University of Groningen

The University of Groningen, known in Dutch as the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, is a public research university in the city of Groningen in the northern Netherlands with more than 33,000 students and about 3,600 academic staff.格罗宁根大学（荷兰语 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen）是一所位于荷兰北部格罗宁根市的公立研究型大学，在校学生超过 3.3 万人，学术人员约 3600 人。

Founded in 1614, it is the second oldest university in the Netherlands after Leiden, places 157th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings and is organised into eleven faculties with nine graduate schools, counting four Nobel laureates and nine Spinoza Prize winners among its alumni and staff.学校创办于 1614 年，是荷兰仅次于莱顿大学的第二古老大学，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 157，设有十一个学院与九个研究生院，其校友与教师中有四位诺贝尔奖得主与九位斯宾诺莎奖得主。

History

• The institution was founded as a college in 1614 on the initiative of the Regional Assembly of the city of Groningen and the surrounding Ommelanden region, with four faculties of theology, law, medicine and philosophy.1614 年，学校在格罗宁根市议会与周边欧姆兰德地区的倡议下以学院之形式创办，初期设神学、法学、医学与哲学四个学院。

• Its coat of arms, confirmed by the Estates in 1615, shows the provincial arms charged with an open book inscribed with the abbreviated motto of the university and is surmounted by a golden crown of five leaves and four pearls.其校徽于 1615 年经议会确认，以省徽为底，绘有一本写有校训缩写的摊开书本，上方是一顶由五片叶与四颗珠组成的金冠。

• In its first seventy-five years about one hundred students enrolled each year, and almost half of the students and lecturers came from outside the Netherlands.最初七十五年间，学校每年约有百名学生入学，师生中近半数来自荷兰以外。

• The first rector magnificus, Ubbo Emmius, came from East Frisia in what is now Germany.首任校长乌布·埃米乌斯（Ubbo Emmius）来自今属德国的东弗里西亚。

• Development came to a standstill in the late seventeenth and the eighteenth century because of theological disputes, a difficult relationship with the Regional Assembly and political troubles.由于神学分歧、与地区议会的紧张关系以及政治动荡，学校在十七世纪末至十八世纪发展停滞。

• In 1672 the city endured a month-long siege by the prince-bishop of Münster, during which the university raised a voluntary student company for its defence.1672 年，该城被明斯特主教围困达一个月之久，其间学校组织了一支由学生组成的志愿连队参与防御。

• On average two to three hundred students were registered with the university at any one time during that period.在此期间，学校常年在册学生数大致为二三百人。

• During the French occupation between 1775 and 1814 the university was administered by the Imperial University of Paris and renamed the Imperial University of Groningen.在 1775 至 1814 年的法国占领期间，学校归巴黎帝国大学管辖，并更名为格罗宁根帝国大学。

• Unlike Leiden it was not closed, and it remained the only open university in the Kingdom of Holland.与莱顿不同，学校并未关闭，是当时荷兰王国唯一仍在办学的大学。

• In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, it gained recognition as a national college of higher education at the same time as Leiden and Utrecht.1815 年，即拿破仑战争之后，学校与莱顿、乌得勒支同时获得国立高等学府的认可。

• A new main building, the Academiegebouw, was erected in 1850 and largely financed by the people of Groningen, but it was destroyed by fire in 1906.1850 年，新主楼学术大楼落成，其经费大部分由格罗宁根市民捐资，但该楼于 1906 年毁于火灾。

• The Higher Education Act of 1876 strengthened its position and it was renamed Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, gaining a research duty alongside its teaching duty.1876 年的《高等教育法》提升了学校的地位，学校更名为国立格罗宁根大学，并在教学之外承担科研职责。

• Teaching at that time took place in Dutch and Latin.当时学校以荷兰语与拉丁语授课。

• When the university celebrated its three-hundredth anniversary in 1914 it had 611 registered students, a figure that rose to 1,000 by 1924.1914 年学校庆祝三百周年时在册学生为 611 人，到 1924 年增至 1000 人。

• After a decline during the Great Depression and the Second World War, student numbers grew rapidly from 1945 to reach 20,000 in 1994.在大萧条与第二次世界大战期间学生人数一度下降，1945 年后迅速回升，1994 年达到 2 万人。

• In recent times about 32,700 students have been registered, with the number of foreign students again growing steadily.近年在校学生约 32700 人，外国学生人数再次稳步增长。

• Following the tradition set by its first rector, the number of German students and researchers at the university has grown strongly.延续首任校长的传统，来自德国的学生与研究人员数量增长显著。

• In March 2015 the university signed an agreement with China Agricultural University to establish a campus in the Chinese city of Yantai, which would have been the first Dutch university campus in China.2015 年 3 月，学校与中国农业大学签署协议，计划在中国烟台市设立校区，若建成将是荷兰大学在中国的首个校区。

• In January 2018 the plans were cancelled by the executive board, which cited insufficient support for the project.2018 年 1 月，校董事会以项目支持不足为由取消了这一计划。

• In 2014 the university also established University College Groningen, a partly independent liberal arts college.2014 年，学校还成立了部分独立的文理学院格罗宁根大学学院。

Academics

• The University of Groningen has eleven faculties covering the humanities, social sciences, law, economics and business, spatial sciences, life sciences, and natural sciences and technology, and it runs 27 research centres and institutes with more than 175 degree programmes.格罗宁根大学设十一个学院，覆盖人文、社会科学、法学、经济与商学、空间科学、生命科学以及自然科学与技术等领域，并运营 27 个研究中心与研究所，开设 175 个以上的学位项目。

• These faculties include economics and business, arts, law, religion culture and society, philosophy, behavioural and social sciences, medical sciences, science and engineering, and spatial sciences.这些学院包括经济与商学院、文学院、法学院、宗教文化与社会学院、哲学院、行为与社会科学院、医学院、科学与工程学院以及空间科学学院。

• As of 2025 the university had 33,000 students, of whom 8,250 were international, together with about 3,600 academic staff and 425 full professors.截至 2025 年，学校有学生 3.3 万人，其中国际学生 8250 人，另有约 3600 名学术人员与 425 名正教授。

• It offers more than forty-five bachelor's programmes, of which over thirty-five are taught in English, together with more than 120 English-taught master's programmes and more than forty research master's programmes.学校开设逾 45 个本科项目，其中 35 个以上以英语授课，另有 120 多个英语授课的硕士项目与 40 多个研究型硕士项目。

• The budget is about 1.0 billion euros, and the university counts 140,000 alumni drawn from more than 120 nationalities.学校预算约 10 亿欧元，校友达 14 万人，来自 120 多个国家与地区。

• It produces some 8,000 research publications a year and had 4,350 doctoral candidates in 2024, about half of them international.学校每年发表约 8000 篇研究成果，2024 年在读博士生 4350 人，其中约半数为国际学生。

• Its graduate schools manage the two-year top and research master's programmes rather than all master's courses.其研究生院主要负责学制两年的顶尖硕士与研究型硕士项目，而非全部硕士课程。

• The nine graduate schools cover behavioural and social sciences, economics and business, humanities, law, medical sciences, philosophy, science, spatial sciences, and religion culture and society.九个研究生院分别覆盖行为与社会科学、经济与商学、人文、法学、医学、哲学、理学、空间科学以及宗教文化与社会。

• Its research centres and institutes include the Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials.其研究中心与研究所包括伯努利数学、计算机科学与人工智能研究所以及泽尔尼克先进材料研究所。

• Other institutes include the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, the Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and the Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity.其他研究所还包括卡普坦天文研究所、斯特拉廷化学研究所以及范斯温德伦粒子物理与引力研究所。

• The Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy work in the life sciences.格罗宁根进化生命科学研究所、格罗宁根生物分子科学与生物技术研究所以及格罗宁根药学研究所从事生命科学领域的研究。

• The Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen and the Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen belong to the faculty of science and engineering.格罗宁根能源与可持续性研究所以及格罗宁根工程与技术研究所隶属于科学与工程学院。

• The Centre for Information Technology houses an IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer and a data centre used by the LOFAR radio telescope project.信息技术中心配备一台 IBM Blue Gene/L 超级计算机，以及供 LOFAR 射电望远镜项目使用的数据中心。

• Under the Binding Study Advice system a first-year student must earn a set number of credits, between thirty and forty-five ECTS, in order to progress to the second year.在“约束性学习建议”制度下，一年级学生须修满一定学分，各专业要求在 30 至 45 个 ECTS 之间，才能升入二年级。

• In 2020 the university won fourteen Veni, five Vidi and four Vici grants from the Dutch Research Council, as well as several grants from the European Research Council.2020 年，学校获得荷兰研究理事会颁发的十四个 Veni、五个 Vidi 与四个 Vici 资助，并获得欧洲研究理事会的多项资助。

• It filed eighteen patent applications in 2020.2020 年，学校提交了 18 项专利申请。

• In 2023 it awarded 635 doctorates, about twelve per cent of the Dutch total, and some sixty per cent of newly admitted doctoral students came from abroad.2023 年学校授予 635 个博士学位，约占荷兰全国总数的 12%，新招收的博士生中约六成来自国外。

• It is a member of the Enlight alliance of European universities, the Guild of European research-intensive universities and the Coimbra Group.学校是欧洲大学联盟 Enlight、欧洲研究密集型大学协会（The Guild）与科英布拉集团的成员。

• The university publishes its own newspaper, the Universiteitskrant.学校出版自己的报纸《大学报》（Universiteitskrant）。

• It takes part in Exposome-NL, a Dutch consortium for exposome research, and in the Academic Heritage Foundation, which preserves university collections and cultural treasures.学校参与荷兰暴露组学研究联盟 Exposome-NL，并加入学术遗产基金会，后者致力于保存高校藏品与文化珍品。

• Its strategic academic partners include Universität Hamburg and Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.其学术战略伙伴包括汉堡大学与奥尔登堡卡尔·冯·奥西茨基大学。

• Global strategic partners include Nanyang Technological University, Osaka University, Macquarie University, Universitas Gadjah Mada and the University of São Paulo.其全球战略伙伴包括南洋理工大学、大阪大学、麦考瑞大学、加查马达大学与圣保罗大学。

Campus

• The faculties are spread around the city, and the university's original building on the Broerstraat in the very centre serves as the main administrative building.各学院散布于城市各处，学校最初的大楼位于市中心布勒街，现作为主行政楼使用。

• Most faculties, including those of law, arts and philosophy, are located in and around the city centre.包括法学院、文学院与哲学院在内的多数学院都位于市中心及其周边。

• The faculty of medical sciences stands beside the University Medical Center Groningen, and its research is organised through institutes such as SHARE and BCN-BRAIN.医学院紧邻格罗宁根大学医学中心，其研究通过 SHARE 与 BCN-BRAIN 等研究所组织。

• The university's Centre for Information Technology also operates a virtual reality and 3D visualisation centre for teaching and research.学校的信息技术中心还设有虚拟现实与三维可视化中心，服务于教学与研究。

• The faculties of economics and business, spatial sciences, and science and engineering occupy the Zernike Campus in the northern outskirts, named after the Nobel laureate Frits Zernike.经济与商学院、空间科学学院以及科学与工程学院位于城北郊的泽尔尼克校区，该校区以诺贝尔奖得主弗里茨·泽尔尼克命名。

• The Zernike Campus is shared with Hanze University of Applied Sciences, bringing the total number of students studying there to about 40,000.泽尔尼克校区与汉兹应用科学大学共用，使在此学习的学生总数达到约 4 万人。

• The university has libraries at three locations: the main library in the city centre, one in the Duisenberg building on the Zernike Campus and one in the faculty of medicine, which together hold a vast array of books and online material for students.学校在三处设有图书馆：市中心的主图书馆、泽尔尼克校区杜森贝赫大楼内的分馆以及医学院的分馆，三处合计为学生提供大量图书与在线资料。

• The main library was renovated between 2013 and 2017, and other named buildings on the Zernike Campus include the Kapteynborg, which houses astronomy, and the KVI-CART research institute.主图书馆在 2013 至 2017 年间进行了翻修；泽尔尼克校区的其他具名建筑还包括设天文学的卡普坦楼与 KVI-CART 研究所。

• The university has a branch campus in Leeuwarden in Friesland, called Campus Fryslân, offering undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in several disciplines.学校在弗里斯兰省吕伐登设有分校区，名为弗里斯兰校区，开设多个学科的本科与研究生项目。

• The Zernike Campus buildings include the Linnaeusborg, the Bernoulliborg, the Feringa Building and the Smitsborg, which houses the Donald Smits Centre for Information Technology.泽尔尼克校区的建筑包括林奈楼、伯努利楼、费林加楼与斯米茨楼，后者设有多纳德·斯米茨信息技术中心。

• The Harmonie complex houses the faculty of arts and the university's language centre.哈尔莫尼楼群设有文学院与学校的语言中心。

Reputation

• The University of Groningen places 157th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, 87th in the 2027 Times Higher Education ranking and 84th in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities.格罗宁根大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 157，2027 年泰晤士高等教育排名第 87，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名第 84。

• It belongs to the so-called Excellence Group of European universities, whose fifty-six members make up about 1.3 per cent of the roughly 4,500 higher education institutions in Europe, and it is counted among the world's top hundred large comprehensive research universities.学校属于欧洲高校中的所谓“卓越集团”，该集团五十六个成员约占欧洲约 4500 所高校的 1.3%，并被列为全球前一百所大型综合性研究型大学之一。

• In the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities it stood 64th worldwide, and it ranks within the global top hundred for psychology, clinical medicine, business administration and ecology.在 2021 年软科世界大学学术排名中其位列世界第 64，并在心理学、临床医学、工商管理与生态学等学科进入全球前一百。

• Its faculty of economics and business is accredited by both AACSB and EQUIS.其经济与商学院同时获得 AACSB 与 EQUIS 认证。

• In the 2019 US News subject tables that faculty ranked third in the Netherlands, tenth in Europe and thirty-second in the world for economics and business.在 2019 年《美国新闻与世界报道》的学科榜单中，该学院的经济与商学排名荷兰第三、欧洲第十、世界第 32。

• In 2019 the university was ranked first in the Netherlands by U-Multirank, scoring highest on sixteen indicators including international orientation and knowledge transfer.2019 年，学校在 U-Multirank 排名中位列荷兰第一，在国际化导向与知识转移等十六项指标上得分最高。

• In 2021 it placed third in the UI GreenMetric world ranking, a sustainability table covering 780 universities.2021 年，学校在涵盖 780 所高校的 UI GreenMetric 可持续性排名中位列第三。

• In the 2019 Times Higher Education Europe Teaching Rankings it placed 26th among more than two hundred universities.在 2019 年泰晤士高等教育欧洲教学排名中，学校在两百多所高校中位列第 26。

• Its alumni and faculty include four Nobel laureates, nine Spinoza Prize winners, the first president of the European Central Bank and a secretary general of NATO.其校友与教师中包括四位诺贝尔奖得主、九位斯宾诺莎奖得主、欧洲中央银行首任行长以及一位北约秘书长。

• In other tables it has been placed around 104th by the Center for World University Rankings, 122nd by CWTS and 85th worldwide and 14th in Europe by Webometrics.在其他榜单中，其世界大学排名中心（CWUR）名次约为第 104，CWTS 排名第 122，Webometrics 排名为世界第 85、欧洲第 14。

Student life

• Groningen is known as the student city of the Netherlands, with about one third of the city's residents studying at the university or at Hanze University of Applied Sciences.格罗宁根被称为荷兰的大学城，全市约三分之一的居民在格罗宁根大学或汉兹应用科学大学就读。

• The university, through the sports organisation ACLO, offers a wide range of sporting activities and courses, and almost every sport has its own association.学校通过体育组织 ACLO 提供丰富的体育项目与课程，几乎每项运动都有自己的协会。

• It also has numerous student societies that organise social events, alongside student and study associations tied to particular faculties and courses.学校还拥有众多组织社交活动的学生社团，以及与特定学院和课程相关的学生与学业协会。

• Cycling is the dominant means of transport for residents and students alike, and the city is popularly known as the World Cycling City.骑自行车是市民与学生的主要出行方式，该市素有“世界自行车之城”之称。

• The university does not own student accommodation, but works with SSH Student Housing, which operates student houses in Groningen and other Dutch cities.学校本身不拥有学生宿舍，但与 SSH Student Housing 合作，后者在格罗宁根及荷兰其他城市运营学生公寓。

• Many students live in private accommodation, and the city has encouraged short-term housing such as The Village, built from shipping containers for international students.许多学生住在私人住房中，该市还推动建设了“集装箱村”等短期住所，供国际学生使用。

• A housing shortage, especially acute in the autumn of 2021, left hundreds of students without accommodation and prompted protests in the city centre.住房短缺在 2021 年秋季尤为严重，数百名学生无处落脚，并在市中心引发抗议。

• Its motto is the Latin phrase Verbum Domini Lucerna Pedibus Nostris, meaning the word of the Lord is a light for our feet.学校校训为拉丁语“Verbum Domini Lucerna Pedibus Nostris”，意为“主的话是我们脚前的灯”。

• Members of the Dutch royal family, among them Prince Maurits, a first cousin of King Willem-Alexander, number among its alumni.荷兰王室成员也是学校校友，其中包括国王威廉-亚历山大的表弟毛里茨亲王。

Notable people

• Ubbo Emmius was the founder of the university and its first rector magnificus.乌布·埃米乌斯（Ubbo Emmius）是学校的创办者与首任校长。

• Aletta Jacobs, a physician and campaigner for women's suffrage, was the first woman in the Netherlands to receive a medical degree.医生与妇女参政权运动者阿莱塔·雅各布斯（Aletta Jacobs）是荷兰首位获得医学学位的女性。

• The mathematician Johann Bernoulli, the astronomers Jan Oort, Willem de Sitter and Bart Bok, and the historian Johan Huizinga are among its alumni.数学家约翰·伯努利，天文学家扬·奥尔特、威廉·德西特与巴特·博克，以及历史学家约翰·赫伊津哈，都是学校校友。

• Ben Feringa won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on molecular motors.本·费林加因分子马达方面的研究获得 2016 年诺贝尔化学奖。

• Frits Zernike won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the phase-contrast optical microscope.弗里茨·泽尔尼克因发明相衬显微镜获得 1953 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for work that made liquid helium possible, took his doctorate at Groningen.因使液氦制造成为可能的工作而获得诺贝尔物理学奖的海克·卡末林·昂内斯，在格罗宁根获得博士学位。

• Albert Szent-Györgyi, awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, worked at the university.获得 1937 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的阿尔伯特·圣捷尔吉曾在该校工作。

• Wim Duisenberg was the first president of the European Central Bank, Klaas Knot has presided over the Dutch central bank, and the economist Angus Maddison studied at the university.维姆·德伊森贝赫是欧洲中央银行首任行长，Klaas Knot 则长期主持荷兰央行，经济学家安格斯·麦迪森也曾在该校学习。

• Dirk Stikker served as secretary general of NATO, and Johan Remkes as deputy prime minister of the Netherlands.Dirk Stikker 曾任北约秘书长，Johan Remkes 曾任荷兰副首相。

• Wubbo Ockels, the first Dutch astronaut, took a doctorate in physics and mathematics at the university in 1973.荷兰首位宇航员 Wubbo Ockels 于 1973 年在该校获得物理学与数学博士学位。

• Epke Zonderland, a gymnast, won an Olympic gold medal in 2012.体操运动员 Epke Zonderland 于 2012 年获得奥运会金牌。