University of Freiburg

The University of Freiburg, officially Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg (German: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university in Freiburg im Breisgau in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.弗赖堡大学（德文：Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg）全称阿尔贝特-路德维希-弗赖堡大学，是德国巴登-符腾堡州弗赖堡市的一所公立研究型大学。

Founded in 1457 by Archduke Albert VI of Austria and opened for teaching in 1460, it is one of Germany's oldest universities and a member of the German U15 group of leading research universities.该校由奥地利大公阿尔布雷希特六世创办于 1457 年，1460 年正式开课，是德国最古老的大学之一，也是德国顶尖研究型大学联盟 U15 的成员。

It is organised into eleven faculties and enrols about 24,500 students, with 23 Nobel laureates counted among its alumni, faculty and researchers.学校下设 11 个学院，在校学生约 2.45 万人，其校友、教师与研究人员中先后有 23 位诺贝尔奖得主。

History

• The history of the university began with a charter of foundation issued by Archduke Albert VI of Austria on 21 September 1457, in a town that then belonged to Further Austria within the Habsburg realm.该校的历史起于奥地利大公阿尔布雷希特六世 1457 年 9 月 21 日颁布的建校特许状，当时的弗赖堡属于哈布斯堡治下的前奥地利。
• Pope Callixtus III had responded favourably in 1455 to Albert VI's request to establish a school in the Diocese of Constance, and the university was thus created by papal privilege as a corporation of the Church.1455 年教宗加里斯都三世应允了阿尔布雷希特六世在康斯坦茨教区办学的请求，学校遂凭教宗诏书创建，并作为教会的团体而存在。
• The first rector was Matthäus Hummel, a jurist from Villingen, and when lectures began in 1460 the new university counted 214 students.首任校长是来自菲林根的法学家马特豪斯·胡默尔；1460 年开课之时，新生的大学共有 214 名学生。
• Named Albrechts University after its founder, it received land, endowments and its own jurisdiction from Albert VI and was the second university in Habsburg territory after the University of Vienna.学校以创办人命名为「阿尔布雷希特大学」，获大公赐予土地、产业与独立司法权，是继维也纳大学之后哈布斯堡领地的第二所大学。
• Like other medieval universities it opened with four faculties of theology, philosophy, medicine and law, and all students first had to master the liberal arts before advancing to the higher faculties.与其他中世纪大学一样，学校初设神学、哲学、医学、法学四个学院；所有学生须先修完「自由七艺」，方可升入其他学院。
• In 1490 the university passed to the House of Habsburg, and among its early students were the humanists Johann Reuchlin and Jakob Wimpfeling.1490 年学校转归哈布斯堡王室；人文主义者约翰·罗伊希林与雅各布·温普费林都曾是其早期学生。
• The jurist Ulrich Zasius taught law until 1536 and made Freiburg a centre of humanist jurisprudence, while the humanist scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam lived and taught in the city from 1529 to 1535 without ever joining the university.法学家乌尔里希·查修斯在此讲授法律直至 1536 年，令弗赖堡成为人文主义法学重镇；学者伊拉斯谟自 1529 至 1535 年在城中居住讲学，但始终未在大学教授。
• In 1524 a visit by Archduke Ferdinand prompted advice to expel Protestant students, and the city council had more than two thousand Protestant books burned in the cathedral square.1524 年斐迪南大公到访后主张驱逐新教学生；市议会亦在教堂广场焚毁两千余册新教书籍。
• To counter Reformation tendencies the administration of two faculties was handed to the Jesuits in 1620, and from 1682 the order built its college and the Jesuit church that is today the University Church.为遏制宗教改革倾向，两个学院的管理权于 1620 年交给耶稣会；自 1682 年起该会修建了学院与耶稣会教堂，即今日的大学教堂。
• When Freiburg briefly became French territory in 1679, King Louis XIV entrusted the university to the Jesuits, who launched a bilingual teaching programme on 6 November 1684.1679 年弗赖堡一度成为法国领土，路易十四把大学交由耶稣会经办，该会于 1684 年 11 月 6 日推行了双语教学计划。
• The teaching staff fled to Konstanz from 1686 to 1698, and after the Treaty of Ryswick the university returned to the city under Habsburg rule.1686 至 1698 年师生避走康斯坦茨；《赖斯维克条约》签订后，学校随城市重回哈布斯堡治下。
• Under Empress Maria Theresa, admission was opened to non-Catholics in 1767, natural sciences and public administration were added, and the university became a state institution despite the protests of the Church.在女大公玛丽亚·特蕾西亚治下，1767 年不再只限天主教徒入学，并增设自然科学与公共行政，学校不顾教会抗议而收归国有。
• The Church lost its dominant influence after Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Jesuits in 1773, and Johann Georg Jacobi became the first Protestant professor in 1784.1773 年教宗克雷芒十四世解散耶稣会后，教会的主导影响随之消退；1784 年约翰·格奥尔格·雅可比成为首位新教教授。
• After Napoleon's campaigns brought Freiburg into the new Grand Duchy of Baden in 1805, the grand dukes weighed closing the university because Baden already had the older University of Heidelberg, founded in 1386.拿破仑的战事使弗赖堡于 1805 年并入新成立的巴登大公国，因巴登已有一所 1386 年创办的、更古老的海德堡大学，两位大公先后考虑关闭弗赖堡大学。
• Grand Duke Ludwig I saved it with an annual grant confirmed by decree in 1820, and out of gratitude the university was renamed Albert Ludwigs University.大公路德维希一世以 1820 年手谕确立的年度拨款挽救了学校；为表谢意，学校更名为「阿尔贝特-路德维希大学」。
• In 1832 the liberal newspaper Der Freisinnige, run by the professors Carl von Rotteck and Carl Theodor Welcker, was banned by the Baden government after it campaigned for German freedom and unity.1832 年，由教授卡尔·冯·罗特克与卡尔·特奥多尔·韦尔克主办、鼓吹德意志自由与统一的自由派报纸《自由报》被巴登政府查禁。
• From the 1880s the student body and the faculty grew quickly, attracting scholars such as the economist Adolph Wagner and the historians Georg von Below and Friedrich Meinecke.自 19 世纪 80 年代起学生与教师规模迅速壮大，吸引了经济学家阿道夫·华格纳以及史学家格奥尔格·冯·贝洛、弗里德里希·梅尼克等学者。
• Following a Baden law, the university began admitting women in 1900, making Freiburg and Heidelberg pioneers of women's higher education in Germany, and by the eve of World War I it counted some 3,000 students.依据巴登州法律，学校于 1900 年开始招收女学生，使弗赖堡与海德堡成为德国女子高等教育的先驱；到一战前夕在校生已约 3000 人。
• The Art Nouveau Kollegiengebäude I, or main building, was erected between 1907 and 1911 to designs by Hermann Billing, and its tower, once used as a detention cell, remains a landmark of the city.青春艺术风格的一号教学楼（主楼）于 1907 至 1911 年间按赫尔曼·比灵的设计建成；其曾用作禁闭室的塔楼至今仍是城市地标。
• After World War I the philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger taught at Freiburg, and the economist Walter Eucken developed the ordoliberal ideas that became known as the Freiburg School.一战后哲学家埃德蒙德·胡塞尔与马丁·海德格尔先后来此任教；经济学家瓦尔特·欧肯在此发展出秩序自由主义思想，后被称为「弗赖堡学派」。
• From 1933, under the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltung and with Heidegger as rector, the university drove out its Jewish staff, and in December 1938 economists and historians formed the Freiburg Council and the Freiburg Circles, the only professorial resistance group at a German university.自 1933 年起，在纳粹「政治一致」政策与海德格尔任校长期间，学校驱逐了犹太籍教职工；1938 年 12 月经济学家与史学家组建「弗赖堡委员会」与「弗赖堡圈」，这是德国高校中唯一的教授抵抗团体。
• After 1945 the university reopened, the natural-science institutes were rebuilt in the Institutsviertel, and the postwar social market economy drew on the ordoliberal ideas of Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm and Leonhard Miksch.1945 年后学校复课，自然科学各研究所在「学院角」重建；战后社会市场经济正是以瓦尔特·欧肯、弗兰茨·伯姆与莱昂哈德·米克希等人的秩序自由主义思想为基础。
• The student body grew to about 10,000 by the 1960s and roughly 20,000 by 1980, while the faculties expanded to fourteen and then to fifteen with the creation of an engineering faculty in 1994 before being trimmed back to eleven in 2002.学生人数在 1960 年代增至约 1 万、1980 年增至约 2 万；院系一度扩至 14 个，1994 年增设工程学院成为第 15 个学院，至 2002 年又精简为 11 个。
• A memorial to the students and staff persecuted under National Socialism was dedicated in 2003, and the university joined the League of European Research Universities in 2006 before being named a German University of Excellence in 2007.2003 年学校落成纪念馆，纪念在纳粹主义下受害的师生；2006 年加入欧洲研究型大学联盟，2007 年入选德国「精英大学」。

Academics

• The university is organised into eleven faculties covering theology, law, medicine, economics and behavioural sciences, philology, philosophy, mathematics and physics, chemistry with pharmacy and geosciences, biology, forest and environmental sciences, and engineering.学校下设 11 个学院，涵盖神学、法学、医学、经济学与行为科学、语言学、哲学、数学与物理、化学与药学及地球科学、生物学、森林与环境科学以及工程学。
• It is led by a rector, with Kerstin Krieglstein, the first woman to hold the office, serving as rector since October 2020.学校由校长领导；克斯廷·克里格尔斯泰因于 2020 年 10 月就任校长，是校史上首位女性校长。
• Teaching is delivered through around 240 degree programmes, supported by 453 full professorships and 28 junior professorships.学校通过约 240 个学位项目开展教学，配有 453 个正式教授席位与 28 个青年教授席位。
• In the winter semester of 2024-25 it enrolled 24,422 students and counted 4,745 doctoral candidates, with a total workforce of 8,489 of whom 5,936 hold academic posts.2024-25 年冬季学期在校生为 24,422 人，另有 4,745 名博士生；全校员工 8489 人，其中 5936 人从事学术岗位。
• University College Freiburg, established in 2012, runs Germany's first English-taught bachelor's programme in Liberal Arts and Sciences, requiring 240 ECTS credits.2012 年成立的弗赖堡学院开设了德国首个以英语授课的文理学士项目，要求学生修满 240 个欧洲学分。
• The Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, or FRIAS, was founded in 2007 with funding from Germany's Excellence Initiative to promote interdisciplinary research.弗赖堡高等研究院（FRIAS）于 2007 年凭德国「卓越计划」资助成立，旨在推动跨学科研究。
• The Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and the Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, known as bioss, were among the units funded under the Excellence Initiative.斯伯曼生物与医学研究生院以及生物信号研究中心（bioss）都是「卓越计划」资助的单位。
• Law, medicine, economics, history, philology and the life sciences are among its strongest fields, and its Faculty of Engineering made Freiburg the first classical university to combine traditional disciplines with microsystems technology.法学、医学、经济学、历史学、语言学与生命科学都是该校的强势领域；工程学院更使弗赖堡成为首所把传统学科与微系统技术相结合的古典大学。
• The university has offered German language courses to international students since 1911 at its Language Teaching Centre, drawing learners from more than fifty countries.学校自 1911 年起在语言教学中心为外国学生开设德语课程，学员来自 50 多个国家。
• Its Confucius Institute is run in partnership with Nanjing University in China, teaching Chinese language and culture.该校孔子学院与中国南京大学合作共建，教授汉语与中国文化。
• The International Graduate Academy coordinates five graduate schools and twelve research training groups, spanning fields from enzymology to embedded microsystems.国际研究生院统筹 5 个研究生院与 12 个研究训练小组，领域从酶学到嵌入式微系统不等。
• Together with the Max Planck Society it operates three joint graduate schools in molecular and cellular biology, comparative criminal law, and retaliation, mediation and punishment.学校与马克斯·普朗克学会合办 3 所联合研究生院，分别研究分子与细胞生物学、比较刑法以及报应、调解与惩罚。
• Its Institute of Physics takes part in the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and contributed to the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.该校物理研究所参与大型强子对撞机的 ATLAS 实验，并为 2012 年希格斯玻色子的发现作出贡献。
• Golden rice, the vitamin A-enriched genetically modified rice, was developed between 1992 and 2000 by Peter Beyer at Freiburg together with Ingo Potrykus of ETH Zurich.富含维生素 A 的转基因「黄金大米」由弗赖堡的彼得·拜尔与苏黎世联邦理工学院的英戈·波特里库斯于 1992 至 2000 年间共同研发。
• Admission is merit-based and depends on school-leaving results, and in the autumn of 2010 about 4,000 of some 26,000 applicants were admitted.录取以成绩为据，取决于中学毕业会考成绩；2010 年秋季，约 2.6 万名申请者中仅有约 4000 人被录取。
• As at most German universities tuition is largely free, with a semester fee of 180 euros, while non-EU students have been charged 1,500 euros per semester since autumn 2017.与多数德国大学一样，学校基本免学费，仅收 180 欧元的学期费；自 2017 年秋季起，非欧盟学生每学期需缴 1500 欧元学费。

Campus

• The university has grown with the city since the fifteenth century, and its buildings are scattered across Freiburg rather than gathered on a single site.自 15 世纪以来学校便与城市一同成长，其建筑并非集中于单一校区，而是散布在弗赖堡各处。
• Three main areas can be distinguished: the university centre beside the historic old town, the Institutsviertel or institute quarter, and the engineering campus near the airfield to the north-west.大致可分为三片区域：紧邻老城的校本部、学院角，以及西北郊机场旁的工科校区。
• In the historic centre the main building and Kollegiengebäude I present an Art Nouveau ensemble designed by Hermann Billing and completed in 1911, while the old university library was built in Gothic Revival style.在老城中心，主楼与一号教学楼构成由赫尔曼·比灵设计、1911 年落成的青春艺术风格建筑群；老图书馆则为哥特复兴式样。
• The University Library, a monumental building of the 1970s, was renovated from 2008 and ranks among the largest in Germany, while a new library with a glass and chrome facade opened in 2015.大学图书馆是一座 1970 年代的纪念性建筑，自 2008 年起翻修，规模居德国前列；2015 年又启用了以玻璃与铬合金立面为特征的新馆。
• The University Church, built by the Jesuits in 1683 and handed to the university in 1773, was destroyed in the air raid of 27 November 1944 and rebuilt in 1956.大学教堂由耶稣会建于 1683 年，1773 年移交大学管理；它毁于 1944 年 11 月 27 日的空袭，1956 年重建。
• The Institutsviertel houses the science faculties, was almost completely destroyed in the 1944 bombing and rebuilt after the war, and includes the Hermann-Staudinger-Haus for macromolecular chemistry.学院角是自然科学各学院的所在地，在 1944 年的轰炸中几乎被夷平，战后重建；其中有用于高分子化学的「赫尔曼-施陶丁格之家」。
• The engineering campus next to the small airfield holds the Department of Microsystems Engineering and the Department of Computer Science, close to the University Medical Center.机场旁的工科校区设有微系统工程系与计算机科学系，毗邻大学医学中心。
• The University Medical Center, one of Germany's largest, has 1,600 beds, treats 55,000 in-patients and 357,000 out-patients a year, and in 2002 carried out the first implantation of the Jarvik 2000 artificial heart.大学医学中心是德国最大的医学中心之一，拥有 1600 张床位，每年收治 5.5 万住院患者与 35.7 万门诊患者；2002 年在此完成了首例 Jarvik 2000 人工心脏植入。
• The university has acquired a large historic villa in the Herdern district to house part of the literature, linguistics and history departments of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies.学校购得黑尔登区一幢历史悠久的别墅，供弗赖堡高等研究院的文学、语言学与历史系部分机构使用。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place the University of Freiburg 245th in the world.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将弗赖堡大学列为世界第 245 位。
• In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 it is placed joint 139th, its best result in the major global tables.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，该校以并列第 139 位入榜，是其在各大全球榜单中的最好成绩。
• The US News Best Global Universities ranking for 2026-2027 lists it 227th in the world.2026-2027 年《美国新闻与世界报道》全球最佳大学排名将其列为世界第 227 位。
• The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 places it in the 101-150 band, fifth among German universities.2026 年世界大学学术排名将其列入 101 至 150 区间，在德国高校中列第五。
• Its strongest subjects include law, medicine, economics, history and the life sciences, and in 2016 the Centre for Higher Education Development placed it in the top excellence group in five of seven fields examined.其优势学科包括法学、医学、经济学、历史学与生命科学；2016 年德国高等教育发展中心在考察的 7 个领域中将其 5 个列入最高卓越组。
• OpenAlex credits the university with 173,230 research works and 20,439,226 citations, a measure of its substantial research output.OpenAlex 为该校收录 173,230 项研究成果与 20,439,226 次被引，反映出其可观的研究产出。
• According to the university, 23 Nobel laureates have been associated with it as alumni, faculty or researchers, among them Hermann Staudinger in 1953, Friedrich Hayek in 1974 and Georges Köhler in 1984.据校方统计，共有 23 位诺贝尔奖得主曾以校友、教师或研究人员的身份与该校结缘，其中包括 1953 年的赫尔曼·施陶丁格、1974 年的弗里德里希·哈耶克与 1984 年的乔治·克勒。
• Fifteen academics have received Germany's highest research honour, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, while working at the university.有 15 位学者在弗赖堡大学工作期间获得德国最高科研荣誉「戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨奖」。
• It was named one of nine German Universities of Excellence in 2007, held the title until 2012, and is a member of the League of European Research Universities.该校于 2007 年入选德国九所「精英大学」，该称号维持至 2012 年；它也是欧洲研究型大学联盟的成员。

Student life

• The university's motto, inscribed on the western side of the main building, is Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen, meaning "The truth shall set you free".学校的校训镌刻于主楼西侧，原文为「Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen」，意为「真理必叫你们得以自由」。
• The academic year is divided into a winter term from 1 October to 31 March and a summer term from 1 April to 30 September, with lecture-free periods in spring and autumn.学年分为 10 月 1 日至次年 3 月 31 日的冬季学期与 4 月 1 日至 9 月 30 日的夏季学期，春秋两季设有不上课的假期。
• Student media operate under uniCROSS, a cross-media platform that combines a campus radio station, uniFM, a video team, uniTV, and an online magazine, uniONLINE.学生媒体在「uniCROSS」平台之下运作，包含校园电台 uniFM、视频团队 uniTV 与网络杂志 uniONLINE。
• The oldest surviving student corporation is Corps Rhenania Freiburg, founded with a foundation endowment in 1812.现存最古老的学生社团是「莱茵尼亚·弗赖堡团」，1812 年由基金资助建立。
• Student housing is provided in dormitories run by the Studentenwerk and by other bodies such as the Catholic Archdiocese, and the affordable rooms are in high demand.学生宿舍主要由学生事务处经管，天主教大主教区等其他机构也参与运营；因租金低廉，宿舍床位十分抢手。
• The university owns a mountain retreat on the nearby Schauinsland, and the proximity of the Black Forest, Alsace and Switzerland makes outdoor and leisure activities easy.学校在附近的绍因斯兰山拥有一处山地休养地；加之毗邻黑森林、阿尔萨斯与瑞士，户外休闲活动十分便利。
• The university's career centre was singled out as one of the best in Germany by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft.该校的职业规划中心被德国科学捐助者协会评为德国最好的几家之一。

Notable people

• Matthäus Hummel, a jurist from Villingen appointed in 1457, was the first rector of the university and oversaw the start of teaching in 1460.马特豪斯·胡默尔是 1457 年受任、出身菲林根的法学家，为该校首任校长，并主持了 1460 年的开课。
• Max Weber, one of the founders of modern sociology, held a chair in economics at Freiburg from 1894 to 1897.现代社会学的奠基人之一马克斯·韦伯，曾于 1894 至 1897 年在弗赖堡担任经济学教席。
• Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, taught at Freiburg from 1916 and was followed in his chair by Martin Heidegger in 1928.现象学创始人埃德蒙德·胡塞尔自 1916 年起在弗赖堡任教，其教席于 1928 年由马丁·海德格尔接任。
• Martin Heidegger, one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, served as rector in 1933-34 and is remembered for his controversial record under National Socialism.马丁·海德格尔是 20 世纪最具影响力的哲学家之一，1933-34 年出任校长，其纳粹时期的表现至今备受争议。
• Hannah Arendt, the political theorist known for The Human Condition and The Origins of Totalitarianism, studied philosophy at Freiburg under Husserl and Heidegger.以《人的境况》与《极权主义的起源》闻名的政治理论家汉娜·阿伦特，曾在弗赖堡跟随胡塞尔与海德格尔学习哲学。
• Hermann Staudinger, who worked at Freiburg and founded macromolecular chemistry, received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.在弗赖堡工作并开创高分子化学的赫尔曼·施陶丁格，于 1953 年获得诺贝尔化学奖。
• Georges Köhler, a 1984 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine for developing monoclonal antibodies, studied biology and earned his doctorate at Freiburg.因开发单克隆抗体而获 1984 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的乔治·克勒，曾在弗赖堡学习生物学并取得博士学位。
• Friedrich Hayek, a professor at Freiburg and winner of the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, later directed the Walter Eucken Institute in the city.曾任弗赖堡教授、获 1974 年诺贝尔经济学奖的弗里德里希·哈耶克，后来主持了弗赖堡的瓦尔特·欧肯研究所。
• Konrad Adenauer, who studied at Freiburg, served as the first Chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963 and was a founding figure of European integration.曾在弗赖堡求学的康拉德·阿登纳于 1949 至 1963 年出任西德首任总理，是欧洲一体化的奠基人之一。
• Wolfgang Schäuble, a long-serving German federal minister, studied law and economics at Freiburg and earned a doctorate there in 1971.长期担任德国联邦部长的沃尔夫冈·朔伊布勒曾在弗赖堡攻读法学与经济学，并于 1971 年取得博士学位。