University of Belgrade

The University of Belgrade, in Serbian Универзитет у Београду and in Latin script Univerzitet u Beogradu, is a public research university in Belgrade, Serbia, and the oldest and largest modern university in the country.贝尔格莱德大学（塞尔维亚语 Универзитет у Београду，拉丁字母作 Univerzitet u Beogradu）是塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德的公立研究型大学，也是该国最古老、规模最大的现代大学。

Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia and merged with the Kragujevac departments by 1838, it now holds 31 faculties, 12 research institutes, the university library and 9 university centres in four disciplinary groups.该校 1808 年在革命时期的塞尔维亚以贝尔格莱德高等学院创立，1838 年前与克拉古耶瓦茨各科合并，现有 31 个学院、12 个研究所、大学图书馆与 9 个校级中心，学科分为四组。

Enrolment is given at around 59,600 students with over 4,600 academic staff, and Belgrade University stands in the 801-850 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, at 451 in US News 2026-2027 and in the 501-600 band of ARWU 2026.在读学生约 59600 人，教学人员逾 4600 人，贝尔格莱德大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中列第 801-850 位，2026-2027 年度 US News 列第 451 位，2026 年软科列第 501-600 位。

History

• The predecessor of the university was established in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School by Dositej Obradović, a key Serbian figure of the Age of Enlightenment and the founder of advanced teaching in the principality.该校前身是 1808 年由塞尔维亚启蒙运动关键人物多西特耶奥布拉多维奇创办的贝尔格莱德高等学院，此人即该公国高等教学的开创者。

• That institution was the highest ranking educational body in Serbia between 1808 and 1905, existing as the first Higher School from 1808 to 1813, the Belgrade Lyceum from 1838 to 1863 and a second Higher School from 1863 to 1905.1808 至 1905 年间它是塞尔维亚等级最高的教育机构，先后有三种形态：1808 至 1813 年的第一所高等学院、1838 至 1863 年的贝尔格莱德莱采乌姆学校、1863 至 1905 年的第二所高等学院。

• By 1838 the Kragujevac-based departments had been merged with the Belgrade institution to form a single university, uniting the two centres of Serbian higher education under one administration.至 1838 年，克拉古耶瓦茨的各科已并入贝尔格莱德本校而成一体，两处塞尔维亚高教中心自此归于一处管理。

• Teaching first occupied the Residence of Princess Ljubica and then moved to the Captain Miša Mansion, another significant Belgrade building that still serves as the university's seat.早期教学设于柳比察公主故居，其后迁往贝尔格莱德另一处重要建筑米沙船长官邸，该官邸至今仍为学校所在地。

• The university grew massively before the Second World War and especially after the founding of the second Yugoslavia, when its faculties and student numbers expanded repeatedly.二战前、尤其是南斯拉夫第二个政体建立之后，该校经历大规模成长，学院与学生人数数度扩展。

• The Belgrade Law School admitted its first woman graduate in 1914, opening a faculty that had taught law in the city since 1808 to women.贝尔格莱德法学院于 1914 年出现第一位女毕业生，这所自 1808 年起即在城内讲法的学院自此向女子开放。

• The university's reach extended beyond Belgrade between the wars, since the historical Subotica Law School, operating from 1920 to 1941, was itself counted among its sites.两次大战之间该校的布点已越出贝尔格莱德：苏博蒂察法学院于 1920 至 1941 年间办学，其时即计入该校。

• Electrical engineering teaching began early, the first lecture being held in 1894 with Professor Stevan Marković as its first lecturer and founder of the Engineering Department within the Belgrade Higher School.电气工程教学起步甚早：1894 年开设首讲，斯特万马尔科维奇教授任首任主讲人，并在贝尔格莱德高等学院内创建工程科。

• Marković also established the first Serbian electrical engineering laboratory in 1898, an installation that stands at the head of the present Faculty of Electrical Engineering.马尔科维奇又于 1898 年建成塞尔维亚第一间电气工程实验室，此设施即今电气工程学院的前端起点。

• The Law School's historic building was constructed by the Serbian architect Petar Bajalović and completed in 1941 with about 12,000 square metres, some 130,000 square feet of space.法学院历史馆舍由塞尔维亚建筑师彼得巴亚洛维奇建造，1941 年落成，面积约 1.2 万平方米，合 13 万平方英尺。

• The Faculty of Economics, established in 1937, was the first centre of higher education in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia devoted to the study of economics.经济法学院创设于 1937 年，是南斯拉夫王国第一所以经济学研究为专职的高等教育中心。

• The Faculty of Stomatology, the Belgrade Dental School, was established in 1948, its first head being Dr Aleksandar Djordjevic, then a professor of the Faculty of Medicine.口腔医学院即贝尔格莱德牙科学校于 1948 年设立，首任院长为时任医学院教授的亚历山大焦尔杰维奇博士。

• In the 1960s and 1970s the university developed into a leading regional and international institution, and many students from other countries were trained there.1960 至 1970 年代该校发展为区域与国际层面的重要学府，多国学生在此受业。

• International attraction was large enough that up to 40,000 students from Africa alone studied at the university during the existence of socialist Yugoslavia.其国际吸引力足以使仅在社会主义南斯拉夫时期、来自非洲的学生就多达 4 万人。

• In the socialist period the university was expanded but also exposed to state and ideological influence, growth and control shaping its institutes and governance together.社会主义时期该校规模扩张，同时受国家与意识形态力量影响，成长与管控一并塑造了其研究所建制与治理。

• It has been the driving force behind almost all other universities in today's Serbia, Montenegro and North Macedonia, as well as several universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.该校是今日塞尔维亚、黑山与北马其顿几乎所有其他大学以及波黑若干大学创立的推动力量。

• Its law faculty supplied the core of later law schools at Subotica, Novi Sad, Pristina, Niš and Kragujevac, at Podgorica in Montenegro, and at Sarajevo and Skopje elsewhere in the former Yugoslavia.其法学院为后世法学院的母体：苏博蒂察、诺维萨德、普里什蒂纳、尼什、克拉古耶瓦茨诸地，黑山的波德戈里察，以及前南其他地区的萨拉热窝与斯科普里法学院皆由其分出。

• In 1968 its students organised the first mass protest in post-war Yugoslavia, placing the university at the centre of public political life in Belgrade.1968 年该校学生发动二战后南斯拉夫首次大规模抗议，使学校成为贝尔格莱德公众政治生活的中心。

• In the early 1990s programme quality deteriorated through political instability and the wars of Yugoslavia, a shortage of financial resources lowering standards significantly.1990 年代初，政局动荡与南斯拉夫诸战使教学质量下滑，经费匮乏令水准显著降低。

• Under the Milošević government the university faced external political pressure and lacked academic and administrative autonomy, conditions its staff and students contested.米洛舍维奇政府时期，该校承受外部政治压力并缺失学术与行政自主，师生对此提出抗争。

• In the mid-1990s it became an internationally recognised centre of Serbian political opposition, as Belgrade students and professors staged massive anti-government protests.1990 年代中期该校成为塞尔维亚政治反对派的国际知名重镇，贝尔格莱德师生发起大规模反政府抗议。

• Student organisations of the university, above all the movement Otpor, contributed significantly to the overthrow of the government, a role recorded without naming individual leaders.校内学生组织、尤其是「Otpor!」运动，对推翻政府贡献卓著，记载此事而未列具体领导人姓名。

• The Faculty of Security Studies grew from the Institute for National Defense of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics Faculty, which became the free-standing Faculty of People's Defense in 1978 and took its present name in May 2006.安全研究学院源于自然科学和数学学院所属的国防研究所：1978 年独立为民众防御学院，至 2006 年 5 月定为此名。

• In the twenty-first century the university became a signatory of the Bologna declaration, aligning its degrees with the European cycle, while the centennial of the first Serbian university law was marked by a volume issued in 2005.进入 21 世纪，该校签署博洛尼亚宣言使学位与欧洲学制接轨，塞尔维亚第一部大学法百年则由 2005 年刊行的专书标志。

Academics

• Teaching is divided into 31 faculties grouped as social sciences and humanities, medical sciences, natural sciences and mathematics, and technological sciences, with 12 research institutes, the library and 9 centres.教学分为 31 个学院，属社会科学与人文、医学、自然科学与数学、技术科学四组，另有 12 个研究所、图书馆与 9 个中心。

• Faculty-level staff and enrolment counts are published for the 2023-24 school year, while the university-wide totals of about 59,600 students and over 4,600 staff carry no separate year in the source.各学院人员与人数按 2023-24 学年公布，全校约 59600 名学生与逾 4600 名教师的总量在材料中未另标年份。

• The Belgrade Law School, established in 1808, is a regional leader of legal education and one of the largest law schools in the Balkans, preparing students for practice, business, public service and teaching.创立于 1808 年的贝尔格莱德法学院是区域法学教育重镇，也是巴尔干规模最大的法学院之一，为法律实务、商业、公务与教学育才。

• Since its founding the law faculty has educated almost 50,000 graduates, around 1,200 masters of law and 830 doctors of law, plus hundreds of specialists in various legal fields.法学院自建院以来已培养法律毕业生约 5 万人、法学硕士约 1200 人、法学博士 830 人，另有数百名法律专科人才。

• The Faculty of Philosophy is among the oldest institutions of higher education in Serbia, founded in the early nineteenth century, with 255 teachers and roughly 6,000 students in nine departments.哲学院是塞尔维亚最古老的高等教育机构之一，创建于 19 世纪初，有教师 255 人、学生约 6000 人，下设 9 个学系。

• Philology was established in Belgrade within the Department of Philosophy of the Higher School in 1808, and the Faculty of Philology now teaches the subject in dozens of languages.语文学于 1808 年即在高等学院的哲学系内设立，哲语言学院今以数十种语言讲授该学科。

• That faculty is divided into departments holding their own libraries, operates several research centres and publishes a number of periodicals.该学院按学系划分并各设图书馆，另运行多个研究中心、出版多种刊物。

• The Faculty of Economics covers economic analysis and policy, marketing, accounting and financial management, trade, banking and insurance, tourism, statistics, informatics, management and international trade.经济法学院课程含经济分析与政策、市场营销、会计与财务管理、贸易、银行与保险、旅游、统计、信息学、管理学与国际经贸。

• The Faculty of Electrical Engineering, whose first lecture was delivered in 1894, is today divided into departments offering a wide range of electrical engineering programmes.电气工程学院首讲设于 1894 年，现今分为若干学系，开设多种电气工程专业。

• The Belgrade Medical School, established in 1920, has graduated more than 30,000 students including some 850 from abroad, and it holds 40 departments with over 200 professorships.贝尔格莱德医学院创办于 1920 年，毕业生逾 3 万人，含留学生约 850 人，下设 40 个学系、教席超过 200 个。

• The medical school offers many academic courses, including specialist practice within a network of hospitals, institutes and clinics spread across the city.该医学院课程众多，含遍布全城的医院、研究所与诊疗所网络中的专科实习。

• The Faculty of Stomatology holds 8 teaching and scientific and healthcare units, teachers from medicine, veterinary science and pharmacy having built its teaching after 1948.口腔医学院有 8 个教学与科研、医疗单位，1948 年后其教学由医学、兽医与药学诸学院教师共同建立。

• The Faculty of Security Studies covers security studies, human and social resources, defence, civil defence and environmental protection, giving professional training and undergraduate as well as postgraduate degrees.安全研究学院涵盖安全研究、人力与社会资源、国防、民防与环境保护，提供职业培训与本硕学位。

• Research rests with 12 institutes, among them the Institute of Physics, the Institute of History, the Institute for Medical Research, the Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering and the Institute for Multidisciplinary Research.研究由 12 个研究所承担，其中有物理学研究所、历史研究所、医学研究所、分子遗传与基因工程研究所、多学科研究所。

• The remaining institutes include the Institute for Applied Nuclear Energy, the Vinča Nuclear Institute, the Mihajlo Pupin Institute, the Nikola Tesla Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Siniša Stanković Institute for Biological Research.其余研究所包括应用核能研究所、温恰核研究所、米哈伊洛普平研究所、尼古拉特斯拉电气工程研究所与西尼沙斯坦科维奇生物研究所。

• The 9 university centres comprise an Information Center, a Computer Center, a Serbian-Japanese Center for Scientific Simulations, and centres for career development, strategic management, technology transfer, disabled students, quality assurance and lifelong learning.9 个校级中心有信息中心、计算机中心、日塞科学模拟中心，以及职业发展、战略管理、技术转移、残障学生、质量保证与终身学习中心。

• A 44-member University Senate elected for three years governs, bringing together the rector, 4 vice-rectors, 31 deans, 4 group council presidents and 4 institute directors, with 8 student representatives serving one-year terms.校务议会 44 人、任期 3 年，由校长、4 名副校长、31 位院长、4 位学院群组委员会主席与 4 位研究所所长组成，并有 8 名任期 1 年的学生代表参与。

• The 31-member University Council counts 21 members entrusted by the university, 5 appointed by the Serbian government and 5 elected by the Student Parliament, supported by advisory councils on the election of teaching staff.校务委员会 31 人中 21 人由学校委托、5 人由塞尔维亚政府任命、5 人由学生议会选出，另设咨询委员会协助教师遴选。

Campus

• Having developed with the city through the nineteenth century, many university buildings form part of Belgrade's architecture and cultural heritage, with teaching sites spread across the urban area.学校与城市在 19 世纪同步成长，多处校舍构成贝尔格莱德建筑与文化遗产的部分，教学点散布全城。

• Former sites include the Museum of Vuk and Dositej and the Residence of Princess Ljubica, both ranked among the topmost historic buildings of Belgrade, while the Captain Miša Mansion remains the university seat.昔日校舍包括武克与多西特耶博物馆、柳比察公主故居，二者均列为贝尔格莱德最重要的历史建筑，米沙船长官邸则至今仍为所在地。

• Two campuses anchor the university, one beside Prince Michael Street at Studentski Trg and the other on King Alexandar Boulevard, the site recorded at latitude 44.80401 and longitude 20.46513.学校以两处校区为轴心：一处毗邻米哈伊洛亲王街、位于学生广场，另一处在亚历山大国王大道，坐标为北纬 44.80401、东经 20.46513。

• Studentski Trg holds the central administrative building, the Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Philosophy, while the Faculties of Biology, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Physical Chemistry share one building.学生广场集中了中央行政楼、哲语言学院与哲学院，生物、地理、数学、物理、化学与物理化学诸学院则共用一栋楼。

• The King Alexandar Boulevard campus carries the University Library, the Law School and the faculties of architecture, civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, some post-war buildings there being built in the brutalist style.亚历山大国王大道校区设有大学图书馆、法学院与建筑、土木、电气、机械工学院，其部分战后建筑采用粗野主义风格。

• Other sites are scattered: the School of Economics near downtown, Orthodox Theology at Bogoslovija in Palilula, Teachers' Training in Savski Venac, Security Studies in Vračar and Special Education in Dorćol.其他教学点分散：经济学院近市中心，神学院在帕利卢拉的博戈斯洛维耶，师范学院在萨瓦维纳茨，安全研究学院在弗查尔，特殊教育学院在多尔错尔。

• Medicine and Dental Medicine share a building near Karađorđev Park beside hospitals, clinical teaching runs at the University Hospital Center and the Institute of Mental Health, and Agriculture lies by Zemun City Park with its Radmilovac farm at Grocka.医学院与牙科医学院共用卡拉乔尔德夫公园旁邻接医院的楼舍，临床教学在大学医院中心与心理健康研究所，农学院临泽蒙城市公园并在格罗察加经营拉德米洛瓦茨农场。

• Eleven dormitories scattered through the neighbourhoods house 11,340 students, one complex standing in New Belgrade, and the university owns several endowment buildings downtown, most built in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.11 处宿舍散落各街区，容 11340 人，其中一处宿舍群在新贝尔格莱德，学校另持数栋市中心捐赠建筑，多建于 19 世纪至 20 世纪初。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place the University of Belgrade in the 801-850 band, an interval position which this entry reports instead of a single ordinal rank.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将贝尔格莱德大学列入第 801-850 位，本条目按该区间著录而不化为单一名次。

• No place for the university appears in the Times Higher Education ranking table used here, so it is recorded as not having entered the THE 2027 list, and the official THE list should be taken as authoritative.本条目所据泰晤士高等教育排名表未见该校名次，故记为未进入 THE 2027 榜单，读者应以 THE 官方榜单为准。

• In the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking the university is placed at 451, its best position among the three global tables this cycle, the same ranking having placed it 460th in 2025.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中该校列第 451 位，为本周期三榜中的最好名次，同榜 2025 年曾列第 460 位。

• The 2026 Shanghai Ranking puts the university in the 501-600 band of its main list, a change from the 401-500 interval that table recorded for the 2025 edition.软科 2026 年主榜将该校列第 501-600 位，与同榜 2025 年版所记第 401-500 位区段有所不同。

• Subject standings appear in the 2025 Shanghai subject tables, the university being placed 76-100 in metallurgical engineering and 101-150 in both food science and technology and veterinary science.学科维度名次见 2025 年软科学科榜：冶金工程列第 76-100 位，食品科学与技术、兽医科学均列第 101-150 位。

• Its highest subject placing came in the 2025 US News tables at cardiac and cardiovascular systems, ranked 61st in the world, a field served by the teaching hospitals of the medical school.其学科最高名次见于 2025 年 US News 榜的心脏与心血管系统，列世界第 61 位，该学科由医学院教学医院支撑。

• An open bibliometric record for the institution was unavailable for this entry, so scale is documented by counts: 31 faculties, 12 institutes, 9 centres and more than 200 medical professorships in 40 departments.本条目无该校公开文献计量记录可用，规模改以机构数字呈现：31 个学院、12 个研究所、9 个中心，医学院另有 40 个学系与逾 200 个教席。

• Graduate output gives the quantitative measure at hand, the university having educated over 378,000 bachelors, about 25,100 masters, 29,000 specialists and 14,670 doctors since its foundation.毕业生数即现成可用的量化指标：自建校以来该校已培养学士逾 378000 人、硕士约 25100 人、专科人才 29000 人、博士 14670 人。

• This material records no Nobel, Turing or Fields affiliation for the university, whose notable-professor and alumni lists stand unelaborated there, its distinctions being institutional as the oldest and largest Serbian university.本条目材料未载该校诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖级人物关联，其名师与校友名录在该材料中未具姓名，可证荣誉属机构层面：塞尔维亚最古老、规模最大的大学。

Student life

• Student housing is the largest system in Serbia, with 11 dormitories across the city, recorded at 11,340 places in the campus account and at up to 10,154 residents in the housing account.学生宿舍体系为塞尔维亚之最，11 处宿舍遍布全城，校区记容量 11340 位，住宿记则称在住学生至 10154 人。

• Studentski grad in New Belgrade is the largest hall, housing 4,406 students in 4 blocks with a theatre, a movie theatre, athletics facilities, two libraries, reading rooms and an open stage for summer concerts.新贝尔格莱德的学生城为最大宿舍群，容 4406 人，分 4 个楼群，设有剧场、影院、田径设施、两座图书馆、阅览室与夏季音乐会露天舞台。

• The other halls are smaller: Karaburma with 1,170 places, Patris Lumumba with 1,021, the hall called 4. April with 863, Slobodan Penezić with 756 and Kralj Aleksandar I with 525.其余宿舍较小：卡拉布尔马 1170 位，帕特里斯卢蒙巴 1021 位，「4. April」舍 863 位，斯洛博丹佩内齐奇 756 位，亚历山大一世王舍 525 位。

• Capacity falls further at Košutnjak with 413, Rifat Burdžević with 367, the two Vera Blagojević halls with 313, Žarko Marinović with 188 and Mika Mitrović with 162, the smallest of the eleven.再次者科舒特尼亚克 413 位，里法特布尔杰维奇 367 位，维布拉戈耶维奇一舍与二舍共 313 位，日尔科马里诺维奇 188 位，米卡米特罗维奇 162 位，为十一处最小。

• The Kralj Aleksandar I hall, known as Lola, stands at the King Alexandar Boulevard campus, was founded in 1927 by King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, has 190 rooms, and admits successful students on their grades.亚历山大一世王舍又称「Lola」，在亚历山大国王大道校区，由南斯拉夫国王亚历山大一世于 1927 年创建，有 190 间房，按成绩录取优秀学生入住。

• Several halls take names of political leaders, as with the Patrice Lumumba hall built in 1961 and still named for the first legally elected prime minister of the Congo after independence from Belgium.数处宿舍以政治人物命名，例如 1961 年建成的帕特里斯卢蒙巴舍，至今仍以刚果脱离比利时独立后首任经合法选举的总理为名。

• Political engagement belongs to student tradition here, the university having staged the first mass protest of post-war Yugoslavia in 1968 and again in the mid-1990s, when student groups helped bring down the government.参政属该校学生传统：1968 年学生发动战后南斯拉夫首次大规模抗议，1990 年代中期再度行动，学生团体助推了政府倒台。

• Campus services cover disabled students, career development and lifelong learning, and with nearly 90,000 enrolled in one account of its size the university is counted among the largest in Europe.校内服务涵盖残障学生、职业发展与终身学习，全校在籍人数一处记述称近 9 万，位列欧洲最大高校之中。

Notable people

• The founding figure of the university is Dositej Obradović, the Serbian Enlightenment writer who established the Belgrade Higher School in 1808, the institution from which every later faculty descends.该校创办者为塞尔维亚启蒙作家多西特耶奥布拉多维奇，1808 年他创立贝尔格莱德高等学院，日后各学院皆由此而来。

• Two names survive in its buildings: Princess Ljubica, whose residence first housed the school, and Captain Miša, whose Belgrade mansion has been the seat of the university since the nineteenth century.两位人物以建筑留名：校舍初设其故居的柳比察公主，与自 19 世纪起以其官邸为校址的米沙船长。

• Stevan Marković lectured first in electrical engineering in 1894, founded the Engineering Department of the Higher School and set up the first Serbian electrical engineering laboratory in 1898.斯特万马尔科维奇 1894 年主讲电气工程第一课，创建高等学院工程科，并于 1898 年建成塞尔维亚第一间电气工程实验室。

• Petar Bajalović, a Serbian architect, designed the historic Law School building completed in 1941, a structure of some 12,000 square metres still used for legal teaching.塞尔维亚建筑师彼得巴亚洛维奇设计了 1941 年落成的法学院历史馆舍，面积约 1.2 万平方米，至今仍用于法学教学。

• Dr Aleksandar Djordjevic, professor of the Faculty of Medicine, became the first head of the dental school in 1948, colleagues from medicine, veterinary science and pharmacy joining its teaching.医学院教授亚历山大焦尔杰维奇博士 1948 年出任牙科学校首任院长，医学、兽医与药学诸学院教师共同参与其教学。

• King Alexander I of Yugoslavia founded the oldest Balkan dormitory in 1927, while the scientist Mihajlo Pupin and the engineer Nikola Tesla lend their names to two of the university's research institutes.南斯拉夫国王亚历山大一世于 1927 年创建巴尔干最古老的宿舍，科学家米哈伊洛普平与工程师尼古拉特斯拉则分别冠名该校两个研究所。

• The Vinča Nuclear Institute and the Siniša Stanković Institute for Biological Research attach further names to the research structure, the latter bearing the name of a biologist.温恰核研究所与西尼沙斯坦科维奇生物研究所另以人名构成研究建制的一部分，后者即冠以生物学家之名。

• Patrice Lumumba, first legally elected prime minister of the Congo, gives his name to the residence hall the university built in 1961, an honour recorded in its housing history.帕特里斯卢蒙巴为刚果首任经合法选举的总理，该校 1961 年建造的宿舍即以其命名，此事见于其住宿史记载。

• Among recorded firsts, a woman graduated from the Belgrade Law School in 1914, six years before the medical school opened in 1920, though the material used here leaves her name unrecorded.校史的第一例中，1914 年法学院已有女子毕业，比 1920 年开设的医学院早六年，惟本条目材料未载其名。

• Its graduates appear in the aggregate rather than by name: the source leaves the lists of professors and alumni unelaborated while stating that many law alumni became scholars, professors and high-ranking officials.该校毕业生以总量而非具名见于材料：名师与校友名录在该材料中未展开，但记载许多法学院毕业生成为专家、法学教授与高级官员。