街的新楼，临床医学、实验科学与医学院由此集中于同一街区。

• The Faculty of Social Sciences was founded in 1945 and the Veterinary College became an independent college in the same year, incorporated into the university in 1995. The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry began as an institute in 1898 and became a faculty in 1924, so that the modern faculty structure was built over a century.社会科学学院成立于 1945 年，兽医学院同年作为独立学院设立，并于 1995 年并入大学。农业与森林学院 1898 年以专修机构起步，1924 年升为学院，现代院系结构由此历经一个多世纪逐步成形。

• Three reorganisations shaped the present science faculties. The faculty of philosophy split in 1852 into arts and science sections, which became independent faculties in 1992, and in 2004 the pharmacy and the biological and environmental sciences were split off from the science faculty into faculties of their own.三次改组塑造了今天的理学门类。哲学院于 1852 年分为文学与理学两科，1992 年各自升为独立学院，2004 年药学与生物及环境科学又从理学院分出，各自成为独立学院。

• The educational sciences began as an independent section in 1974, became a faculty in 1992 and were reorganised and renamed in 2004 and again in 2017. These repeated changes were responses to the growth of teacher education as a research discipline rather than a training course.教育学科 1974 年先作为独立分部设立，1992 年升为学院，并于 2004 年与 2017 年两次改组更名。这些反复调整，回应的是教师教育作为研究学科而非培训课程的成长。

• Outgrowing the city centre, the university developed a second campus at Kumpula, where the city leased the area to the university in 1978, the accelerator laboratory of the physics department was hollowed out of the rock in the 1980s and construction of the Kumpula Botanical Garden began in 1987, with the real campus taking shape in the 1990s.随着老城空间不足，学校在 Kumpula 建设第二校区：1978 年市政府把该地块租给学校，20 世纪 80 年代物理系的加速器实验室直接凿入岩体，1987 年启动 Kumpula 植物园建设，真正的校园自 20 世纪 90 年代起成形。

• Since 1 August 2005 the university has followed the harmonised structure of the Bologna Process and awards bachelor, master, licentiate and doctoral degrees, which replaced the older licentiate and candlestick degrees of the Swedish and Russian periods with a single European scheme.自 2005 年 8 月 1 日起，学校遵循博洛尼亚进程的统一结构，授予学士、硕士、Licentiate 与博士学位，取代瑞典与俄罗斯时期遗留的旧学位体系。

• Recent institutional milestones include the new Main Library, opened in 2012 in the Kaisa House, which merged the undergraduate library and four scattered faculty libraries into one collection of about 1.5 million books, and the Helsinki University Museum, formed in 2003 by merging five separate collections and given a new main exhibition in the Main Building in 2015.近年的机构里程碑包括 2012 年在凯萨馆启用的新主图书馆，它把本科图书馆与四所分散的院系图书馆合并为约 150 万册的馆藏；以及 2003 年由五个馆藏合并组建的赫尔辛基大学博物馆，其主展于 2015 年移入主楼。

• Leadership has changed hands in recent years. Jari Niemelä was rector from 2018 to 2022 and Sari Lindblom took office in 2022, while Kaarle Hämeri has served as chancellor, the highest representative of the university, since 2017, an office elected by the academic community.近年学校领导层完成更替。Jari Niemelä 于 2018 至 2022 年任学术校长，Sari Lindblom 于 2022 年接任；Kaarle Hämeri 自 2017 年起担任校监，这是由学术共同体选举产生的学校最高代表职位。

Academics

• The university has eleven faculties, listed in the official order that reflects its history, among them the faculties of theology, law and medicine, all founded in 1640, the faculties of arts and science, the faculty of agriculture and forestry of 1898, the faculty of social sciences of 1945 and the faculties of pharmacy and of biological and environmental sciences created in 2004.学校共有十一个学院，官方排序反映其历史脉络，其中神学院、法学院与医学院均创办于 1640 年，农业与森林学院始于 1898 年，社会科学学院始于 1945 年，药学院与生物及环境科学学院均创设于 2004 年。

• The latest figures record 31,871 students in 2024, of whom 15,619 are undergraduates, 11,143 postgraduates and 5,079 doctoral candidates, supported by 8,796 staff including 5,200 academic staff, and the university reports an endowment of about two billion euro.最新数据显示，2024 年在校生 31,871 人，其中本科生 15,619 人、研究生 11,143 人、博士生 5,079 人，教职工 8,796 人，其中学术人员 5,200 人，学校捐赠基金约 20 亿欧元。

• Teaching is regulated by law in Finnish and Swedish, but Swedish is a minority language in Finland and Finnish dominates, while English has become a de facto third language of instruction at master, licentiate and doctoral level. Admission to bachelor programmes is by entrance examination and to master and doctoral programmes by prior degree results.教学依法以芬兰语与瑞典语并行，但瑞典语在芬兰属少数语言，实际以芬兰语为主，英语则成为硕士、Licentiate 与博士阶段事实上的第三教学语言。本科以入学考试录取，硕士与博士阶段则以既有学位成绩决定录取。

• The university offers a wide range of master's programmes taught entirely in English, each worth 120 ECTS credits and completed with two years of full-time study, some of them organised jointly with other Finnish and foreign universities so that the degrees are recognised under national legislation throughout Europe.学校开设大量全英语授课的硕士项目，每个体量为 120 个 ECTS 学分、全日制两年完成，部分项目与芬兰及海外大学合办，学位依据国家立法在欧洲范围内通用。

• The Helsinki Institute of Life Science coordinates the life sciences across the university and runs three operative units, the Institute of Biotechnology, the Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine founded in 2012 and the Neuroscience Center, so that medicine, biology and physics share one organisational structure.赫尔辛基生命科学研究所统筹全校生命科学，下设三个运作机构，即生物技术研究所、2012 年成立的芬兰分子医学研究所与神经科学中心，医学、生物与物理由此共享一套组织架构。

• Research in the life sciences is concentrated in Biomedicum at the Meilahti campus, where the molecular medicine institute, the neuroscience center and the Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research sit together with the medical faculty, and the nearby Terkko building houses the National Library of Health Sciences.生命科学研究集中在梅拉蒂园区的 Biomedicum，分子医学研究所、神经科学中心与明尼瓦基金会医学研究所与医学院同处其间，附近的特库楼则是国家卫生科学图书馆所在地。

• The Rolf Nevanlinna Institute covers mathematics, computer science and statistics, while the Institute of Physics and the Institute for Health and Welfare research groups sit beside them, and the Finnish Centre of Excellence in chemistry is hosted by the VERIFIN institute, which verifies chemical weapons under international treaty.Rolf Nevanlinna 研究所覆盖数学、计算机科学与统计学，物理研究所与相关卫生研究团队与之相邻，化学领域的芬兰卓越中心则由 VERIFIN 研究所承办，该机构依据国际条约核查化学武器。

• The humanities and social sciences are supported by the Aleksanteri Institute, a national centre for research on Russia and Eastern Europe, the Christina Institute for Gender Studies, the Erik Castrén Institute of international law and human rights, and the Helsinki Centre of Economic Research, a joint body with the two schools of economics in Helsinki.人文与社会科学的研究由以下机构支撑：研究俄罗斯与东欧的国立 Aleksanteri 研究所、克里斯蒂娜性别研究所、埃里克·卡斯特伦国际法与人权研究所，以及与赫尔辛基两所商学院合办的赫尔辛基经济研究中心。

• The National Library of Finland is the oldest and largest scholarly library in the country and the main branch of the university library system, and it is responsible for the collection, description, preservation and accessibility of the printed national heritage as well as for national services to the library sector.芬兰国家图书馆是全国最古老、规模最大的学术图书馆，也是大学图书馆体系的总馆，承担芬兰印刷国家遗产的收集、编目、保存与开放，并面向全国提供图书馆领域的服务。

• The Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies is an institute for advanced study modelled on the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, with previous directors including Raimo Väyrynen from 2002 to 2004 and Juha Sihvola from 2004 to 2009, so that the humanities have a residential research centre of their own.赫尔辛基高等研究院是仿照美国普林斯顿高等研究院设立的研究机构，历任院长包括 2002 至 2004 年的莱莫·韦里宁与 2004 至 2009 年的尤哈·西霍拉，人文学科因此拥有了常驻式的研究中心。

• Two museums carry the university's collections, the Finnish Museum of Natural History, which holds the national botanical, zoological, geological and palaeontological collections from all over the world, and the Helsinki University Museum, which preserves the teaching and research equipment, furniture and works of art of the university itself.学校有两座博物馆承担馆藏功能：芬兰自然史博物馆收藏来自世界各地的国立植物、动物、地理与古生物标本，赫尔辛基大学博物馆则保存学校自身的教学科研器械、家具与艺术品。

• The university is a member of the Europaeum, the Utrecht Network and Una Europa, a founding member of the League of European Research Universities, and an active member of the University of the Arctic, through which it participates in the north2north mobility programme for students of Arctic institutions.学校是 Europaeum、乌得勒支网络与 Una Europa 的成员，欧洲研究型大学联盟的创始成员，也是北极大学网络的活跃成员，并通过该网络的「north2north」交流项目支持北极地区高校学生流动。

• External funding is part of the university's international profile, for example the more than four million euro provided by the United States Department of Defense in September 2021 for work on the MYC genes and breast cancer, which shows that a Finnish university can attract research money from outside Europe.外部资助是学校国际形象的一部分，例如 2021 年 9 月美国国防部为 MYC 基因与乳腺癌研究提供的逾 400 万欧元经费，显示芬兰大学能够吸引来自欧洲以外的科研资金。

• Rankings and reputation rest on a long record in the sciences rather than on volume, and the university is regularly listed among the leading European institutions in law, philosophy, mathematics, theoretical physics, the life sciences and medicine, which the university itself states as its fields of particular distinction.学校的排名与声誉建立在长期的科学积累而非规模之上，在法学、哲学、数学、理论物理、生命科学与医学等领域常被列入欧洲领先机构，这也是学校自述的专长所在。

• The university also has a long tradition of public service in national life, having supplied presidents, prime ministers, senior civil servants and judges for four centuries, which is why the chancellor is defined in law as the person who may attend meetings of the Finnish government on university matters.学校在国家生活中长期承担公共服务职能，四个世纪间向芬兰输送总统、总理、高级公务员与法官，这也正是法律把校监规定为可以就大学事务出席芬兰政府会议的人。

Campus

• The university is spread over four main campuses. The City Centre Campus around Senate Square and the Kruununhaka district holds the faculties of theology, law, arts, behavioural sciences and social sciences together with the administration, and its facilities serve about 20,000 students and 3,000 staff in buildings that range from Neoclassical to Jugendstil to modern.学校分布于四个主要校区。围绕参议院广场与 Kruununhaka 区的市中心校区集中了神学、法学、艺术、行为科学与社会科学五个学院及行政部门，其建筑从新古典主义到新艺术运动再到现代主义，可容纳约 2 万名学生与 3000 名教职工。

• The University Main Building designed by Engel, facing the Senate Square, was badly damaged in the Soviet air raid of 1944 and rebuilt after the war, and the separate library building next to it reflects the decision taken after the fire of Turku that a library should never again be lost with the rest of the university.由 Engel 设计、面向参议院广场的大学主楼在 1944 年苏联空袭中严重受损，战后重建。主楼旁独立建造的图书馆，延续的正是图尔库大火之后「图书馆不应再与学校同归于尽」的判断。

• The Kumpula Campus lies four kilometres north of the centre of Helsinki, near tram lines six and eight, and houses the departments of physics, chemistry, mathematics and statistics, computer science, and geosciences and geography. Its buildings surround a square named after the Nobel laureate A. I. Virtanen, and it serves 6,000 students and 1,000 teachers.Kumpula 校区位于赫尔辛基市中心以北 4 公里、6 路与 8 路电车线路附近，容纳物理、化学、数学与统计、计算机科学、地球科学与地理各系。校区建筑环绕以诺奖得主 A. I. 维尔塔宁命名的广场，可服务 6000 名学生与 1000 名教师。

• Work began on the Chemicum and the Physicum, the buildings for chemistry and for physics, geology and geography, in the 1990s, and the Exactum was completed in 2004 for seismology, computer science and the mathematical subjects, while the Finnish Meteorological Institute moved into its Dynamicum building in 2005.20 世纪 90 年代起，化学楼 Chemicum 与容纳物理、地质与地理的 Physicum 陆续建成，2004 年完成的 Exactum 提供地震学、计算机科学与数学学科设施，芬兰气象研究所则于 2005 年迁入 Dynamicum 大楼。

• The Meilahti Campus, part of the Meilahti hospital district, holds the Faculty of Medicine, the Women's Clinic of the 1930s, the Helsinki University Central Hospital of 1966, the biomedical research centre and the Ruskeasuo premises with the departments of dentistry, public health and forensic medicine. It is a workplace for 2,000 students and 1,500 teachers.梅拉蒂校区是梅拉蒂医院区的组成部分，容纳医学院、20 世纪 30 年代建成的女子诊所、1966 年落成的赫尔辛基大学中央医院、生物医学研究中心，以及设有牙科、公共卫生与法医学系的鲁克苏奥院区，全校有 2000 名学生与 1500 名教师在此工作。

• The Viikki Campus lies eight kilometres north-east of the city centre in the green belt and houses the faculties of agriculture and forestry, biosciences, veterinary medicine and pharmacy, three independent research institutes and the Viikki Science Library. It is a workplace for more than 6,500 students and 1,600 teachers.维基校区位于市中心东北 8 公里的绿化带内，容纳农业与森林、生物科学、兽医学与药学四个学院、三家独立研究机构与维基科学图书馆，在这里学习与工作的学生逾 6500 人、教师 1600 人。

• Libraries and museums complete the estate. The university Main Library opened in the Kaisa House in 2012, its building designed by Anttinen Oiva Architects, and the university botanical garden and the Finnish Museum of Natural History add outdoor collections to the older National Library of Finland.图书馆与博物馆构成了校产的其余部分。2012 年启用的大学主图书馆位于凯萨馆，建筑由 Anttinen Oiva 建筑师事务所设计，大学植物园与芬兰自然史博物馆则把室外馆藏补充到建于更早的国家图书馆体系之中。

• Beyond these four campuses the university maintains seventeen research institutes and stations elsewhere in Finland, which is how a university concentrated in one city reaches the forests, the archipelago and the agricultural areas that its field work depends on.除四大校区之外，学校在芬兰其他地区还设有 17 个研究所与实验站，这正是集中于一城的大学能够进入森林、群岛与农区开展野外研究的方式。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings the University of Helsinki is placed 123rd in the world with an overall score of 63.8, and it has been the highest ranked Finnish university in the QS table for several consecutive editions.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，赫尔辛基大学以 63.8 分列全球第 123 位，并已连续数年在 QS 榜单中位居芬兰高校之首。

• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place the university 118th, and the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking places it 141st. Earlier editions of the same tables give 121st in THE for 2023 and 99th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2024.泰晤士高等教育 2027 年世界大学排名将学校列第 118 位，US News 2026 至 2027 年最佳全球大学排名列第 141 位；同一系列较早版本中，THE 2023 年列第 121 位，软科 2024 年列第 99 位。

• OpenAlex records 221,021 works and 23,011,361 citations for the institution under the identifier I133731052, so that the citation total of the university is among the largest of any Nordic institution, and it reflects the weight of the medical and life science record in particular.OpenAlex 以 I133731052 为机构标识，收录学校成果 221,021 项、被引 23,011,361 次，被引总量居北欧高校前列，尤以医学与生命科学方向的积累最为显著。

• The university counts five Nobel laureates among its graduates and staff, among them Frans Emil Sillanpää, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945, Ragnar Granit, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967, and Bengt Holmström, who shared the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016.学校校友与教职员中共有 5 位诺贝尔奖得主，包括 1939 年诺贝尔文学奖得主弗兰斯·埃米尔·西兰帕、分享 1945 年诺贝尔化学奖的阿尔图里·伊尔马里·维尔塔宁、分享 1967 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的拉格納·格拉尼特，以及分享 2016 年诺贝尔经济学奖的本特·霍尔姆斯特伦。

• The mathematics record is equally distinguished, since Lars Ahlfors received one of the first two Fields Medals in 1936, awarded jointly with Jesse Douglas, and the Rolf Nevanlinna Institute that carries his name's namesake today remains one of the strongest Scandinavian centres for mathematical research.数学方面的记录同样出色，拉尔斯·阿尔福斯 1936 年与杰西·道格拉斯共同获得最早两枚菲尔兹奖之一，而以数学家 Rolf Nevanlinna 命名的研究所至今仍是斯堪的纳维亚最强的数学研究中心之一。

• The university's standing rests on a small number of very large fields rather than on breadth. The law, philosophy, mathematics, theoretical physics, life sciences and medicine are identified by the university itself as the disciplines in which it holds a leading position, and the same fields dominate its research income.学校的地位建立在少数几个规模很大的学科上，而非依赖学科广度。法学、哲学、数学、理论物理、生命科学与医学被学校自列为占据领先地位的领域，其科研经费结构也由这几个方向主导。

• Internationally the university is one of the few European institutions that combines a national research function with a wide liberal arts core, and it was the Finnish academic community that produced the national epic, the Kalevala, and the national poet, which underpins the university's standing in the humanities.在学校国际上，它是少数兼具国家研究职能与广泛人文基础的欧洲机构之一。芬兰的民族史诗《卡莱瓦拉》与民族诗人均出自芬兰学术共同体，这构成了学校人文学科地位的根基。

• The university also carries a public profile as a national institution, and the position of chancellor, held by Kaarle Hämeri since 2017, is defined by the University Act as the highest representative of the university and the person who may attend meetings of the Finnish government on matters concerning it.学校同时具有国家机构的公共形象。自 2017 年由 Kaarle Hämeri 担任的校监一职，依《大学法》规定是大学的最高代表，并可就大学事务出席芬兰政府会议。

• In 2021 the United States Department of Defense provided the university with more than four million euro for the treatment of MYC genes and breast cancer, an episode that was reported as an example of how research at a Finnish university can be financed from outside Europe in a global competition for funds.2021 年美国国防部为学校 MYC 基因与乳腺癌治疗研究提供逾 400 万欧元经费，这一案例被广泛引用，说明芬兰大学的研究在全球科研经费竞争中可以从欧洲以外获得资助。

Student life

• The motto of the university is Tieteen voimalla, maailman parhaaksi, with the power of knowledge, for the world, and it was adopted when the university was being reorganised as a research institution, so that the Finnish wording places knowledge in the service of the world rather than of the discipline.学校校训为芬兰语「Tieteen voimalla – maailman parhaaksi」（以知识的力量，为世界变得更好），这一表述在学校向研究型机构重组时确定，芬兰语原文把知识置于服务世界的位置，而非服务学科本身。

• The Student Union of the university, the Helsingin yliopiston ylioppilaskunta, was founded in 1868, counted 32,000 members and held assets of several hundred million euro as of 1998, and owns a good deal of property in the centre of Helsinki, which makes it one of the wealthiest student organisations in the world.赫尔辛基大学学生会（HYY）成立于 1868 年，截至 1998 年有 32,000 名会员、资产达数亿欧元，并在赫尔辛基市中心拥有大量地产，是世界上资产最雄厚的学生组织之一。

• The Old Student House on Aleksanterinkatu is the assembly place of the union and of the student organisations, and the union has been at the centre of student politics from the nationalist movements of the nineteenth century through the actions of the New Left in the 1960s to the present, with parties represented by the nations and by the mainstream political parties.亚历山特里卡图街的老学生会大楼是学生会与各学生组织的集会场所。从 19 世纪民族主义运动到 20 世纪 60 年代新左派再到今天，学生会始终处于学生政治的中心，各民族社团与主流政党都在其中设有组织。

• The university has fifteen student nations, each representing a historic region or province of Finland and four of them representing Swedish-speaking regions. Membership is optional and the nations have a special legal status under the Universities Act, so that they organise teaching, cultural events, sports and student housing outside the faculty structure.学校有十五个学生民族社团，各自代表芬兰的历史地区或旧省份，其中四个代表瑞典语地区。加入自愿，但在《大学法》下具有特殊法律地位，它们在学院体系之外组织教学、文化活动、体育与学生住宿事务。

• Housing is not provided by the university itself, and students live in rented flats, with the student union, the nations and the international student services supplying information about the housing market, which in Helsinki is tight and expensive.学校不自建学生公寓，学生在校外租住，学生会、各民族社团与国际学生服务机构提供住房市场信息。赫尔辛基的租赁市场紧张且租金高昂。

• The new Main Library in the Kaisa House, opened in 2012, is the daily study centre of the student body, with reading rooms that replaced the separate undergraduate and faculty libraries, and it sits a few blocks from the main building in the city centre, so that study life is anchored in the same district as the ceremonies.2012 年启用的凯萨馆新主图书馆是学生日常学习的中心，其阅览室取代了分散的本科与院系图书馆。图书馆距市中心的主楼仅几个街区，学习生活与典礼仪式因此落在同一城区。

• Bilingualism is part of everyday student life, since Finnish and Swedish are both official languages of instruction and the student nations keep Swedish-speaking traditions alive, while English has become the working language of the graduate institutes and of most international collaboration.双语制是学生日常的一部分，芬兰语与瑞典语同为法定教学语言，各民族社团维系着瑞典语地区的传统，英语则成为研究生院所与国际合作的工作语言。

Notable people

• The founder of the university was Queen Christina of Sweden, who signed its foundation in 1640 while the country was still part of the Swedish Empire, and the institution has been led since 2017 by the chancellor Kaarle Hämeri, the highest office in a university that is led academically by its rector.学校的创办人是瑞典女王克里斯蒂娜，1640 年在其统治时期签署建校文件，当时芬兰仍属瑞典帝国。自 2017 年起，学校由最高职位校监 Kaarle Hämeri 主持，学术事务则由学术校长领导。

• Among the nineteenth-century figures who shaped the national culture through the university were Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zacharias Topelius, and Elias Lönnrot, who collected the songs that became the national epic Kalevala, so that the university served as the workshop of Finnish national identity.19 世纪经由学校塑造民族文化的学者包括约翰·威廉·斯内尔曼、约翰·路德维希·龙贝里与扎卡里亚斯·托佩柳斯，以及采集民歌编成民族史诗《卡莱瓦拉》的埃利亚斯·伦罗特，学校由此成为芬兰民族认同的工坊。

• The first Finnish woman to graduate from a university, Emma Irene Åström, and the first Finnish female physician, Rosina Heikel, both studied here, and Rosina Heikel was also a feminist, which makes the women's admission that began in the nineteenth century part of the institution's own history rather than a later addition.芬兰第一位大学毕业生艾玛·伊莲·奥斯特罗姆与芬兰第一位女医生罗西娜·海克尔都曾在此求学，海克尔同时是女权主义者。这说明始于 19 世纪的招收女性是学校自身历史的一部分，而非后来的补入。

• Lars Ahlfors studied at the university and received the Fields Medal in 1936 for his work on Riemann surfaces, one of the two first Fields Medals awarded, and he became professor at the University of Helsinki later in his career.拉尔斯·阿尔福斯在此求学，因黎曼面的研究获 1936 年菲尔兹奖，该奖是最早两枚菲尔兹奖之一，他后来还曾任赫尔辛基大学教授。

• Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, professor of chemistry and technology, shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945 for his work on the synthesis of chemical substances in plants, and the square at the Kumpula Campus is named after him.化学与工艺学教授阿尔图里·伊尔马里·维尔塔宁因研究植物体内化学物质的合成，分享 1945 年诺贝尔化学奖，Kumpula 校区的中央广场即以他命名。

• Ragnar Granit, who worked in physiology in Helsinki, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 for discoveries concerning the visual system, and Frans Emil Sillanpää, a graduate of the university, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 as a representative of the Finnish peasant novel.在赫尔辛基从事生理学研究的拉格納·格拉尼特因视觉系统的发现分享 1967 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，学校校友弗兰斯·埃米尔·西兰帕则于 1939 年获诺贝尔文学奖，以芬兰农民小说闻名。

• Bengt Holmström, an economist who studied at the university, shared the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016 for his contributions to contract theory, and Rolf Nevanlinna, the mathematician who served as rector from 1941 to 1945, gave his name both to a research institute and to an international prize in information theory.在此求学的经济学家本特·霍尔姆斯特伦因对契约理论的贡献分享 2016 年诺贝尔经济学奖，1941 至 1945 年担任学术校长的数学家 Rolf Nevanlinna 则以自己的名字命名了一个研究所与一个信息论国际奖项。

• Political figures educated here include Urho Kekkonen, prime minister in 1950-1953 and 1954-1956 and president from 1956 to 1982, Risto Ryti, president from 1940 to 1944, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, the first president of the republic, and the lawyer Tarja Halonen, president from 2000 to 2012.在此受教育的政治人物包括曾于 1950 至 1953 年、1954 至 1956 年任总理并于 1956 至 1982 年任总统的乌霍·凯科宁，1940 至 1944 年任总统的里斯托·吕蒂，共和国首任总统卡洛·尤霍·斯托尔贝里，以及 2000 至 2012 年任总统的律师塔娅·哈洛宁。

• In business the university counts Ilkka Paananen, founder of the mobile game company Supercell, Leo Mechelin, founder of Nokia, and Jorma Ollila, former chairman of Nokia and later non-executive chairman of Royal Dutch Shell, so that the industrial history of Finland and the university are closely linked.企业界的校友包括手游公司 Supercell 创始人伊尔卡·帕纳宁、诺基亚创始人莱奥·梅克林，以及诺基亚前董事长、皇家荷兰壳牌非执行董事长约尔马·奥利拉，芬兰的工业史与这所大学因此紧密相连。

• Jean Sibelius, the composer, studied law at the university without completing a degree, and it was the Finnish student tradition of the nineteenth century that fed the national romantic movement to which his music belongs, so that the university is part of the story of his music even though he was not a graduate.作曲家让·西贝柳斯曾在此学习法律但未取得学位。19 世纪芬兰学生的民族浪漫主义运动孕育了他的音乐风格所属的传统，因此即便他并非毕业校友，学校仍是他音乐生涯叙事的一部分。

• Among the scholars of the university are Georg Henrik von Wright, philosopher and president of the Academy of Finland, the logician Jaakko Hintikka, and the astrophysicist Alexander von Nordmann, whose surveys of the fauna and geology of the south-east of Finland made the university one of the first centres of natural science in the country.学校学者还包括曾任芬兰科学院院长的哲学家乔治·亨里克·冯·赖特、逻辑学家亚科·欣提卡，以及动物学家亚历山大·冯·诺德曼，后者对芬兰东南部动物与地质的考察使学校成为芬兰最早的科学中心之一。