University of Basel

The University of Basel, in Latin Universitas Basiliensis and in German Universität Basel, is a public research university in Basel, Switzerland, and the oldest university in the country.巴塞尔大学（拉丁文 Universitas Basiliensis，德文 Universität Basel）是位于瑞士巴塞尔的公立研究型大学，也是该国历史最悠久的大学。

According to OpenAlex the university is associated with 118,863 scholarly works cited 12,346,246 times, and it is associated with ten Nobel laureates and two presidents of the Swiss Confederation.据 OpenAlex 统计，学校累计发表学术成果 118,863 篇，总被引 12,346,246 次；学校还与十位诺贝尔奖得主和两位瑞士联邦总统相关联。

History

• While the Catholic clergy resided in Basel a temporary university existed between 1432 and 1448, authorised first in May 1432 for Simon de Valla of Venice to lecture on canon law.在巴塞尔天主教教士居住期间，当地曾有一所临时大学存在于 1432 至 1448 年间，最早于 1432 年 5 月获准由来自威尼斯的 Simon de Valla 讲授教规法。
• In 1434 Jacques d'Attigny of France was also permitted to lecture on canon law in Basel, and he had previously lectured at the University of Rome.1434 年，来自法国的 Jacques d'Attigny 也获准在巴塞尔讲授教规法，他此前曾在罗马大学讲学。
• In 1437 Demetrius was called to lecture Greek, and the same year Pope Eugene IV attempted to move the council to Ferrara, while many in Basel stayed and in 1439 the council elected a counter pope in the person of the Duke of Savoy Amadeus VIII, later known as Felix V.1437 年，Demetrius 受邀讲授希腊语；同年教皇 Eugen IV 试图将教会迁往 Ferrara，而留在巴塞尔者众多，1439 年会议推举萨伏伊公爵 Amadeus VIII 为对立教皇，即后来的 Felix V。
• Felix V then established a formal University of the Clergy, inaugurated in November 1440 with a mass in the Barfüsser Church, which was formally closed in July 1448 when the city was made to expel the councillors.Felix V 随后设立了正式的教士大学，于 1440 年 11 月在 Barfüsser 教堂以弥撒揭幕；1448 年 7 月，在巴塞尔城被要求驱逐与会代表后，该大学正式关闭。
• The deed of foundation was given in the form of a Papal bull by Pope Pius II on 12 November 1459 in Mantua, and the official opening ceremony was held on 4 April 1460, the day of Saint Ambrose, in the Minster of Basel.建校文书由教皇 Pius II 于 1459 年 11 月 12 日在曼图亚以教宗训令形式颁布，正式开学典礼于 1460 年 4 月 4 日圣安布罗斯日在巴塞尔大教堂举行。
• Originally the university was decreed to have four faculties, arts, medicine, theology and jurisprudence, with the faculty of arts serving until 1818 as the foundation for the other three academic subjects.学校最初被裁定设有四个学院，即文艺、医学、神学与法学，其中文艺学院直到 1818 年都是其他三个学科的基础。
• From 1497 the Grand Council of Basel discussed whether the university should be closed, and only in 1501, the year Basel joined the Swiss Confederation, was it decided not to close it.自 1497 年起，巴塞尔大议会多次讨论是否关闭该大学，直到 1501 年巴塞尔加入瑞士联邦时才决定不予关闭。
• In the eighteenth century, as Basel became more commercial, the university slipped into insignificance, with enrollment which had been over a thousand around 1600 dropping to sixty in 1785 with eighteen professors, most of whom were sons of the elite.十八世纪随着巴塞尔商业化，大学逐渐式微，约 1600 年时超过一千人的在校人数到 1785 年降至六十人，任职教授仅十八位，且多出身精英家庭。
• The Canton of Basel split in two in 1833, with the Federal Diet requiring the canton's assets, including the books at the university library, to be divided, two-thirds going to the new half canton of Basel-Landschaft.1833 年巴塞尔州一分为二，联邦议会要求该州资产包括大学图书馆藏书在内按份分割，其中三分之二划归新设的巴塞尔乡州。
• Basel-Stadt had to buy back its share and the university became so impoverished that it drastically reduced its course offerings, with students expected to continue their education after two years or so at a German university.巴塞尔城州不得不买回所占份额，学校因此极度贫困，被迫大幅削减课程，学生通常在学满约两年后转往德国大学继续学业。
• Student enrolment surged after the university shed its medieval curriculum, including the elimination of Latin as the official language of the course catalogue in 1822, and began to add faculties, especially in the humanities and sciences.在学校摆脱中世纪课程设置、包括 1822 年取消拉丁语作为课程目录正式语言之后，并在扩充学院、尤其是人文学科与科学学院之后，在校人数迅速回升。
• Liberal Arts became a faculty in 1818, from which the Philosophy and History and Natural History faculties were derived in 1937, and the Faculty of Science was established in 1937.文学院于 1818 年成为学院，1937 年由此分出哲学与历史学院及博物学院，同年设立科学院。
• The Faculty of Business and Economics was established in 1996 and the Faculty of Psychology in 2003, the university's faculties having multiplied over the centuries.工商管理学院设立于 1996 年，心理学学院设立于 2003 年，学校的学院设置在数百年间不断扩充。
• During the twentieth century the university grew rapidly from one thousand students in 1918 to eight thousand in 1994.二十世纪学校迅速扩张，在校人数从 1918 年的一千人增长到 1994 年的八千人。
• Emilie Frey, the first woman admitted to the university, began her medical studies in 1890.学校录取的第一位女性 Emilie Frey 于 1890 年开始其医学学习。
• After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in 1933 numerous renowned German professors decided to emigrate to Basel, and several Swiss scholars returned, among them the law professor Arthur Baumgarten in 1933 and the theologians Karl Barth in 1935 and Fritz Lieb in 1937.1933 年纳粹在德国掌权后，多位知名德国教授决定移居巴塞尔，另有数位瑞士学者归国，其中包括 1933 年的法学教授 Arthur Baumgarten 与 1935 年的神学家 Karl Barth、1937 年的 Fritz Lieb。
• After the Second World War the philosopher Karl Jaspers came from Heidelberg University in 1948 and the surgeon Rudolf Nissen came in 1952.二战后，哲学家 Karl Jaspers 于 1948 年自海德堡大学来到巴塞尔，外科医生 Rudolf Nissen 于 1952 年到来。
• On 1 January 1996 the university became independent from the cantonal government and thus earned its right to self-government, a status stipulated by the University Law of 1995.1996 年 1 月 1 日，学校脱离州政府而独立，由此获得自治权，这一地位由 1995 年《大学法》规定。
• In 2007 the Canton of Basel-Landschaft voted in favour of sharing the sponsorship of the university in parity with the Canton of Basel-Stadt, reversing the burden placed on the city half-canton after 1833.2007 年，巴塞尔乡州投票赞成与巴塞尔城州对等分担学校资助，扭转了 1833 年后负担集中于城州的局面。
• In over five centuries the university has been home to figures including Erasmus of Rotterdam, Paracelsus, the Bernoullis, Leonhard Euler, Jacob Burckhardt, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Jaspers, Carl Gustav Jung and Jeanne Hersch.在五百多年的历史中，学校曾容纳包括鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟、帕拉塞尔苏斯、白努利家族、莱昂哈德·欧拉、雅各布·布克哈特、尼采、卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯、卡尔·荣格与让娜·赫舍等人物。
• The seal of the university showed from 1460 a Virgin surrounded by sun rays standing on a crescent moon, with the coat of arms of Basel below, a religious motif used continuously until 1992.自 1460 年起，学校印章上有一位被光芒环绕、立于新月之上的圣母，下方为巴塞尔市徽，这一宗教图案沿用至 1992 年。
• Andrea Schenker-Wicki is the president of the university, and its University Council is the supreme decision-making body with eleven voting and three non-voting members.学校校长为 Andrea Schenker-Wicki，大学委员会为最高决策机构，由十一名有表决权成员与三名无表决权成员组成。
• Beneath the University Council are the Senate, an eighty-member body, and the President's Board, while the President's Office includes two vice-presidents for research and education.大学委员会之下设有八十人组成的参议院与校长办公机构，校长办公室另设研究与教学两位副校长。

Academics

• The university hosts the faculties of theology, law, medicine, humanities and social sciences, science, psychology, and business and economics, together with numerous cross-disciplinary subjects and institutes.学校设有神学院、法学院、医学院、人文与社会科学学院、理学院、心理学学院与工商管理学院，并拥有众多跨学科专业与研究机构。
• Under the Faculty of Medicine are the Department of Biomedicine, a joint venture among the university, the University Hospital and the University Children's Hospital, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Department of Public Health and the Department of Clinical Research.医学院下设生物医学系，这是学校、大学医院与儿童医院三方的合作单位，另有生物医学工程系、公共卫生系与临床研究系。
• Under the Humanities and Social Sciences faculty are the departments of ancient civilizations, history, social sciences, arts, media and philosophy, and languages and literatures, together with a Digital Humanities Lab.人文与社会科学学院下设古代文明系、历史系、社会科学系、艺术媒体与哲学系、语言与文学系，以及数字人文学实验室。
• Under the Faculty of Science are the Biozentrum for biomedical research, the departments of mathematics and computer science, physics, chemistry, environmental sciences and pharmaceutical sciences.理学院下设从事生物医学研究的 Biozentrum，以及数学与计算机科学系、物理系、化学系、环境科学系与药剂科学系。
• Interdisciplinary institutions include the Institute for European Global Studies, the Center for Philanthropy Studies named CEPS and the Institute for Biomedical Ethics named IBMB.跨学科机构包括欧洲全球研究所、慈善研究中心（CEPS）与生物医学伦理研究所（IBMB）。
• Associated institutes are the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute named Swiss TPH, the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research and the Basel Institute on Governance.关联机构包括瑞士热带与公共卫生研究所（Swiss TPH）、弗里德里希·米歇尔生物医学研究所与巴塞尔治理研究所。
• Recorded figures for 2020 give 13,139 students and 378 professors, with international students accounting for 27 per cent of the student body, while Chinese records for 2019 give 12,811 students and the same figure of 378 professors.2020 年记录为在校学生 13,139 人、教授 378 人，国际学生占学生总数的 27%；中文资料记载 2019 年学生为 12,811 人，教授数同为 378 人。
• Recorded academic staff stand at 4,700, covering the professoriate, lecturers and research staff across the seven faculties.记录的学术人员为 4,700 人，涵盖七个学院的正教授、讲师与研究人员。
• The Biozentrum is the university's principal biomedical research platform, and the Bernoullianum houses the Department of Environmental Sciences while the Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar belongs to the Institute of Musicology.Biozentrum 是学校主要的生物医学研究平台，Bernoullianum 设有环境科学系，音乐学研究所则设在 Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar。
• Strengths for which the university is noted include the life sciences through the Biozentrum, chemistry through the department and the Swiss TPH partnership, and the humanities with its long association with humanism and the Reformation.学校以 Biozentrum 支撑的生命科学、以化学系与 Swiss TPH 合作支撑的化学，以及与人文主义与宗教改革长期渊源的文学人文学科见长。
• The university's strengths also include astronomy and physics through the department of physics and the wider Swiss research landscape, and economics through the Faculty of Business and Economics established in 1996.学校的优势还包括物理系与更广泛的瑞士科研格局所支撑的天文与物理，以及由 1996 年成立的工商管理学院所支撑的经济学。
• In 2021 the Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 92nd, in 2019 the Leiden Ranking placed it 53rd, and in 2019 the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed it 87th.2021 年 THE 世界大学排名将学校列第 92 位，2019 年莱顿排名列第 53 位，2019 年上海软科世界大学学术排名列第 87 位。
• Since 2020 the university has been independent of the cantonal government and receives the performance mandate for the university formally from both supporting cantons through the University Council.自 2020 年起，学校脱离州政府运作，并由大学委员会从两个资助州正式接受大学的履约授权。
• Teaching at the university is conducted in German, French and English, and it is a member of the Utrecht Network and of EUCOR, the European Consortium for Political Research.学校以德语、法语与英语授课，同时是乌得勒支网络与欧洲政治研究联盟 EUCOR 的成员。
• The Confucius Institute at the university was co-founded with East China Normal University of China, a partnership linking the institution to Chinese language and culture teaching学校的孔子学院由该校与中国华东师范大学合作创办，这一合作把学校与中文及中国文化教学联系起来。

Campus

• The university is located in Basel in the canton of Basel-City, with coordinates given as 47.55839 degrees north and 7.57327 degrees east, and its address in Switzerland is CH-4001.学校位于巴塞尔城州的巴塞尔，坐标记为北纬 47.55839 度、东经 7.57327 度，瑞士国内地址为 CH-4001。
• The old main building of the university, whose arcades take up the lines of the first Italian university in Bologna, is a listed feature of the city's university landscape.学校旧主楼的中廊沿用了意大利第一所大学博洛尼亚大学的建筑格局，是该市大学建筑景观中的一处登录遗产。
• Physical assets include the University Hospital of Basel, the Bürgerspital, and the Pharmazentrum, which houses the Biozentrum together with the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.学校的实体设施包括巴塞尔大学医院、Bürgerspital，以及容纳 Biozentrum 与药剂科学系的 Pharmazentrum。
• Among the departmental buildings are the Bernoullianum, which houses the Department of Environmental Sciences, and the Juristische Fakultät, home of the Faculty of Law.院系建筑中有容纳环境科学系的 Bernoullianum，以及法学院所在的 Juristische Fakultät。
• The Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar of the University of Basel houses the Institute of Musicology, one of the named departmental buildings of the university.巴塞尔大学的 Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar 设有音乐学研究所，是学校具名院系建筑之一。
• The associated Basel University Library, founded around the same time as the university itself, is the largest library in Switzerland and holds over three million books and writings.与学校同期创办的巴塞尔大学图书馆是瑞士最大的图书馆，藏书与文献超过三百万册。
• Student services include the Student Advice Center which advises on degree programmes and careers, and the Student Services which handles applications, grants, mobility, exchanges and disability services.学生服务包括为学位项目与职业提供咨询的学生咨询中心，以及负责申请、资助、交流、交换与残障服务的学生事务部门。
• Student representation on campus is provided by the Studentische Körperschaft der Universität Basel, known as skuba, which represents students without political or religious affiliation.校园内的学生事务由巴塞尔大学学生会「skuba」承担，它代表学生诉求，不带党派与宗教倾向。
• Physical assets include the University Hospital of Basel, the Bürgerspital, and the Pharmazentrum, which houses the Biozentrum together with the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.学校的实体设施包括巴塞尔大学医院、Bürgerspital，以及容纳 Biozentrum 与药剂科学系的 Pharmazentrum。
• The university's buildings stand within the city of Basel, close to the University Hospital, keeping the university's research and clinical functions together on one urban site.学校建筑坐落于巴塞尔市内，靠近大学医院，使研究功能与临床功能集中在同一处城市校址上。

Reputation

• The university is tied at 150th in the QS World University Rankings 2027 with a score of 61.5, tied at 111th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 and 180th in the U.S. News Best Global Universities 2026 to 2027.在 QS 2027 世界大学排名中，学校并列第 150 位，评分 61.5；在 THE 2027 世界大学排名中并列第 111 位，在《美国新闻》2026 至 2027 全球最佳大学排名中列第 180 位。
• According to OpenAlex the university has 118,863 works cited 12,346,246 times, a research output consistent with its standing as the country's oldest university.据 OpenAlex 数据，学校累计成果 118,863 篇、被引 12,346,246 次，科研产出与其作为该国最古老大学的地位相符。
• The institution is associated with ten Nobel laureates, among them the physiologist Paul Hermann Müller, the chemist Tadeus Reichstein and the immunologist Rolf Zinkernagel.学校与十位诺贝尔奖得主相关联，其中包括生理学家 Paul Hermann Müller、化学家 Tadeus Reichstein 与免疫学家 Rolf Zinkernagel。
• Its Nobel laureates also include Werner Arber in 1978, Rudolf Eucken in 1908 for Literature, Albert Gobat for Peace in 1902, and more recently Jacques Dubochet, Kurt Wüthrich and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard其诺贝尔奖得主还包括 1978 年的 Werner Arber、1908 年获文学奖的 Rudolf Eucken、1902 年获和平奖的 Albert Gobat，以及近年的 Jacques Dubochet、Kurt Wüthrich 与 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard。
• In 2024 the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed the university 95th, and in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings it was tied at 123rd.2024 年上海软科世界大学学术排名将学校列第 95 位，2024 年版 THE 世界大学排名中其并列第 123 位。
• The university has no Turing Award laureate and no Fields Medalist among its alumni or staff, so the Nobel Prize, with ten laureates and two Swiss federal presidents associated with the institution, remains its highest distinction.学校校友与教职人员中没有图灵奖或菲尔兹奖得主，因此拥有十位得主并与两位瑞士联邦总统相关的诺贝尔奖，仍是其最高荣誉。
• Its associated institutes give it a distinctive research profile, with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute covering travel and tropical medicine, international health, medical parasitology and the biology of infection, public health and epidemiology.其关联机构赋予学校独特的研究格局，瑞士热带与公共卫生研究所覆盖旅行与热带医学、国际健康、医学寄生虫学与传染病生物学、公共卫生与流行病学。
• The university is a member of the Utrecht Network and of EUCOR, and its affiliations place it within both a European and a wider international research structure.学校是乌得勒支网络与欧洲政治研究联盟成员，其所属关系使学校同时处于欧洲与更广泛的国际研究体系之中。
• In 2020 the university had a budget of 768 million Swiss francs, and 2020 figures record 13,139 students with 27 per cent of them from abroad.2020 年学校预算为 7.68 亿瑞士法郎，同年记录在校学生 13,139 人，其中国际学生占 27%。

Student life

• The university has no formal motto recorded in its institutional history, and its traditional identity rests instead on the seal used from 1460 until 1992 and on the Latin name Universitas Basiliensis.学校没有留下正式校训的传统记录，其历史身份主要依靠自 1460 年沿用至 1992 年的印章与拉丁文校名 Universitas Basiliensis。
• Student representation is provided by the Studentische Körperschaft der Universität Basel, known as skuba, which acts as the official student representative without political or religious affiliation.学生事务由巴塞尔大学学生会「skuba」承担，它是学校认可的正式学生代表机构，不带党派与宗教倾向。
• The university hosts several formal student service institutions, including the Student Advice Center for degree programmes and careers and the Student Services for applications, grants, mobility, exchanges and disability support.学校设有若干正式的学生服务机构，包括为学位项目与职业提供咨询的学生咨询中心，以及负责申请、资助、交流、交换与残障支持的学生事务部门。
• There are local chapters of Toastmasters and AIESEC, community service organisations such as Beraber which provides remedial lessons to immigrant youth, and a foreign affairs association named Foraus.校内设有 Toastmasters 与 AIESEC 的本地分会、为移民青少年提供补习课程的 Beraber 等社区服务组织，以及名为 Foraus 的对外关系协会。
• A Model United Nations team, various choirs and orchestras, and a range of religious groups are among the recognised student activities on campus.模拟联合国团队、各类合唱团与乐团，以及若干宗教团体，都是校内公认的学生活动。
• The most recognisable are the Studentenverbindungen, traditional student associations dating from the nineteenth century that organise social events, share common uniforms and often focus on particular hobbies such as sword fighting.最引人注目的是可追溯至十九世纪的 Studentenverbindungen 学生联谊会，它们组织社交活动、共有统一制服，并常以剑术等特定爱好为核心。
• Such associations include the Akademische Turnerschaft Alemannia zu Basel, AKW Raurica, Helvetia Basel, Jurassia Basiliensis, Schwizerhüsli, A.V. Froburger and Zofingia, membership in many being restricted to men though A.V. Froburger also accepts women.这类社团包括 Akademische Turnerschaft Alemannia zu Basel、AKW Raurica、Helvetia Basel、Jurassia Basiliensis、Schwizerhüsli、A.V. Froburger 与 Zofingia，其中多数仅限男性加入，但 A.V. Froburger 也接纳女性。
• University Sports provides a gym, fitness classes and sport and dance camps to students and employees, and the alumni association is called AlumniBasel with separate associations for medicine, law, business and economics, dentistry and nursing.大学体育为学生与教职员提供健身房、健身课程以及运动与舞蹈训练营，校友会名为 AlumniBasel，并设有医学、法律、工商管理、牙科与护理等专门校友会。

Notable people

• Bonifacius Amerbach, a Swiss jurist, and Paracelsus, the physician and alchemist, are among the figures associated with the university's early centuries瑞士法学家 Bonifacius Amerbach 与医生兼炼金术士 Paracelsus 是学校早期数世纪的相关人物。
• Jacob Bernoulli and his family gave their name to the Bernoulli numbers, with Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler among the mathematicians taught or connected with the university.雅各布·白努利及其家族的名字见于白努利数，同族的 Daniel Bernoulli 与莱昂哈德·欧拉都是在此任教或与之相关的数学家。
• Johann Friedrich Miescher, the physician and biologist who first isolated nucleic acid, held a chair at the university, as did the surgeon and naturalist Karl Gustav Jung.最早分离出核酸的医生与生物学家 Johann Friedrich Miescher 曾任该大学教授，外科医生兼博物学家卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格亦曾在此任教。
• Friedrich Nietzsche held the Chair of Classical Philology at the age of 24, and Jeanne Hersch, the Swiss philosopher, spent her career at the university.尼采在 24 岁时即主持古典语文学讲席，瑞士哲学家让娜·赫舍则在该校度过其学术生涯。
• Among the university's politicians are Otto Stich, President of the Swiss Confederation, and Lilian Uchtenhagen, the Swiss politician and economist.学校相关政治人物中有瑞士联邦总统 Otto Stich，以及瑞士政治家兼经济学家 Lilian Uchtenhagen。
• Albert Gobat, the Nobel Peace laureate in 1902, was both a professor at the university and a Swiss politician, representing its civic tradition.1902 年诺贝尔和平奖得主 Albert Gobat 既是该大学教授也是瑞士政治家，代表了学校的公民传统。
• Chinese connections are recorded in the Confucius Institute, co-founded with East China Normal University, and in the presence of a Chinese scholarly community within the university.学校与中国方面的联系见于与华东师范大学合作创办的孔子学院，以及校内华人学术群体的存在。
• The university counts among its historical figures the jurist Johann Jakob Bachofen, the botanists Caspar and Johann Bauhin, and the theologian Peter Werenfels, spanning the early modern centuries of the institution.学校历史人物还包括法学家 Johann Jakob Bachofen、植物学家 Caspar Bauhin 与 Johann Bauhin，以及神学家 Peter Werenfels，涵盖该校的近代早期几个世纪。
• Among its scholars the university counts the physiologist Nobel laureate Paul Hermann Müller and the chemist Nobel laureate Tadeus Reichstein, giving it a cluster of prize-winning scientists in the twentieth century.学校学者中包括生理学诺贝尔奖得主 Paul Hermann Müller 与化学诺贝尔奖得主 Tadeus Reichstein，使其在二十世纪拥有一批获奖科学家。
• Emilie Frey, who began her medical studies in 1890, was the first woman admitted to the university, a marker of its nineteenth century opening.Emilie Frey 于 1890 年开始医学学习，是学校录取的第一位女性，标志着该校在十九世纪的开放。
• The university's people include the Nobel laureates Werner Arber, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich, Jacques Dubochet and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, whose prize years run from 1978 to 2017.学校人物包括诺贝尔奖得主 Werner Arber、Rolf Zinkernagel、Kurt Wüthrich、Jacques Dubochet 与 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard，其获奖年份跨越 1978 至 2017 年。
• Among its theologians Karl Barth and Rudolf Eucken, the Nobel laureate in Literature in 1908, connect the university to twentieth century religious thought.学校神学家 Karl Barth 与 1908 年诺贝尔文学奖得主 Rudolf Eucken，把该校与二十世纪宗教思想联系起来。