University of Dar es Salaam

The University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam) is a public university on Mlimani hill in the Ubungo district of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and the country's oldest and largest institution of higher learning.达累斯萨拉姆大学（UDSM，斯瓦希里语 Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam）位于坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆市乌本戈区姆利马尼山，是该国历史最悠久、规模最大的公立高等教育机构。

Founded on 25 October 1961 as University College Dar es Salaam, it became Tanzania's first national university on 1 July 1970 and is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校于 1961 年 10 月 25 日以达累斯萨拉姆大学学院之名创立，1970 年 7 月 1 日成为坦桑尼亚第一所国立大学，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 1201-1400 位区间。

It enrols about 20,000 students across its faculties and constituent colleges, and OpenAlex records 15,808 works and 308,377 citations for its research output.全校各学院与附属学院共有约 20000 名学生，OpenAlex 记录其研究成果 15808 项、被引 308377 次。

History

• University College Dar es Salaam opened on 25 October 1961 as an affiliate college of the University of London, only weeks before Tanganyika became independent, and began with a single Faculty of Law and fourteen students, one of them a woman.达累斯萨拉姆大学学院于 1961 年 10 月 25 日作为伦敦大学附属学院开学，距坦噶尼喀独立只有数周，最初仅设一个法学院、十四名学生，其中一名为女性。
• The college's first premises were rooms lent by the Tanganyika African National Union on Lumumba Street, a sign of how closely the new institution was tied to the independence movement led by Julius Nyerere.学院最初借用坦噶尼喀非洲民族联盟在卢蒙巴街的办公用房，这一细节显示出这所新机构与朱利叶斯·尼雷尔领导的独立运动关系之紧密。
• In June 1963 the college joined Makerere University College in Uganda and the Royal College Nairobi in Kenya to form the University of East Africa, a federal structure modelled on the recommendations of the Asquith Commission.1963 年 6 月，学院与乌干达的马凯雷雷大学学院、肯尼亚的内罗毕皇家学院合并组成东非大学，这一联邦架构沿袭了阿斯奎斯委员会的建议。
• The three colleges were unequal in size and facilities, and Tanzanian complaints that Dar es Salaam was being treated as the weakest partner led to the appointment of a commission on higher education whose 1969 report recommended separate national universities.三所学院在规模与设施上并不对等，坦桑尼亚方面不满达累斯萨拉姆被视为最弱的一方，促使政府任命高等教育委员会，其 1969 年报告建议各自建立国立大学。
• On 1 July 1970 the University of Dar es Salaam became the first national university of Tanzania, with Nyerere as its chancellor and a mandate to train the personnel of a newly independent state.1970 年 7 月 1 日，达累斯萨拉姆大学成为坦桑尼亚第一所国立大学，由尼雷尔出任校监，任务是为一新独立的民族国家培养各类人才。
• In 1964 the university moved from the city centre to its present site on Mlimani hill, 13 kilometres west of the commercial centre, where the 658-hectare campus gave room for faculties, halls of residence and experimental farms.1964 年，大学从市中心迁至商业区以西 13 公里的姆利马尼山现址，658 公顷的校园为学院、学生宿舍与实验农场提供了空间。
• The Arusha Declaration of 1967 reshaped the curriculum, and a compulsory Development Studies course was introduced so that every student would study Tanzanian socialism, rural development and the problems of underdevelopment.1967 年的《阿鲁沙宣言》重塑了课程体系，大学开设必修的「发展研究」课程，使每名学生都要学习坦桑尼亚社会主义、农村发展与发展滞后问题。
• During the 1970s the university became a centre of radical political economy, known as the Dar es Salaam School, where historians and economists debated dependency, class formation and the role of the postcolonial state.1970 年代，大学成为激进政治经济学的中心，被称为「达累斯萨拉姆学派」，历史学家与经济学家在此辩论依附、阶级形成与后殖民国家的角色。
• Walter Rodney taught history at Dar es Salaam from 1966 to 1972 and wrote How Europe Underdeveloped Africa there, a book that set the terms of the dependency debate across the continent.沃尔特·罗德尼 1966 至 1972 年在达累斯萨拉姆教授历史，并在此写就《欧洲如何使非洲欠发达》，该书为整个大陆的依附论争设定了议题。
• Giovanni Arrighi taught economics at the university from 1967 to 1969, and his analysis of labour reserves and African agriculture grew out of research conducted in Tanzania.乔瓦尼·阿里吉 1967 至 1969 年在该校教授经济学，其关于劳动力储备与非洲农业的分析即源于在坦桑尼亚所做的研究。
• Julius Nyerere served as chancellor from 1970 until 1985, using the office to insist that university education carried duties to the nation and that graduates should return to rural work.朱利叶斯·尼雷尔自 1970 年至 1985 年担任校监，借这一职位强调大学教育意味着对国家的责任，毕业生应回到农村工作。
• In the 1980s the university faced a fiscal crisis caused by the war against Idi Amin, falling agricultural prices and rising oil costs, and the loss of senior staff to better-paid posts abroad.1980 年代，对伊迪·阿明的战争、农产品价格下跌与石油成本上升造成财政危机，资深教师纷纷流向海外高薪职位。
• Structural adjustment in the 1990s brought the Institutional Transformation Programme, the reintroduction of cost sharing and a system of student loans, measures that provoked strikes and a brief occupation of the administration building.1990 年代的结构调整带来「机构转型计划」、重新引入成本分担与学生贷款制度，这些措施引发罢课与对行政楼的短暂占领。
• External donors came to supply about 40 per cent of university income in that period, and their preference for primary education forced the university to compete for research and infrastructure funds.同一时期，外部捐助方提供了大学约 40% 的收入，而捐助方对基础教育的偏好又迫使大学为科研与基建经费展开竞争。
• Teaching technology changed in 1998 with the introduction of the first learning management system, replaced by Moodle in 2008 when a fibre-optic link finally connected the campus to the internet.1998 年，大学引入第一套教学管理系统，2008 年光纤接入校园后改用 Moodle，教学技术由此更替。
• The Institute of Marine Sciences, based in Zanzibar, gave the university a permanent research presence on the Indian Ocean and a base for work on coral reefs, fisheries and coastal management.设于桑给巴尔的海洋科学研究所使大学在印度洋拥有了常设科研据点，成为珊瑚礁、渔业与海岸带管理研究的基地。
• In 2005 the Dar es Salaam University College of Education and the Mkwawa University College of Education in Iringa became constituent colleges, extending the university's teacher training to two new sites.2005 年，达累斯萨拉姆大学教育学院与位于伊林加姆夸瓦的大学教育学院成为附属学院，把师范教育扩展到两个新校区。
• Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences became the independent Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences in 2007, and the former Ardhi Institute was reconstituted as Ardhi University in the same period.穆欣比利卫生科学大学学院于 2007 年独立为穆欣比利卫生与相关科学大学，原阿尔迪学院也在同一时期改建为阿尔迪大学。
• Cooperation with China expanded after 2010, when a joint research centre was opened with East China Normal University, followed in 2013 by a Confucius Institute run with Zhejiang Normal University.2010 年后对华合作扩大，大学与华东师范大学共建联合研究中心，2013 年又与浙江师范大学合办孔子学院。
• In 2021, on its sixtieth anniversary, the university published Vision 2061, a long-term plan linking its teaching and research to Tanzania's development goals for the centenary of independence.2021 年建校六十周年之际，大学发布「2061 愿景」，把教学与研究同坦桑尼亚独立百年时的发展目标相衔接。
• The university has continued to grow through its five campuses and ten faculties, although recurrent underfunding and the cost of maintaining 1960s buildings remain persistent constraints.大学依靠五个校区与十个学院持续扩张，但经常性经费不足与 1960 年代建筑的维护成本仍是长期制约。

Academics

• Teaching is organised through ten faculties and colleges, including engineering and technology, humanities, social sciences, natural and applied sciences, education, informatics and virtual education, business and law.教学由十个学院与专业学院承担，涵盖工程与技术、人文、社会科学、自然科学与应用科学、教育、信息与虚拟教育、商学与法学。
• The College of Engineering and Technology houses mechanical, chemical, electrical, computer systems and civil engineering, and its laboratories serve the mining, energy and construction sectors of the region.工程与技术学院设机械、化学、电气、计算机系统与土木工程等系，其实验室服务本地区的采矿、能源与建筑行业。
• The University of Dar es Salaam Business School offers economics, accounting, finance, marketing and management degrees, and its evening programmes attract working professionals from the city's banks and public enterprises.达累斯萨拉姆大学商学院开设经济、会计、金融、市场营销与管理学位，其夜间课程吸引本市银行与公营企业的在职专业人士。
• The School of Law, the oldest unit of the university, trains advocates and magistrates and publishes research on constitutionalism, land law and the legal dimensions of regional integration.法学院是大学历史最久的单位，培养辩护律师与治安法官，并发表关于宪政、土地法以及区域一体化法律维度的研究。
• The College of Humanities and the College of Social Sciences cover Kiswahili, literature, history, archaeology, political science, sociology, geography and development studies, with Kiswahili taught as a major African language.人文学院与社会科学学院涵盖斯瓦希里语、文学、历史、考古、政治学、社会学、地理与发展研究，其中斯瓦希里语作为重要非洲语言开设。
• The College of Natural and Applied Sciences teaches mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology and computer science, and shares staff with the marine and fisheries institutes.自然科学与应用科学学院教授数学、物理、化学、生物、地质与计算机科学，并与海洋与渔业研究机构共享师资。
• The College of Education and the two constituent education colleges produce the largest share of Tanzania's secondary school teachers, and their graduates are posted across the country.教育学院与两所附属教育学院培养了坦桑尼亚最大份额的中学教师，毕业生被派往全国各地。
• Enrolment is about 20,000 students, of whom a growing minority are postgraduate, and the academic staff numbers several hundred, supplemented by part-time lecturers from the public service.在校学生约 20000 人，研究生所占比例逐年上升，教学科研人员有数百人，并聘请公共服务部门的兼职讲师补充。
• The university offers more than 300 certificate, diploma, bachelor's, master's and doctoral programmes, and its academic year runs from October to September with two semesters.大学开设 300 多个证书、文凭、学士、硕士与博士项目，学年自 10 月延续至次年 9 月，分为两个学期。
• Research output recorded by OpenAlex totals 15,808 works and 308,377 citations, with the strongest concentrations in public health, agriculture, marine science, sociology and development economics.OpenAlex 记录该校研究成果 15808 项、被引 308377 次，较集中的领域为公共卫生、农业、海洋科学、社会学与发展经济学。
• The Institute of Development Studies conducts policy research on poverty, rural livelihoods, taxation and social protection, and advises ministries and international agencies.发展研究所就贫困、农村生计、税收与社会保护开展政策研究，并为各部委与国际机构提供咨询。
• The Institute of Marine Sciences in Zanzibar runs laboratories and field stations on coral reef ecology, aquaculture, seagrass and mangrove conservation, and fisheries management.桑给巴尔海洋科学研究所设有实验室与野外站，研究珊瑚礁生态、水产养殖、海草与红树林保护以及渔业管理。
• The Confucius Institute, established in 2013 with Zhejiang Normal University, teaches Chinese language to students and civil servants and had trained more than 5,000 learners by its tenth anniversary in 2023.2013 年与浙江师范大学共建的孔子学院面向学生与公务员教授汉语，到 2023 年十周年时累计培养学员逾 5000 人。
• The main library, named after Wilbert Chagula, holds the university's legal deposit and African studies collections, while departmental libraries serve engineering, medicine, law and education.以威尔伯特·查古拉命名的主图书馆收藏法定呈缴本与非洲研究文献，另有工程、医学、法律与教育等分馆。
• The university hospital function was transferred to Muhimbili in 2007, but a new School of Health Sciences opened at Mlimani in 2015 and moved to Mbeya as a college in 2017.大学医院职能于 2007 年转归穆欣比利，但 2015 年又在姆利马尼设立卫生科学学院，并于 2017 年迁往姆贝亚升格为学院。
• International partnerships include exchanges with universities in China, Sweden, Norway, Germany and South Africa, and the university is a member of the Association of African Universities.国际合作包括与中国、瑞典、挪威、德国与南非高校的交流，大学还是非洲大学协会成员。

Campus

• The main campus at Mlimani, whose name means "on the hill" in Kiswahili, covers 658 hectares and lies 13 kilometres west of the city centre on the road to Morogoro.主校区姆利马尼在斯瓦希里语中意为「山上」，占地 658 公顷，位于市中心以西 13 公里通往莫罗戈罗的公路旁。
• Nkrumah Hall, a modernist lecture building from the 1960s, is printed on the back of the Tanzanian 500 shilling banknote and serves as the university's informal emblem.1960 年代建成的现代主义讲堂「恩克鲁玛堂」被印在坦桑尼亚 500 先令纸币背面，成为大学非正式的象征。
• The campus is organised around a central spine of teaching buildings, with halls of residence, sports grounds and staff housing set among mature trees and open lawns.校园以一条教学建筑中轴展开，学生宿舍、运动场与教职工住宅散布在成材树木与开阔草坪之间。
• The College of Engineering and Technology occupies a separate site on the main campus, with heavy laboratories, workshops and a technology transfer centre for local industry.工程与技术学院在主校区内占有独立场地，设重型实验室、车间以及面向本地产业的技术转移中心。
• The Dar es Salaam University College of Education is based at Chang'ombe, closer to the city centre, and shares premises with schools used for teaching practice.达累斯萨拉姆大学教育学院设在更靠近市中心的昌戈姆贝，与用于教学实习的学校共用场地。
• The Mkwawa University College of Education occupies a hilltop site in Iringa, about 500 kilometres southwest of Dar es Salaam, and serves the southern highlands.姆夸瓦大学教育学院位于达累斯萨拉姆西南约 500 公里的伊林加山顶，服务南部高地地区。
• The Institute of Marine Sciences has its headquarters in Zanzibar Town and a field station at Maruhubi, giving students direct access to reef and mangrove habitats.海洋科学研究所总部设在桑给巴尔城，并在马鲁胡比设有野外站，学生可直接进入珊瑚礁与红树林生境。
• The Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, opened in 2017, is attached to the Mbeya zonal referral hospital and trains clinical officers, nurses and laboratory scientists.2017 年开设的姆贝亚卫生与相关科学学院附设于姆贝亚区域转诊医院，培养临床医师、护士与检验人员。
• Public transport to Mlimani is provided by daladala minibuses and by the city's rapid transit buses, and the journey from the central business district takes between thirty and sixty minutes.前往姆利马尼的公共交通依靠达拉达拉小巴与城市快速公交，从中央商务区出发约需三十至六十分钟。
• Student residences are grouped in halls on and around the main campus, and the university has expanded private-hostel arrangements to accommodate students beyond the capacity of its own beds.学生宿舍集中于主校区内外的若干宿舍楼，大学还通过私人公寓安排扩充床位，以接纳超出自身宿舍容量的学生。

Reputation

• The University of Dar es Salaam is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, the joint interval QS uses for institutions in this part of the table.达累斯萨拉姆大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 1201-1400 位，这是 QS 对该区段院校采用的并列区间。
• In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 the university appears in the 1801-2000 band, reflecting weaker scores on citations and international collaboration than on teaching.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，该校位于第 1801-2000 位区间，其引用与国际合作指标弱于教学指标。
• U.S. News places the university 1,835th in its 2026-2027 Best Global Universities list, a ranking driven mainly by its publication and citation record in health and agricultural sciences.在 2026-2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学榜单中，该校位列第 1835 位，这一名次主要由其在卫生与农业科学领域的论文与引用记录决定。
• The university did not enter the main table of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, and it is therefore listed among institutions outside the ShanghaiRanking top group that year.该校未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜，因此在该年度被列为上海软科榜单主榜之外的院校。
• In the QS Sub-Saharan Africa Rankings 2026 the university is ranked first in Tanzania and third in East Africa, behind only the University of Nairobi and Makerere University.在 2026 年 QS 撒哈拉以南非洲排名中，该校位列坦桑尼亚第一、东非第三，仅次于内罗毕大学与马凯雷雷大学。
• Its research record of 15,808 works and 308,377 citations in OpenAlex makes it the most cited university in Tanzania and one of the strongest in the Great Lakes region.OpenAlex 显示其 15808 项成果获得 308377 次引用，使其成为坦桑尼亚被引最多的大学，也是大湖地区实力最强的院校之一。
• The Dar es Salaam School of political economy, associated with Rodney, Arrighi and Issa Shivji, gave the university an intellectual reputation that outlasted the socialist policies that produced it.与罗德尼、阿里吉和伊萨·希夫吉相关联的「达累斯萨拉姆学派」政治经济学，为大学赢得的思想声誉超越了催生它的社会主义政策。
• Law and development studies remain the university's most visible disciplines internationally, and its graduates staff the East African Community, the African Union and the United Nations.法学与发展研究仍是该校在国际上最醒目的学科，其毕业生供职于东非共同体、非洲联盟与联合国。
• Public health research, conducted with Muhimbili and international partners, has produced widely cited work on malaria, HIV and maternal mortality in Tanzania.与穆欣比利及国际伙伴合作的公共卫生研究，在疟疾、艾滋病与孕产妇死亡等课题上产生了被广泛引用的成果。
• The university's standing in Tanzania is comparable to that of a flagship national university, and its graduates dominate the senior ranks of the civil service, judiciary and cabinet.该校在坦桑尼亚的地位相当于旗舰国立大学，其毕业生占据公务员系统、司法机构与内阁的高级职位。
• Employer recognition is strongest in law, education, public administration and engineering, where the UDSM degree remains the standard credential for promotion.雇主认可度在法律、教育、公共行政与工程领域最高，达累斯萨拉姆大学的学位至今仍是晋升的标准资历。

Student life

• The university motto is Hekima ni Uhuru, Kiswahili for "Wisdom is Freedom", a phrase that echoes the institution's origins in the independence movement.大学校训为「Hekima ni Uhuru」，斯瓦希里语意为「智慧即自由」，这一表述呼应了学校源于独立运动的出身。
• Swahili is the everyday language of the campus, and the university's Kiswahili department is one of the oldest and most influential in East Africa.斯瓦希里语是校园的日常语言，该校斯瓦希里语系是东非历史最久、影响最大的同类院系之一。
• Students are organised through a students' government and faculty associations, which negotiate with the administration over fees, accommodation and examination schedules.学生通过学生自治政府与各学院协会组织起来，就学费、住宿与考试安排同校方交涉。
• Sports are played on the campus grounds, with football, athletics, basketball, volleyball and netball teams competing in national university championships.体育活动在校园场地开展，足球、田径、篮球、排球与无板篮球队参加全国大学锦标赛。
• The annual graduation ceremony, held in the Mlimani grounds, is a public event attended by ministers and foreign diplomats and marks the entry of new graduates into the public service.每年在姆利马尼校园举行的毕业典礼是对外公开的活动，部长与外国外交官出席，标志新毕业生进入公共服务体系。
• Student theatre, choir and dance groups perform in Kiswahili, and the university's literary culture has produced novelists, playwrights and poets who write in the national language.学生剧团、合唱团与舞蹈团体以斯瓦希里语演出，大学的文学传统培养了一批用国语写作的小说家、剧作家与诗人。
• The Confucius Institute adds Chinese language classes, calligraphy and martial arts clubs to campus life, and its scholarships send Tanzanian students to China each year.孔子学院为校园生活增添了汉语课程、书法与武术社团，其奖学金每年选送坦桑尼亚学生赴华学习。
• Dar es Salaam itself is a city of more than five million people, with Indian Ocean beaches at Kunduchi and Oyster Bay and a busy port that shapes the rhythm of student life.达累斯萨拉姆本身是一座五百多万人口的城市，昆杜奇与牡蛎湾的印度洋海滩以及繁忙的港口塑造着学生生活的节奏。
• Faith groups, regional student associations and alumni networks maintain a strong presence, and the university's alumni association organises mentoring for final-year students.宗教团体、地区性学生组织与校友网络影响显著，校友会为毕业年级学生安排职业辅导。

Notable people

• Julius Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania, served as chancellor from 1970 to 1985 and shaped the university's mandate to train cadres for national development.坦桑尼亚首任总统朱利叶斯·尼雷尔自 1970 至 1985 年担任校监，塑造了大学为国家发展培养干部的使命。
• Walter Rodney, the Guyanese historian, taught at Dar es Salaam from 1966 to 1972 and wrote How Europe Underdeveloped Africa while on the staff.圭亚那历史学家沃尔特·罗德尼 1966 至 1972 年在达累斯萨拉姆任教，并在任职期间写就《欧洲如何使非洲欠发达》。
• Giovanni Arrighi, later known for The Long Twentieth Century, taught economics at the university from 1967 to 1969 and began his work on African labour there.后来以《漫长的二十世纪》闻名的乔瓦尼·阿里吉 1967 至 1969 年在该校教授经济学，并在此开始其非洲劳动力研究。
• Issa Shivji, professor of law at Dar es Salaam, wrote Class Struggles in Tanzania in 1976 and became one of Africa's most cited critics of the postcolonial state.达累斯萨拉姆大学法学教授伊萨·希夫吉 1976 年出版《坦桑尼亚的阶级斗争》，成为非洲被引用最多的后殖民国家批评者之一。
• Milton Santos, the Brazilian geographer, taught at the university from 1974 to 1976, and his stay in Dar es Salaam shaped his later theory of the urban periphery.巴西地理学家米尔顿·桑托斯 1974 至 1976 年在该校任教，他在达累斯萨拉姆的经历影响了其后来的城市边缘理论。
• Jakaya Kikwete, president of Tanzania from 2005 to 2015, studied at the university and later served as foreign minister before winning the presidency.2005 至 2015 年任坦桑尼亚总统的贾卡亚·基奎特曾在该校求学，在赢得总统选举前担任外交部长。
• John Magufuli, president from 2015 to 2021, studied chemistry at Dar es Salaam and later completed a doctorate in the same subject at the university.2015 至 2021 年任总统的约翰·马古富力在达累斯萨拉姆学习化学，后来在同一所大学取得化学博士学位。
• Yoweri Museveni, president of Uganda, studied economics at the university in the late 1960s and organised left-wing student groups on the Mlimani campus.乌干达总统约韦里·穆塞韦尼 1960 年代末在该校学习经济学，并在姆利马尼校园组织左翼学生团体。
• Laurent-Désiré Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1997 to 2001, attended the university as a student before joining the Congolese liberation struggle.1997 至 2001 年任刚果民主共和国总统的洛朗-德西雷·卡比拉曾在该校就读，随后投身刚果解放斗争。
• John Garang, founder of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and vice-president of Sudan in 2005, studied economics at Dar es Salaam in the late 1960s.苏丹人民解放运动创始人、2005 年出任苏丹副总统的约翰·加朗 1960 年代末在达累斯萨拉姆学习经济学。
• Donald Kaberuka, president of the African Development Bank from 2005 to 2015, studied economics at the university and later became Rwanda's finance minister.2005 至 2015 年任非洲开发银行行长的唐纳德·卡贝鲁卡在该校学习经济学，后出任卢旺达财政部长。
• Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations from 2007 to 2012, graduated in law from Dar es Salaam and later served as Tanzania's foreign minister.2007 至 2012 年任联合国常务副秘书长的阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗毕业于该校法学院，后担任坦桑尼亚外交部长。
• Gertrude Mongella, the first president of the Pan-African Parliament, trained as a teacher at the university and campaigned for women's representation across Africa.泛非议会首任议长格特鲁德·蒙盖拉在该校接受师范教育，并为非洲各地的女性代表性奔走。