Universitas Sebelas Maret

Universitas Sebelas Maret is a public university in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, officially founded on 11 March 1976 and known by the abbreviation UNS, which it inherited from its first name, Universitas Negeri Surakarta, the State University of Surakarta.三一一大学（Universitas Sebelas Maret，简称 UNS）是印度尼西亚中爪哇省梭罗市的一所公立大学，1976 年 3 月 11 日正式创立，其简称取自创校初名「梭罗国立大学」（Universitas Negeri Surakarta）。

The institution groups thirteen faculties and two schools, a Postgraduate School and a Vocational School, and runs diploma, undergraduate, professional and specialist programmes for roughly 34,000 students supported by about 1,575 academic staff.全校设有 13 个学院与研究生院、高职学院 2 所学院级单位，开设文凭、本科、职业与专家四个层次的课程，在校学生约 34,000 人，专任教师约 1,575 人。

Its motto, Mangesthi Luhur Ambangun Nagara in the old Kawi register of Javanese, means to aspire sublimely to build the country, is glossed in Indonesian as Bercita-cita Luhur Membangun Negara, and circles the university emblem in Javanese script.校训用古爪哇语的卡威语体写作「Mangesthi Luhur Ambangun Nagara」，意为「怀崇高志向以建设国家」，印尼语释作「Bercita-cita Luhur Membangun Negara」，并以爪哇文环形刻于校徽之上。

History

• Since the 1950s the city of Surakarta had pressed for a public university of its own, arguing that other Indonesian cities already held higher education institutions decades older than anything the court city could claim.早在 1950 年代，梭罗方面就力主设立本市自己的公立大学，理由是印尼其他城市早已拥有比这座王城年长数十年的高等院校。

• Those early plans were abandoned again and again under the pressure of insurgencies, political struggles, successive reformations and economic collapse, delaying a university in Surakarta by more than twenty years.早期办学历程因叛乱、政治斗争、连番改制与经济崩溃一再中断，使梭罗设立大学的目标推迟了二十余年。

• Work restarted in 1953 on the claim that Surakarta was the centre of Javanese culture and possessed great potential in education, and a foundation committee was created under the city's mayor at the time, Mohammad Saleh Werdisastro.1953 年计划重启，论据是梭罗自视为爪哇文化中枢、在教育方面潜力巨大，校方成立创校委员会，由时任市长穆罕默德·萨利赫·维尔迪索斯特罗（Mohammad Saleh Werdisastro）主持。

• The revival collapsed once more for lack of money from both the regional and the central government, for the ambition of local groups to open private universities of their own and for the absence of support from individuals at Gadjah Mada University.这次重启再度搁浅：地方与中央政府资金两缺，本地团体又热衷于自办私立大学，日惹的加查马达大学（Gadjah Mada University）相关人士亦未给予支持。

• Building works under way around Surakarta and the power struggle between political parties deepened the deadlock, so the project slipped into another hiatus as the 1960s opened.梭罗城内多处土建工程与政党之间的权力角力进一步加深僵局，进入 1960 年代后计划再度陷入停顿。

• In 1963 the regional government then led by Utomo Ramelan initiated Universitas Kota Praja Surakarta, abbreviated UKPS and here called the Surakarta Civic University, the first institution actually to organise teaching in the city.1963 年，时任地方行政首长乌托莫·拉梅兰（Utomo Ramelan）推动创设「梭罗市立大学」（Universitas Kota Praja Surakarta，简称 UKPS），这是本市第一所真正开课的高校。

• UKPS matured alongside the growth of the Communist Party of Indonesia, and socialism shaped many sides of public life in the city, including teaching and debate inside the university itself.UKPS 的成长与印度尼西亚共产党的扩张同步，社会主义思潮影响城市生活的诸多方面，也波及校内的教学与论辩。

• When the Thirtieth September Movement erupted in 1965, UKPS was shut down and every institution, organisation or ideal associated with socialism or communism was banned across the country.1965 年「九三〇事件」爆发后，UKPS 被关闭，凡与社会主义或共产主义相关的机构、团体与理念均被全国禁令覆盖。

• In 1966 the Saraswati National University, known locally as Universitas Nasional Saraswati, applied to convert from private to public status, a step the Department of Education and Culture accepted.1966 年，本地的萨拉斯瓦蒂国立大学（Universitas Nasional Saraswati）申请由私立转为公立，获教育与文化部门批准。

• Joined with other institutions it formed the Combined University of Surakarta, abbreviated UGS, an umbrella that itself gathered several schools, among them the University of Islam Indonesia of Surakarta.该校与其他院校合并为「梭罗联合大学」（Combined University of Surakarta，简称 UGS），而这个联合体本身又收纳了数所院校，其中包括梭罗的印尼伊斯兰大学。

• At the end of December 1975 the Department of Education and Culture assessed the condition of UGS and fixed 11 March 1976 as the date on which it would be opened as a state university.1975 年 12 月末，教育与文化部门对 UGS 的办学状况进行评估，并把 1976 年 3 月 11 日定为国立大学的开学之日。

• On that date the university opened as Universitas Negeri Surakarta, the State University of Surakarta, and it was only in 1982 that the same institution took the name Universitas Sebelas Maret, literally the March Eleventh University.开学当日该校定名「梭罗国立大学」（Universitas Negeri Surakarta），直到 1982 年才改用今名「Universitas Sebelas Maret」，字面义即「三月十一日大学」。

• The 1976 foundation was a merger of five local institutions: the Surakarta teacher training institute, the Sports High School of Surakarta and the Academy of Business Administration of Surakarta.1976 年的创校由本地五所院校合并而成，其中三所为梭罗的师资培训学院、梭罗体育学校与梭罗工商管理学院。

• The remaining two partners were the Combined University of Surakarta with its member schools and the Faculty of Medicine operated under the Department of Defense and Security's National Higher Education Development programme in the city.另外两方是下辖多所成员院校的梭罗联合大学，以及在国防与安全部门国家高等教育发展计划下设立的医学院。

• Nine faculties were created at the opening: educational sciences, teacher training, literature and culture, social and political sciences, law, economics, medicine, agriculture and engineering.创校时设 9 个学院，分别为教育科学学院、师范学院、文学与文化学院、社会与政治科学学院、法学院、经济学院、医学院、农学院与工学院。

• Physical development of the campus began in 1980 under the leadership of Dr. Prakosa, who brought the original sites, scattered across several parts of the city, together into one area.校园实体建设始于 1980 年，普拉科萨（Prakosa）博士任内把原先分散在城市多处的校址集中并入同一片用地。

• The new site was Kentingan, on the riverside of the Bengawan Solo River, covering 60 hectares, and the first phase of construction there was completed in 1985.新校址选在班达旺梭罗河畔的肯廷安（Kentingan），占地 60 公顷，一期工程于 1985 年完工。

• In 1986 Prof. Dr. Koento Wibisono became rector and introduced rapid developments across academics, staff numbers and infrastructure, setting the pattern of growth the campus still follows.1986 年，昆托·维比索诺（Koento Wibisono）教授出任校长，在教学、人员与基础设施各方面推动快速发展，奠定了此后校园扩张的格局。

• He was succeeded as rector by Prof. Haris Mudjiman, Ph.D., who carried forward the consolidation of the Kentingan site during the following decade.其后由哈里司·穆吉曼（Haris Mudjiman）教授接任校长，在随后十年间继续推进肯廷安校区的整合与建设。

• The emblem is a flower with four petals read as a picture of the nation and its name and state: the top, right and left petals embody the tri dharma duties of Indonesian higher education, while the lower petal carries five units for the five principles of Pancasila.校徽为四瓣花朵，象征国家及其名与国体：上、右、左三瓣代表印尼高校的「三务」职责，下方一瓣含五个单元，对应班卡西拉五项立国原则。

• The shape of the flower's pistil is described as Wiku, a word from Pali meaning the learned people, drawn as a flame that suggests light illuminating the eternity of science toward human welfare.花蕊之形称作「Wiku」，语出巴利文，义为「有学问之人」，画成火焰之形，寓意光明照彻科学的永恒、归于人类福祉。

• A circular band of Javanese script gives the Sangkala Candra chronogram Mangesthi Luhur Ambangun Nagara, letters standing for the Javanese year 1908, which equals the founding year 1976 AD, and the whole emblem is worked in turquoise blue as a pledge of allegiance to nation, state, homeland and science.校徽上环形的爪哇文字是「沙拉卡拉·钱德拉」纪年密语「Mangesthi Luhur Ambangun Nagara」，字母对应爪哇历 1908 年，即公历创校之年 1976 年；整体以青绿色呈现，象征对国家、国体、国土与科学的忠诚与奉献。

• Tutelage followed the reshaping of Indonesia's ministry system: the Department of Education and Culture founded the university, the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education ranked it nationally in 2017, and it is today a legal-entity state university, a Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum, under the ministry overseeing higher education, science and technology.学校的隶属关系随印尼部委改组而变：创校时归教育与文化部门，2017 年由研究、技术与高等教育部作全国排名，如今则是主管高等教育与科技部门所辖的公立法人高校（Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum）。

Academics

• Thirteen faculties and two schools provide courses at diploma, undergraduate, professional and specialist levels, while some graduate and postgraduate courses are managed centrally by the Postgraduate School.13 个学院与 2 所学院级单位开设文凭、本科、职业与专家层次课程，部分硕士与博士课程则由研究生院统一管理。

• Teacher education sits with the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, whose lineage runs straight back to the Surakarta teacher training institute that joined the merger before the university opened in 1976.师资培养由教育与师范学院承担，其学缘可直接上溯到 1976 年合并创校前即已存在的梭罗师资培训学院。

• The cultural and artistic fields are covered by the Faculty of Cultural Sciences and the Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, a pairing that answers the 1953 argument that Surakarta was the centre of Javanese culture.人文学科与艺术分别由文化科学学院、美术与设计学院承担，这一布局正呼应 1953 年创校委员会以「爪哇文化中枢」立论的主张。

• Three of the nine founding faculties remain the social science core: the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Economics and Business, the last descended from the Academy of Business Administration of Surakarta.创校九个学院中有三个仍是社会科学主力：社会与政治科学学院、法学院以及经济与商学院，后者源自当年的梭罗工商管理学院。

• Health education rests on the Faculty of Medicine, the institution that in 1976 came in under the Department of Defense and Security's National Higher Education Development programme rather than from the education ministry.医学教育以医学院为骨干，该院 1976 年并入时隶属国防与安全部门的国家高等教育发展计划，而非教育部门的建制。

• Science and technology provision spans the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Agriculture, the latter also one of the nine faculties opened at foundation.理工与农科由数学与自然科学学院、工学院、农学院三院分担，其中农学院同为创校时所设九院之一。

• The most recent additions to the academic map are the Faculty of Information Technology and Data Science, the Faculty of Psychology and the Faculty of Sports, the last heir to the Sports High School of Surakarta that entered the 1976 merger.学科版图上较新的成员是信息技术与数据科学学院、心理学院与体育学院，其中体育学院承继了 1976 年参与合并的梭罗体育学校。

• The Vocational School runs the diploma track outside the faculty system, one of the two schools standing alongside the thirteen faculties and answering the professional tier of the university's programme list.高职学院在学院体系之外承担文凭层次教育，是与 13 个学院并列的两所学院级单位之一，对应校方的职业层次。

• Taught across all thirteen faculties, the four programme tiers of diploma, bachelor, professional and specialist study give the academic structure a distinctly applied profile alongside its research degrees.这四个文凭、学士、职业与专家层次贯穿 13 个学院，使学校在研究型学位之外保持鲜明的应用型培养面貌。

• Instruction is delivered in Indonesian, the language recorded as the university's medium, while the Javanese and Pali formulas of the motto and emblem keep older registers in daily campus use.教学使用印尼语，即校方资料所载的授课语言，而校训与校徽上的爪哇语、巴利语辞句使古老语体仍在校园日常中延续。

• Graduate study is organised around the Postgraduate School, which takes in some master's and doctoral courses while the faculties keep the remainder, a division the university states in its own description of academic structure.研究生教育以研究生院为核心，它接管部分硕士与博士课程，其余仍归各学院开设，校方在学科结构说明中即作此区分。

• Standards and accreditation follow the national higher education framework, and the programme families the university lists are diploma, undergraduate, professional and specialist study at thirteen faculties and two schools.专业认证依印尼高等教育国家框架进行，校方所列专业门类为文凭、本科、职业与专家四类，分设于 13 个学院与 2 所学院级单位。

• Research follows the tri dharma obligation that binds Indonesian state universities to teaching, research and community service together, so field work in Central Java appears beside laboratory and library studies in faculty reporting.科研依循印尼公立高校「三务」传统，即教学、研究与社区服务三者并举，故中爪哇当地的田野工作与实验室、文献研究同样出现在各学院的报告之中。

• Enrolment of roughly 34,000 students breaks into about 29,000 undergraduates and 4,592 postgraduates, of whom 233 are counted as doctoral candidates in the university's own English-language profile.在校生约 34,000 人，其中本科生约 29,000 人、研究生 4,592 人，博士生在校方英文简介口径下记为 233 人。

• Academic staffing of about 1,575 posts carries that student body across thirteen faculties and two schools, with Kentingan as the single site that has concentrated teaching since the 1980s.约 1,575 个教学岗位支撑起 13 个学院与 2 所学院级单位的师生规模，自 1980 年代起教学活动集中于肯廷安一处校区。

Campus

• The campus is listed as a suburban site of 1,482 acres, about 6.00 square kilometres, a figure far larger than the 60 hectares of Kentingan laid out from 1980 and finished in its first phase by 1985.校方口径的校区被列为郊区型校园，面积 1,482 英亩、约 6 平方公里，远大于 1980 年起营建、1985 年完成一期的 60 公顷肯廷安核心用地。

• Its address is Jalan Ir. Sutami No. 36A in the Kentingan quarter of Surakarta, postcode 57126, on the bank of the Bengawan Solo River at about 7 degrees 33 minutes south and 110 degrees 51 minutes east.校区地址为梭罗市肯廷安区苏塔米路 36A 号，邮编 57126，地处班达旺梭罗河畔，位置约在南纬 7 度 33 分、东经 110 度 51 分。

• Teaching in the first years after 1976 was spread over buildings inherited from the five merged institutions, and only the Kentingan programme of the 1980s gathered those scattered places into one area.1976 年创校后的头几年，教学仍分散在合并而来的五所院校旧校舍中，直到 1980 年代的肯廷安工程才把这些散点归并为一处。

• The Faculty of Sport works from the Kentingan site beside the other faculties, an arrangement that follows the 1980 consolidation and ends the older practice of running each school at a separate city address.体育学院与其他学院同在肯廷安校区办学，此种布局源自 1980 年的集中建校，各学院分处城中各地的旧格局由此结束。

• Surakarta, described by its own citizens in 1953 as the centre of Javanese culture, gives the campus its setting, and that cultural claim was argued as a reason for the city to hold a state university.梭罗在 1953 年已被本地人称为爪哇文化中枢，校园正坐落于此种环境之中，这一文化论据当时被用作本市应设国立大学的理由。

• Campus identity is worked throughout in turquoise blue, the colour recorded for the university and explained in its emblem as a pledge of allegiance and devotion to nation, state, homeland and science.校园识别色通体使用青绿色，即校方资料所载校色，校徽解说称其象征对国家、国体、国土与科学的忠诚与奉献。

• Signage and public graphics repeat the four-petalled flower and the circular Javanese-script chronogram, so the founding date of 11 March 1976 is legible to students in two calendars at once.校门标识与公共图版反复出现四瓣花徽与环形爪哇文纪年密语，使学生能同时以两种历法读到 1976 年 3 月 11 日这一创校日期。

• The site is reached from the arterial road named for the engineer Ir. Sutami, and its riverside position keeps the Kentingan campus outside the dense core of the old court city.校区毗邻以工程师苏塔米命名的干道，临江的位置使它保持在旧王城密集城区之外。

Reputation

• In the QS 2027 world university rankings the university is placed in the 951-1000 band, a range shared with dozens of institutions and reported without any single-position number.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，本校位列第 951-1000 位区间，这一区间与数十所高校并列，榜单未给出单一名次。

• Times Higher Education places the same institution in the 1001-1200 band for 2027, an interval one step below its QS range and likewise reported without a precise position.泰晤士高等教育 2027 年世界大学排名把该校列为第 1001-1200 位，比 QS 区间再低一档，同样只以区间表述。

• The university does not appear in the 2026-2027 edition of the US News best global universities ranking, and no placement for it is recorded in that list.该校未进入 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名，该榜单没有其名次记录。

• It is likewise absent from the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities main list of 1,000 institutions, and earlier editions or subject-level tables are not treated here as evidence of a 2026 placing.该校也未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名的 1,000 校主榜，旧版名次与学科榜在此不作 2026 年位次的依据。

• Its research output stands at 67,043 works and 503,159 citations in the OpenAlex bibliometric census, an average of roughly seven and a half citations for every registered work.在 OpenAlex 文献计量口径下，该校共有成果 67,043 项、被引 503,159 次，平均每项成果获引约 7.5 次。

• Nationally its strongest documented placing is eleventh position in the 2017 ranking of Indonesian institutions published by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, cited as proof of rising graduate quality.在国内口径上，该校有记录的最强名次是 2017 年研究、技术与高等教育部全国高校排名第 11 位，校方以此作为毕业生质量提升的佐证。

• Subject-level positions in the QS and Times subject tables are not carried in the fact set used here, so the discipline-bearing claims available are structural: medicine, agriculture, engineering and law all date from the nine faculties of 1976.本文所用事实源未收录其在 QS 与泰晤士学科榜上的位次，故可核的学科论断只到结构层面：医学、农学、工学与法学均始于 1976 年所设的九院。

• No Nobel Prize, Turing Award or Fields Medal winner is recorded among its students, staff or alumni, and the university's documented honours are national rankings and ministry recognition rather than global prizes.其学生、教师与校友中未见诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖得主，校方有记录的荣誉属国家排名与部门认可，而非国际大奖。

• Regional standing rests on three memberships recorded for the university: the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning, the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization and the ASEAN University Network.其区域地位体现于资料所载的三个成员身份：东南亚高校联盟、东南亚教育部长组织与东盟大学网络。

Student life

• Student performance is tracked through four named indicators, the grade point average, the Education Efficiency Figure known in Indonesian as Angka Efisiensi Edukasi, the count of cum laude graduates and the length of study periods.学生表现以四项具名指标追踪：平均绩点、印尼语称「Angka Efisiensi Edukasi」的教育效率值、优等毕业生人数与修业年限。

• Improvement in those four indicators, together with the shortening of study time, is the form in which the university states its own gains in the quality of graduates.这四项指标的改善加上修业年限的缩短，正是校方陈述自身毕业生质量进步时所采用的表述方式。

• Sport on campus is organised around the Faculty of Sport at Kentingan, the institutional descendant of the Sports High School of Surakarta that entered the university on 11 March 1976.校内体育活动以肯廷安的体育学院为核心，该院承继了 1976 年 3 月 11 日并入母校的梭罗体育学校。

• Artistic and literary student activity draws on the Faculty of Cultural Sciences and the Faculty of Fine Arts and Design in a city the 1953 committee had presented as the centre of Javanese culture.文艺类学生活动依托文化科学学院与美术与设计学院，而梭罗正是 1953 年创校委员会笔下的「爪哇文化中枢」。

• Diploma students follow the vocational track operated by the Vocational School, one of the two schools outside the thirteen faculties and the part of the university nearest to applied professional training.文凭层次的学生就读高职学院，它是 13 个学院之外的两所学院级单位之一，也是全校最贴近应用职业训练的板块。

• Postgraduate life is coordinated by the Postgraduate School, which manages some master's and doctoral courses for 4,592 registered postgraduates, 233 of them counted as doctoral candidates.研究生生活由研究生院统筹，该院为 4,592 名在册研究生、其中 233 名博士生管理部分硕士与博士课程。

• Community service forms the third pillar of the tri dharma duty alongside teaching and research, and the lower petal of the university flower carries five units for the five Pancasila principles explained to new students.社区服务与教学、研究并列为「三务」义务的第三项，校徽下方花瓣的五个单元对应新生入学时被解说的班卡西拉五项原则。

Notable people

• Mohammad Saleh Werdisastro, mayor of Surakarta in the early 1950s, chaired the first foundation committee and carried the university project to organised planning before it was forfeited a second time.20 世纪 50 年代初的梭罗市长穆罕默德·萨利赫·维尔迪索斯特罗（Mohammad Saleh Werdisastro）主持首个创校委员会，在计划二度搁浅前把它推进到有组织的筹办阶段。

• Utomo Ramelan headed the regional government that in 1963 initiated Universitas Kota Praja Surakarta, the civic university whose closure in 1965 made the later state foundation necessary.乌托莫·拉梅兰（Utomo Ramelan）主政的地方政府于 1963 年创设梭罗市立大学，该校 1965 年被关闭，日后国立大学的设立正由此而来。

• Prakosa, the leader under whom physical development began in 1980, is the figure credited with uniting the scattered original campuses into the 60 hectare Kentingan area completed in phases by 1985.1980 年启动校园实体建设的校长普拉科萨（Prakosa），被记为把分散原校址统一为 60 公顷肯廷安校区的关键人物，该校区于 1985 年完成首期工程。

• Koento Wibisono, promoted to professor and holding the rectorate from 1986, introduced rapid development in academics, staff numbers and infrastructure, and Haris Mudjiman, also a professor, continued the work as his successor.昆托·维比索诺（Koento Wibisono）教授 1986 年起任校长，在教学、人员与基础设施上推动快速发展，哈里司·穆吉曼（Haris Mudjiman）教授作为继任者延续其事业。

• Hartono, listed with the academic titles Prof. Dr. dr. as the university's rector in its current profile, represents the medical faculty's route into the institution's top administrative post.校方现行资料以 Prof. Dr. dr. 头衔列哈托诺（Hartono）为校长，体现出医学院系统出身者进入学校最高行政职位的路径。

• Among alumni named on the university's Indonesian-language page, Tardi is recorded as senior vice president for micro business development at Bank Mandiri and Triyana as a regional head of Bank Rakyat Indonesia in Yogyakarta.在校方印尼文页面所列校友中，塔迪（Tardi）任印尼曼迪里银行小微业务发展高级副总裁，特里亚纳（Triyana）任印尼人民银行日惹地区负责人。

• The same alumni record names Dwi Antono as president director of the state agricultural enterprise PT Pertani and Budi Purwanto as finance director of the public logistics company Perum BULOG.同一校友名录中，德维·安托诺（Dwi Antono）任国营农业企业 PT Pertani 总裁，布迪·普尔万托（Budi Purwanto）任公立物流企业 Perum BULOG 财务总监。

• Agricultural graduates also appear in plantation management, with Winarhadi recorded as head of the organisation and personnel bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Setyo Wardoyo as vice president for agronomy at the agribusiness arm of Sinar Mas.农科毕业生亦见于种植业管理层，维纳哈迪（Winarhadi）任农业部组织与人事局局长，塞蒂奥·瓦尔多约（Setyo Wardoyo）任金光农业企业板块的农艺副总裁。

• On the academic side, professors recorded as belonging to the university in national thesis registers include Herman Waluyo and Andayani, both listed with the professorial rank supervising graduate research.师资方面，在全国学位论文登记中归属本校的教授包括赫尔曼·瓦卢约（Herman Waluyo）与阿南达雅尼（Andayani），二人均以教授职衔指导研究生科研。

• Graduates of the teacher training lineage, descended from the institute that merged on 11 March 1976, supply teaching staff to schools across Central Java, the occupational group most directly implied by the founding structure.源自 1976 年 3 月 11 日并入的师资培训学院的师范校友，为中爪哇各地学校提供师资，这是由创校结构可直接推知的最大从业群体。