University of Havana

The University of Havana, in Spanish the Universidad de La Habana and abbreviated UH, is the oldest university in Cuba, set on a hilltop campus in the Vedado district of Havana, the national capital.哈瓦那大学（西班牙语：Universidad de La Habana，缩写 UH）是古巴历史最久的大学，校址位于首都哈瓦那韦达多区的一座山冈之上。

Founded on 5 January 1728 as the Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gerónimo de la Habana, it ranks among the first universities established in the Americas and among the oldest institutions of the Spanish-speaking world.该校创办于 1728 年 1 月 5 日，初名哈瓦那圣海洛尼莫皇家主教大学，是美洲最早创办的大学之一，也是西语世界历史最久的学府之一。

The institution is placed in the 851-900 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027 and in the 1601-1800 band of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027.该校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中列第 851-900 位，在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中列第 1601-1800 位。

History

• The university opened in 1728 under the Dominican friars of the Order of Preachers, who ran it as the Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gerónimo de la Habana, a royal and pontifical foundation.1728 年，多明我会（布道兄弟会）修士开办了这所学校，定名哈瓦那圣海洛尼莫皇家主教大学，属皇家与教皇双重授权的学府。

• Chinese-language accounts date the creation to 21 September 1721 under Pope Innocent XIII and King Philip V of Spain, while the university keeps 5 January 1728 as its official founding day.中文资料把创建时间记为 1721 年 9 月 21 日，由教皇诺森十三世与西班牙国王腓力五世批准，而校方仍以 1728 年 1 月 5 日为正式建校日。

• The first teaching was given in Old Havana on the corner of San Ignacio and O'Reilly streets, at premises known as San Juan de Letrán rather than on the present campus.最初的课堂设在哈瓦那旧城圣伊格纳希奥街与奥莱伊利街拐角处的圣胡安德莱特兰旧址，而非今天的校区。

• Because universities of that era needed royal or papal authorisation, the foundation carried both titles and began with five or six faculties covering Art and Philosophy, Theology, Canons, Law and Medicine.当时的大学须获王室或教皇授权，因此建校时兼有「皇家」与「主教」两重名分，初始院系为 5 个或 6 个，涵盖艺术与哲学、神学、教规、法令与医学。

• Admission in the colonial period required proof of legitimate birth, clean blood, a stable life and good habits, all supported by written documents or other evidence.殖民时期的入学要求申请人证明出身嫡出、血统纯正、生活稳定、习惯良好，并需出示书面文件或其他凭证。

• The colonial university conferred three grades of degree, secondary-school completion, the bachelor's and the doctorate, from the faculties of theology, canon law, civil law, medicine and arts.殖民时期的大学颁发三级学位，即中学毕业、学士与博士，授予范围覆盖神学、教规、法令、医学与艺术各院系。

• In 1842 the institution was reorganised as a secular royal and literary body, renamed the Real y Literaria Universidad de La Habana, and its teaching was compressed into four faculties.1842 年学校改组为世俗性质的皇家文学院，更名哈瓦那皇家文学学院，院系压缩为四个。

• On 10 October 1871 the Spanish colonial authorities cut their support for higher education, judging that too much schooling was feeding rebellion in Cuba.1871 年 10 月 10 日，西班牙统治当局削减对高等教育的支持，认为过多的教育助长了古巴的造反活动。

• With the arrival of the republic the name was changed to Universidad Nacional, the National University, before settling into the present title Universidad de La Habana.共和国成立初期，校名改为国立大学（Universidad Nacional），其后固定为沿用至今的哈瓦那大学。

• On 25 June 1901 the US military governor Leonard Wood rebuilt the former Pirotecnia Militar, a military fireworks works on a small Vedado hill, as the university's new home.1901 年 6 月 25 日，美国军事长官莱昂纳多·伍德把韦达多小山上的原军事火药制造所（Pirotecnia Militar）改建为大学新校舍。

• The move to that hill was completed on 1 May 1902, and the site has been called the University Hill, or Colina Universitaria, ever since.1902 年 5 月 1 日学校完成迁址，这座山冈自此被称为「大学坡」（Colina Universitaria）。

• In 1930, under the government of Gerardo Machado, the university was closed for the first time in its more than two-hundred-year history, and it reopened about three years later when that regime collapsed.1930 年马查多政府时期，哈瓦那大学在建校 200 多年里第一次被关闭，约 3 年后该政权垮台才重新开学。

• For a long period Havana was the only institution of higher education in Cuba, until the Universidad de Oriente opened in 1947 and the Universidad Central de Las Villas in 1952.在很长时间里哈瓦那大学是古巴唯一的高等学府，直到 1947 年圣地亚哥东方大学建成、1952 年拉斯比亚斯中央大学建成。

• After Fulgencio Batista seized power in 1952 the university became a centre of anti-government protest, and in 1956 Batista ordered it closed.1952 年富尔亨西奥·巴蒂斯塔夺权后，大学成为反政府抗议的中心，1956 年巴蒂斯塔下令将其关闭。

• The closure lasted until Batista fled Cuba and Fidel Castro entered Havana in January 1959, after which the new administration reopened the university that same year.关闭状态一直持续到 1959 年 1 月巴蒂斯塔出逃、菲德尔·卡斯特罗进入哈瓦那，新政权同年让大学重新开学。

• From 1 January 1959 to 1 January 1962 the university passed through a reformation period aimed at eliminating what the authorities called anti-revolutionary ideas.从 1959 年 1 月 1 日到 1962 年 1 月 1 日，学校经历了一段以清除当局所称「反革命思想」为目标的改造时期。

• Fidel Castro himself had graduated from the university's law school in 1950 with a doctorate in law, ten years before the institution was remade under his own government.菲德尔·卡斯特罗本人于 1950 年从该校法学院毕业并获法学博士学位，10 年后这所学校在他的政府治下被重塑。

• By the 1950s the university had become a major stage of national politics, since many political events unfolded in or near the campus and many leaders were its students or graduates.到 1950 年代，哈瓦那大学已成为全国政治斗争的重要舞台，许多政治事件发生在校内或附近，领导者也多为该校学生或毕业生。

• In 2002 Rutgers University–Camden and the University of Havana signed a memorandum of understanding to formalise research and exchange opportunities for students and faculty.2002 年罗格斯大学卡姆登分校与哈瓦那大学签署谅解备忘录，正式确立面向学生与教师的科研和交流机会。

• The memorandum was re-signed in October 2016 and widened to take in all of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.该备忘录于 2016 年 10 月续签，覆盖范围扩展到新泽西州立罗格斯大学全校。

• In February 2022 the university received the Science and Innovation award from the Union of Latin American Universities for its contribution to the fight against COVID-19.2022 年 2 月，该校因在抗击新冠疫情中的贡献，获拉丁美洲大学联盟颁发的科学与创新奖。

• The prize was presented during the celebration of the International Congress on Higher Education, one of several awards the university has received for its research work over the years.该奖在国际高等教育大会的庆祝活动期间颁发，是学校多年来在科研工作上获得的诸多奖项之一。

Academics

• The university is divided into 15 faculties on the Havana campus, described as 16 in some listings, and they are grouped into natural sciences, social sciences and humanities, and economic sciences.哈瓦那校区设有 15 个系，部分资料记为 16 个，按自然科学、社会科学与人文、经济学科三个板块归组。

• In total up to 25 specialties are taught at the university, which reports about 60,000 degree students in regular classes on its Havana campus and at its other teaching points.全校共开设约 25 个专业，校方资料称在校全日制学位生约 60000 人，分布于哈瓦那校区及其他教学点。

• Chinese-language material gives a far smaller enrolment of roughly 6,000 students drawn from around the world, so the two records of the student body differ by a factor of ten.中文资料给出的在校生数字小得多，约为来自世界各地的 6000 人，两种记载相差约 10 倍。

• The natural sciences group comprises the faculties of Biology, Pharmacy and Foods, Physics, Geography, Mathematics and Computer Science, Psychology and Chemistry.自然科学板块包括生物系、医药与食品系、物理系、地理系、数学与计算机科学系、心理学系与化学系。

• The social sciences and humanities group covers the faculties of Arts and Letters, Communication, Law, Philosophy, History and Sociology, and Foreign Languages.社会科学与人文板块涵盖艺术与文学系、传媒系、法律系、哲学历史与社会学系以及外语系。

• The economic sciences are carried by the faculties of Accounting and Finance, Economics and Tourism, three of the fifteen teaching units of the Havana campus.经济学科由会计与金融系、经济学系与旅游系承担，三者同为哈瓦那校区的 15 个教学单位之列。

• Chinese-language descriptions instead list fifteen departments that include an auditing and finance unit and an educational guidance unit, a breakdown that differs from the English-language faculty list.中文资料则列出 15 个系，其中包括金融审计系与教育指导系，与英文资料的院系构成并不一致。

• A separate unit delivers distance education, complementing the teaching faculties of the Havana campus and the university's network of distance learning centres across Cuba.学校另设远程教育单位，与哈瓦那校区的各教学院系以及遍布全国的远程教学中心网络相配合。

• The Faculty of Pharmacy and Foods, known by the acronym IFAL in university usage, belongs to the natural sciences group and teaches pharmacy alongside food science.医药与食品系在大学内以缩写 IFAL 著称，隶属自然科学板块，除药学外还开设食品科学教学。

• The Faculty of Foreign Languages teaches English, French, German and Russian according to Chinese-language accounts, complementing a curriculum delivered primarily in Spanish.据中文资料，外语系开设英语、法语、德语与俄语教学，与以西班牙语为主的教学体系互为补充。

• Research is organised in 14 centres that work across economics, the natural sciences, social science and the humanities alongside the teaching faculties.学校另设 14 个研究中心，与经济、自然科学、社会科学及人文各院系并行开展研究。

• The historian Ana Cairo Ballester, listed among the university's long-serving faculty, taught there for decades until her death in 2019.历史学家安娜·卡伊罗·巴列斯特是学校长期任教的教师之一，授课数十年直至 2019 年去世。

• Under the policies followed after 1959 the university has enrolled not only Cuban students but also students from many Latin American and African countries.在 1959 年后的办学政策下，该校除本国学生外，还招收拉丁美洲乃至非洲众多国家的学生。

• Instruction is given in Spanish, and the professional faculties carry the historic fields of law and medicine alongside newer programmes in computing and communication.教学以西班牙语进行，除历史悠久的法学与医学外，各专业院系还开设计算机与传媒等较新的专业。

• Chinese-language material names Juan Vela Valdés as rector of the university, an office those sources record without further dating of his term.中文资料记为哈瓦那大学校长的是胡安·韦拉·瓦尔德斯，但未给出其任期的更多时间信息。

• Degree studies lead to bachelor's-level qualifications and doctorates across the faculties, continuing a degree structure first defined in the colonial era.各院系授予学士层级学位与博士学位，延续了殖民时代即已确立的学位结构。

• The faculty lists also carry figures known in other fields, such as the British-Cuban activist and poet Mary Stanley Low and the English geneticist Malcolm B. Willis.教师名录中还列有其他领域的人士，如英裔古巴活动家、诗人玛丽·斯坦利·洛与英国遗传学家马尔科姆·B·威利斯。

Campus

• Teaching is concentrated on the Colina Universitaria, the University Hill in the Vedado district of Havana, at latitude 23.13302 and longitude -82.38304.学校教学集中于哈瓦那韦达多区的「大学坡」（Colina Universitaria），坐标为北纬 23.13302、西经 82.38304。

• The Aula Magna, the ceremonial hall of the university, was built between 18 October 1906 and 1910 as the setting for its most solemn assemblies.大学的礼仪大厅玛格纳礼堂于 1906 年 10 月 18 日动工、1910 年落成，是举行重大集会的庄严场所。

• Its interior was decorated by Armando Menocal y Menocal, whose seven frescoes represent Medicine, Science, Art, Thought, Liberal Arts, Literature and Law.礼堂内部由阿尔芒多·迈诺卡尔装饰，其 7 幅壁画分别代表医学、科学、美术、思想、自由艺术、文学与法律。

• At the main entrance stands the bronze Alma Mater of 1919 by the sculptor Mario Korbel, whose design was based on Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater at Columbia University in New York City.正门立有雕塑家马里奥·科贝尔 1919 年创作的阿尔玛·玛德尔青铜像，其设计参照纽约哥伦比亚大学的同名雕像。

• The face of the statue was modelled on sixteen-year-old Feliciana Villalón, daughter of José Ramón Villalón y Sánchez, a professor of analytical mathematics at the university.雕像面部以 16 岁的恰那·比亚龙为原型，其父何塞·拉蒙·比亚龙·伊·桑切斯是该校解析数学教授。

• Feliciana Villalón later married Juan Manuel Menocal, a distant relative of the decorator Armando Menocal.恰那后来与胡安·曼努埃尔·迈诺卡尔结婚，此人是装饰师阿尔芒多·迈诺卡尔的远亲。

• Juan Manuel Menocal went on to become Dean of the Business School and taught at the law school while Fidel Castro was a student there in the 1940s.胡安·曼努埃尔·迈诺卡尔后来出任商学院院长，并在 1940 年代卡斯特罗就读期间任教于法律系。

• Maria Rosa Menocal, a former director of the Whitney Humanities Center at Yale University, was the granddaughter of Feliciana and Juan Manuel Menocal.曾任耶鲁大学惠特尼人文中心主任的玛丽亚·罗莎·迈诺卡尔，就是恰那与胡安·曼努埃尔·迈诺卡尔的孙女。

• The main library, which carries the name Rubén Martínez Villena, was established later on the Havana campus, in 1936.主图书馆以鲁奔·马丁内兹·比耶拿命名，于稍晚的 1936 年在哈瓦那校区建成。

• The limited area of the University Hill has ruled out large-scale expansion, so the university grew by repeated extensions on the hill and by distance learning centres elsewhere in Cuba.大学坡面积有限，难以大面积扩建，学校因此以原地多次增建并在古巴其他地区设立远程教学中心的方式发展。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place the University of Havana in the 851-900 band, the ranking placement for which this entry is written.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将哈瓦那大学列入第 851-900 位，本条目即据此档位收录。

• In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 the university is listed in the 1601-1800 band, the only placement recorded for it in that table series.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，该校列入第 1601-1800 位，这是该榜单系列为其记录的唯一名次档。

• No position is recorded for the university in the 2026-27 US News Best Global Universities ranking, and it likewise does not enter the 2026 Shanghai Ranking Academic Ranking of World Universities.在 2026-27 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中未进入该校，该校同样未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名。

• Because no citation or publication counts are published for it in the ranking files used here, the entry has to rest on institutional scale indicators instead.由于本条目所用榜单档案未公布该校的引用或论文计数，只能改以机构规模指标来呈现。

• Those indicators are 15 faculties, 14 research centres, about 25 specialties and roughly 60,000 degree students across the Havana campus and the distance centres.这些指标包括 15 个系、14 个研究中心、约 25 个专业，以及分布于哈瓦那校区与各地远程教学点的约 60000 名学位生。

• No Nobel, Turing or Fields-level affiliation is recorded for the institution, and its highest honours are institutional, headed by the Science and Innovation award of February 2022.该校未见诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖级人物关联，其最高荣誉均属机构层面，以 2022 年 2 月的科学与创新奖为首。

• Its alumni roll carries Fidel Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, the poets Nicolás Guillén and Dulce María Loynaz and the novelist José Lezama Lima, names at the centre of Cuban public life.其校友名录包括菲德尔·卡斯特罗、奥斯瓦尔多·多尔蒂科斯·托拉多，诗人尼古拉斯·纪廉、杜尔塞·玛丽亚·洛伊纳斯以及小说家何塞·莱萨马·利马等古巴公共生活的核心人物。

• Exchange agreements such as the Rutgers memorandum of understanding of 2002, extended in 2016, are the instruments through which its research and teaching links are formalised abroad.2002 年签署并于 2016 年扩展的罗格斯大学谅解备忘录一类协议，是该校在国外确立科研与教学联系的正式渠道。

• No subject-level table position appears in the material available for this entry, so the university's profile is carried by its two global bands and by a foundation date of 1728 that makes it Cuba's oldest university.本条目可得材料中未出现该校的学科维度榜单名次，其形象主要由两个全球榜单档位与 1728 年建校、居古巴最古老大学之位所支撑。

Student life

• Before the Cuban Revolution of 1959 students joined organisations aligned directly or indirectly with political parties, the strongest being the Federación Estudiantil Universitaria, or FEU, founded by Julio Antonio Mella.1959 年古巴革命前，学生们加入与各政党或明或暗结盟的组织，其中力量最强的是胡利奥·安东尼奥·梅利亚创办的大学生联合会（FEU）。

• Julio Antonio Mella, a co-founder of the Cuban Communist Party in the 1920s, was killed in exile in Mexico in 1929 by two assassins sent by Gerardo Machado.20 世纪 20 年代参与创建古巴共产党的梅利亚，1929 年在墨西哥流亡期间被马查多派出的两名刺客杀害。

• The FEU was a major participant in the overthrow of President Gerardo Machado and initiated the national general strike of 1933, after which many of its members were imprisoned.大学生联合会是推翻总统马查多的重要参与者，并发动了 1933 年全国总罢工，其后许多成员遭到监禁。

• After the coup d'état by Fulgencio Batista in 1952, when free and democratic elections were suspended, clashes between students and police reached their extremes, with known FEU members tortured and killed in the streets of Havana.1952 年巴蒂斯塔发动政变、自由选举被中止后，学生与警察的暴力冲突达到极端，已知的大学生联合会成员在哈瓦那街头遭到酷刑与杀害。

• The FEU answered with an irregular war in the city aimed at senior police officers, and the chief of the police of Havana, Blanco Rico, was killed by four FEU members.大学生联合会以城市游击战回应，目标指向高级警官，哈瓦那警察局长布兰科·里科即被 4 名联合会成员击毙。

• On 13 March 1957 the FEU, led by José Antonio Echeverría, attempted to kill Batista in an armed assault on the Cuban Presidential Palace, but Batista escaped and Echeverría died in the action.1957 年 3 月 13 日，由何塞·安东尼奥·埃切维里亚领导的大学生联合会武装袭击总统府、试图刺杀巴蒂斯塔，但巴蒂斯塔逃脱，埃切维里亚在行动中阵亡。

• Batista ordered the university to be closed after the failed coup, and during the following months the police executed many of the student leaders, until the campus reopened in January 1959.政变失败后巴蒂斯塔下令关闭大学，随后数月警察处决了许多学生领袖，直到 1959 年 1 月校园才重新开放。

• Chinese-language accounts record that the Aula Magna was the venue for Fidel Castro's televised addresses to university students across the country.中文资料记载，玛格纳礼堂是菲德尔·卡斯特罗向全国大学生发表电视直播演讲的场所。

Notable people

• Fidel Castro (1926-2016), the Cuban leader who took his doctorate in law from the university in 1950, is the best-known name on its alumni roll.菲德尔·卡斯特罗（1926-2016）是该校校友名录中最著名的名字，他于 1950 年在该校获得法学博士学位。

• Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado (1919-1983), a Cuban politician recorded among the university's alumni, went on to hold the highest offices of the Cuban state.奥斯瓦尔多·多尔蒂科斯·托拉多（1919-1983）是校友名录中的古巴政治家，其后担任过古巴国家最高职务。

• Danny Faure (born 1962), a Seychelles politician educated at the university, appears in its alumni listings as one of its international public figures.丹尼·福尔（1962 年生）是该校培养的塞舌尔政治家，在校友名录中列为其国际公众人物之一。

• The poet Nicolás Guillén (1902-1989) appears on the university's alumni roll, one of the leading figures of twentieth-century Cuban literature.诗人尼古拉斯·纪廉（1902-1989）名列该校校友名录，是 20 世纪古巴文学的代表人物之一。

• José Lezama Lima (1910-1976), the Cuban writer and novelist, is listed among the alumni of the university alongside his literary contemporaries.古巴作家、小说家何塞·莱萨马·利马（1910-1976）与同代文人均被列入该校校友名录。

• Dulce María Loynaz (1902-1997), the Cuban poet, is recorded as an alumna of the university on its roll of notable graduates.古巴诗人杜尔塞·玛丽亚·洛伊纳斯（1902-1997）作为校友被记入该校的著名毕业生名录。

• Nancy Morejón (born 1944), a Cuban poet of the post-revolutionary generation, appears on the same alumni list compiled from the university's record.革命后一代的古巴诗人南希·莫雷洪（1944 年生）同样出现在该校依档案整理的校友名录中。

• José Antonio Ortega Bonet (1929-2009), founder of the Goya food company, is the business name carried on the university's roll of alumni.戈雅食品公司创办人何塞·安东尼奥·奥尔特加·博内（1929-2009）是该校校友名录中的商界人物。

• Antonio Quintana Simonetti (1919-1993), the Cuban architect, is listed among the university's notable former students in the alumni section of its record.古巴建筑师安东尼奥·金塔纳·西莫内蒂（1919-1993）被列入该校档案校友部分的杰出旧生名录。

• Ana Colomar O'Brien (born 1938), an American diplomat, appears in the alumni listings as one of the university's internationally recognised graduates.美国外交官安娜·科洛马尔·奥布莱恩（1938 年生）在校友名录中列为该校获得国际承认的毕业生之一。