Universidade de São Paulo

The University of São Paulo (Portuguese: Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public research university maintained by the State of São Paulo and the largest public university in Brazil, teaching, researching and extending knowledge in every field of science and the arts圣保罗大学（葡萄牙语：Universidade de São Paulo，简称 USP）是由圣保罗州政府开办的公立研究型大学，也是巴西规模最大的公立大学，在全部知识领域开展教学、研究与大学推广工作

Its historical main name in English-language encyclopaedias and citation databases is University of São Paulo, which denotes the very same institution as the Portuguese Universidade de São Paulo, the two forms being used interchangeably in the literature该校在英文文献与引文数据库中的历史主名为「University of São Paulo」，与葡萄牙语校名「Universidade de São Paulo」指向同一所学校，两种写法在文献中长期并用

History

• The university was founded on 25 January 1934 by Armando de Sales Oliveira, the federal intervenor of the state of São Paulo, by grouping together schools that already existed in the state圣保罗大学于1934年1月25日由圣保罗州联邦干预官阿曼多·德·萨莱斯·奥利维里亚创立，做法是把该州既有的若干学校合并组建
• Its oldest component is the Law School of São Paulo, founded on 11 August 1827, which by itself trained 53 ministers of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil学校历史最悠久的组成单位是1827年8月11日创办的圣保罗法学院，仅该学院一院就为巴西联邦最高法院输送了53位院长
• After the defeat of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, a group of São Paulo businessmen founded the Free School of Sociology and Politics in 1933 to train administrative elites for the state1932年立宪革命失败之后，圣保罗的一批实业家于1933年创办自由社会与政治学校，为州政府培养行政精英
• The nucleus of the new university was the School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, staffed at first by professors recruited from France, Italy, Spain, Germany and other European countries新大学的核心是哲学科学与文学学院，创建之初的师资来自法国、意大利、西班牙、德国等欧洲国家的教授
• The schools folded into USP were the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences of 1886, the Polytechnic School of 1893, the School of Pharmacy and Dentistry of 1898, the College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz of 1901, the School of Medicine of 1912 and the School of Veterinary Medicine of 1919并入圣保罗大学的建制包括1886年的天文地球物理与大气科学研究所、1893年的理工学院、1898年的药学与牙医学院、1901年的路易斯·德·克埃罗斯农学院、1912年的医学院以及1919年的兽医学院
• In the same year 1934 the state created its School of Physical Education, the first civil school of physical education in Brazil, which was later absorbed into the university同样在1934年，圣保罗州设立体育学校，这是巴西第一所公立体育学校，后来被并入大学建制
• In 1944 the School of Medicine opened Hospital das Clínicas, its public teaching hospital, and the School of Engineering of São Carlos was founded in that same year1944年医学院开办其公立教学医院临床医院，圣卡洛斯工程学院也在同一年成立
• A second medical school opened in the inland city of Ribeirão Preto in 1952, carrying the university from the coastal plateau into the interior of the state1952年，学校在州内陆城市里贝朗普雷图开办第二所医学院，把办学范围从沿海高原推进到州内腹地
• Through the 1960s the headquarters of several units were gradually transferred to the Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira, the university's main campus in the city of São Paulo1960年代，若干院系陆续把总部迁往位于圣保罗市的主校区阿曼多·德·萨莱斯·奥利维里亚大学城
• The Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo was founded in 1963 inside the Hospital das Clínicas, which belongs to the largest health complex in Latin America1963年，学校在临床医院内创立圣保罗大学心脏研究所，该医院群属于拉丁美洲规模最大的医疗综合体
• The School of Journalism, Communications and Arts was created in 1966, giving the university a permanent institutional home in media studies1966年设立新闻传播与艺术学院，学校由此在传播学领域获得常设的建制归属
• In 1969 old departments of the founding school were converted into autonomous institutes, among them the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, the Institute of Geosciences and the Institute of Biosciences1969年，初创学院的旧学系被改组为具有自治地位的单位，其中包括生物医学研究所、地球科学研究所与生物科学研究所
• During the military dictatorship of the 1970s and the early 1980s many professors at USP were persecuted, and some were tortured or forced to leave the country, which slowed scientific production in Brazil在20世纪70年代至80年代初的军事独裁时期，圣保罗大学大批教授遭迫害，部分人被施加酷刑或被迫离境，巴西的科研产出因此明显放缓
• The circle of leftist intellectuals centred on the university included Florestan Fernandes, Boris Fausto, Paul Singer, Antonio Candido and Gioconda Mussolini以这所大学为重心的左翼学者群体包括弗洛雷斯坦·费尔南德斯、博里斯·福斯托、保罗·辛格、安东尼奥·坎迪多与焦孔达·穆索里尼等人
• The gap left by that purge began to close with the amnesty campaign of the early 1980s, when several units publicly welcomed dismissed professors back, many of them rehired at a lower academic rank1980年代初的大赦运动使这次清洗造成的缺口开始弥合，多个院系公开迎接被解职教授返校，其中不少人以较低的职称重新任职
• In the 1990s USP consolidated its position as the main research centre of Brazil, producing more than a quarter of the papers that Brazilian researchers publish in high-quality journals and conferences1990年代，圣保罗大学巩固了巴西首要科研中心的地位，巴西研究者在高质量期刊与会议发表的论文中有四分之一以上出自该校
• It is one of four public universities kept by the State of São Paulo, together with the State University of Campinas, the State University of São Paulo and the São Paulo State Virtual University该校是圣保罗州政府开办的四所公立大学之一，另外三所为坎皮纳斯州立大学、圣保罗州立大学和圣保罗州虚拟大学
• In 2004 the university founded the Institute of International Relations, which studies global questions in a multidisciplinary setting shared by Brazilian and international students and professors2004年学校设立国际关系研究所，以多学科方式研究全球性问题，并把巴西与国际师生纳入同一框架
• In 2005 a new School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities was built in the east zone of the city of São Paulo, taking on courses that went beyond the traditional Brazilian university model2005年，学校在圣保罗市东区新建人文与科学艺术学院，承接了一批超出巴西传统大学模式的专业
• On 21 March 2006 the university approved the merger of the second School of Chemical Engineering at Lorena, with about 1600 students of whom some 1200 were undergraduates, and in 2007 it opened a second Law School in Ribeirão Preto2006年3月21日，学校批准洛雷纳第二所化工学院并入，该院共有约1600名学生，其中约1200名为本科生，2007年又在里贝朗普雷图设立第二所法学院

Academics

• The university offers 247 undergraduate programmes and 239 graduate programmes spanning all areas of study, from exact and natural sciences to medicine, law, economics and the arts学校提供247个本科专业与239个研究生专业，覆盖从数理科学到医学、法律、经济与艺术的全部学习领域
• Teaching and research is organised into 42 units, each responsible for one field of knowledge and each autonomous in its own curriculum design and teaching organisation教学与研究按42个建制单位组织，各单位各负责一个知识领域，并在课程设置与教学组织上享有自治
• The disciplinary spectrum runs across the exact and mathematical sciences, the biological and health sciences, the humanities, the social sciences and the applied and technological sciences学科门类横跨数理科学、生物与健康科学、人文科学、社会科学以及应用与技术科学
• USP operates five hospitals, among them the Hospital das Clínicas, the largest hospital complex in Latin America and the main teaching site of the Faculty of Medicine圣保罗大学办有五家医院，其中临床医院是拉丁美洲规模最大的医院综合体，也是医学院的主要教学与培训场所
• Among them are the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo, the Public Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School and the Craniofacial Anomalies Rehabilitation Hospital known as Centrinho其中包括圣保罗大学心脏研究所、里贝朗普雷图医学院公立医院以及以「Centrinho」著称的颅面畸形康复医院
• The academic career runs from teaching assistant, which requires a master's degree and enrolment in a doctoral programme, through full professor, the only rank allowed to hold a dean or rector position教师职称序列从教学助理起步，该职衔要求硕士学位并在读博士，经过副教授直至正教授，只有正教授可以担任院长或校长职务
• In 2012 the university counted about 93 thousand students at undergraduate and postgraduate level and roughly 5800 professors, offering 246 undergraduate courses and 229 postgraduate courses2012年，圣保罗大学的本科与研究生在读学生约9.3万人，教授约5800名，当时开设246个本科课程与229个研究生课程
• The current published figures for the institution give 97964 students, of whom 59084 are undergraduates and 29926 are postgraduates, with 5563 academic staff and 13591 administrative staff学校最新公布的统计口径为在校生97964人，其中本科生59084人、研究生29926人，另有学术人员5563人与行政人员13591人
• On research output the university contributes about half of all scientific production of the state of São Paulo and more than a quarter of the national output in high-quality venues在科研产出方面，学校贡献了圣保罗州全部科研产出的约一半，以及全国高质量期刊论文的四分之一以上
• A quarter of the Brazilian graduate programmes rated grade 6 or grade 7 by the federal postgraduate agency CAPES are hosted at USP, rising to 55 percent when only the São Paulo region is counted在联邦研究生学位全国教育评价与审定委员会评定的6级与7级研究生课程中，四分之一设在圣保罗大学，只统计圣保罗地区时该比例达到55%
• The named research platforms include the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, the Institute of Biosciences, the Institute of Geosciences, the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences and the Heart Institute校内的具名科研平台包括生物医学研究所、生物科学研究所、地球科学研究所、天文地球物理与大气科学研究所以及心脏研究所
• Medicine, law, engineering, veterinary medicine and agronomy form the historical core of its renown, and the university keeps the largest concentration of graduate students in the country医学、法学、工程学、兽医学与农学构成该校声望的历史核心，它同时拥有全国规模最大的研究生群体
• Admission to Brazilian students runs through the vestibular organised by FUVEST, the university admission foundation, and also through the national secondary school examination and the unified selection system巴西本土学生通过入学基金会组织的全国统一入学考试入学，也可经由全国高考与统一选拔系统录取
• In the 2012 vestibular 159603 candidates competed for 10982 places, and the second stage was a written examination specific to each chosen field, with all candidates also examined in Portuguese2012年的入学考试共有159603名考生争夺10982个名额，第二阶段为按专业分科的笔试，所有考生还须参加葡萄牙语加试
• Neither Brazilian nor foreign students pay tuition, because the funding comes from the state government, and in 2012 the university hosted more than 2300 exchange students学校对巴西本土学生与外国学生均不收取学费，办学经费来自州政府，2012年接待的交流学生超过2300人
• International mobility runs through the International Office of USP and networks such as Erasmus Mundus, the Association of Universities of Portuguese Language and the student mobility network for Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe国际交流由学校国际合作办公室牵头，参与 Erasmus Mundus 计划、葡萄牙语国家大学协会以及面向拉丁美洲加勒比与欧洲的学生流动网络

Campus

• The main campus is the Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira, with an area of 3.7 square kilometres, where most teaching and research units are concentrated主校区为阿曼多·德·萨莱斯·奥利维里亚大学城，占地3.7平方千米，学校的主要教学科研单位集中于此
• The university has eleven campuses, four of them in the city of São Paulo and the others in Bauru, Lorena, Piracicaba, Pirassununga, Ribeirão Preto and São Sebastião, with two sites in São Carlos学校共有十一个校区，其中四个位于圣保罗市，其余分布在包鲁、洛雷纳、皮拉西卡巴、皮拉松恩加、里贝朗普雷图、圣塞巴斯蒂安以及圣卡洛斯的两处
• Adding every campus together, the university occupies about 78 square kilometres of land spread over a single Brazilian state各校区合计占地约78平方千米，全部集中在一个巴西州内
• The concentration on the university city was carried out gradually through the 1960s, when unit headquarters moved out of scattered downtown premises into a single district in the city of São Paulo向大学城的集中是在1960年代逐步完成的，各单位总部从分散在市中心的校舍迁入圣保罗市内的同一片区域
• Among the named buildings is the Hospital das Clínicas, opened in 1944 by the School of Medicine as the clinical and teaching core of the medical school具名建筑中包括1944年由医学院开办的临床医院，它是医学院的临床与教学核心
• On the central campus stand the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Zoology and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, most of the university's twenty-four museums and galleries主校区上坐落着当代艺术博物馆、动物学博物馆与考古民族学博物馆，它们属于校方二十四座博物馆与展馆中的多数
• The Museu Paulista, the historical museum of the city of São Paulo, and the Francisco Schmidt Coffee Museum on the Ribeirão Preto campus complete the museum network圣保罗市历史博物馆帕保罗斯塔博物馆与里贝朗普雷图校区的弗朗西斯科·施密特咖啡博物馆，共同构成学校的博物馆网络
• The library system counts 42 libraries run by the integrated library system SIB, which also operates the Dedalus online catalogue and the integrated research access to subscribed databases图书系统共有42座图书馆，由一体化图书系统管理，该系统同时运行 Dedalus 在线目录以及面向订购数据库的集成研究访问
• The main campus sits at coordinates 23.55 degrees south and 46.64 degrees west, embedded in the dense western districts of the city of São Paulo rather than on a remote suburban site主校区中心坐标为南纬23.55度、西经46.64度，坐落在圣保罗市西部人口密集的城区之内，并非偏远的郊外校园

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the university is placed 133rd in the world, with an overall score of 62.7 out of 100在2027年 QS 世界大学排名中，学校位列世界第133位，综合得分62.7分
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it 141st, while the U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026 and 2027 ranks it 72nd2027年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列为第141位，而2026至2027年版美国新闻与世界报道最佳全球大学排名将其列为第72位
• In the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2022 it stands in the 101 to 150 band, in the 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking it is 12th, and in the 2023 CWUR ranking 109th在2022年的世界大学学术排名中位于101至150名区间，2023年莱顿排名为第12位，2023年世界大学排名为第109位
• The 2024 QS edition ranked the university 85th in the world and first in Latin America, a position the institution had held consistently through the previous decade2024年版 QS 排名将学校列为世界第85位与拉丁美洲第1位，这一位置在此前十年中一直保持
• In research terms the OpenAlex database attributes 579908 works to the university, cited 27345851 times, and the school alone supplies over a quarter of Brazilian papers in high-quality venues在科研层面，OpenAlex 数据库为该校收录579908篇成果，被引27345851次，仅该校一家就贡献了巴西高质量期刊论文的四分之一以上
• Its alumni include thirteen former presidents of Brazil, among them the sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who governed the country from January 1995 to December 2002该校校友中有十三位巴西前总统，其中包括社会学家费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐，他于1995年1月至2002年12月担任巴西总统
• The public record of the university shows no Nobel laureate among its staff, so the customary measure of its standing is instead the CAPES grade of its graduate programmes and its share of national scientific output公开资料显示该校教职人员中尚无诺贝尔奖得主，因此衡量其学术高度的常用指标是研究生课程的联邦评价等级与在全国科研产出中的份额
• Its graduates also reach the National Congress and lead Brazilian companies, and the university ranks first in the world for the number of doctorates awarded, a position recorded in the 2011 academic ranking毕业生中还活跃于巴西国会并领导着巴西企业，学校在博士学位授予数量上位列世界第一，这一位置见于2011年度学术排名

Student life

• The motto of the university is the Latin phrase Scientia Vinces, conventionally translated as through knowledge you will conquer, and it is inscribed on the coat of arms学校校训是拉丁文「Scientia Vinces」，通常释为「以知识征服」，这句话题写在校徽之上
• Student life is organised around courses and research rather than around a residential college system, and the published description of the university contains no faculty or house system for undergraduates学生的校园生活以课程与科研为中心组织，学校的公开介绍中并未记载面向本科生的住宿学院或书院体系
• Because the university is publicly funded, the daily life of its ninety thousand students revolves around the vestibular calendar, the competitive entry to each course and the long laboratory hours of the science campuses由于学校经费来自公共财政，近九万名学生的日常生活围绕入学考试日程、各专业的竞争性录取以及科学园区的长时间实验室工作展开
• Cultural life on the campuses is unusually rich for a public university, with twenty-four museums and galleries drawing about half a million visitors a year, two theatres, a cinema, a television channel and a symphony orchestra校内的文化生活在公立大学中格外丰富，二十四座博物馆与展馆每年接待约五十万人次，另有两座剧院、一家电影院、一个电视频道与一支交响乐团
• Political debate has long been part of student life, and during the dictatorship the university acted as one of the main centres of the opposition in Brazil, gathering leftist intellectuals such as Florestan Fernandes and Paul Singer政治辩论长期以来就是学生生活的一部分，独裁时期这所大学曾是巴西反对派的主要中心之一，聚集了弗洛雷斯坦·费尔南德斯与保罗·辛格等左翼知识分子
• A large share of the student body comes from outside the state of São Paulo, and in 2012 roughly one third of the international students enrolled in humanities and social sciences with another third in engineering相当比例的学生来自圣保罗州以外，2012年的国际学生中约三分之一就读人文与社会科学专业，另有三分之一就读工程类专业
• A library named after the sociologist Florestan Fernandes stands at the Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, and the integrated catalogue of the library system gives simultaneous access to the holdings of all forty-two libraries以社会学家弗洛雷斯坦·费尔南德斯命名的人文图书馆设在人文学、语言与人类科学学院，图书系统的联合目录可让读者同时检索全部四十二座图书馆的馆藏

Notable people

• Armando de Sales Oliveira, intervenor of the state of São Paulo in 1934, founded the university by decree and shaped its federative model of autonomous teaching units阿曼多·德·萨莱斯·奥利维里亚是1934年圣保罗州的联邦干预官，他以法令创办圣保罗大学，并塑造了以教学单位自治为特征的联邦式办学模式
• The Viscount of São Leopoldo is remembered as the precursor of the Law School of 1827, the oldest body that later became part of the university圣保罗子爵是1827年圣保罗法学院的先驱人物，该学院后来成为圣保罗大学历史最悠久的组成单位
• Gleb Vassielievich Wataghin, a Russian-born physicist, joined the founding faculty and built the first school of physics at the university出生于俄罗斯的物理学家格列布·瓦西耶列维奇·瓦塔金加入了创校师资队伍，建立了学校第一个物理学派
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, the French anthropologist, worked as a professor at USP in the 1930s and 1940s, and he was one of the European scholars who set the methodological tone of the founding generation法国人类学家克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯在1930年代至1940年代任教于圣保罗大学，是奠定创校一代治学风格的多位欧洲学者之一
• David Bohm, the American physicist, held a chair at USP after leaving Europe, and Alexander Grothendieck, the German mathematician, also spent a formative period of his career in São Paulo美国物理学家大卫·玻姆在欧洲之后于圣保罗大学任教，德国数学家亚历山大·格罗滕迪克也在圣保罗度过了其职业生涯的形成期
• Herbert Baldus, a German botanist and ethnobotanist, and Vilém Flusser, a Czech-born philosopher, both joined the faculty recruited from Europe in the first decades of the university德国植物学家与民族植物学家赫伯特·巴尔杜斯，以及出生于捷克的哲学家维莱姆·弗卢瑟，都在大学创办最初数十年由欧洲引入的师资队伍中
• Florestan Fernandes taught sociology at the university for decades, became its most prominent intellectual during the political reopening after 1978 and was persecuted during the dictatorship弗洛雷斯坦·费尔南德斯在学校讲授社会学数十年，1978年政治解冻后成为校内最突出的知识分子，独裁时期曾遭迫害
• Roger Bastide, the French sociologist, taught at USP and wrote on Brazilian popular religion, linking the French sociological tradition to field research in São Paulo法国社会学家罗歇·巴斯蒂德曾在校任教，研究巴西民间宗教，把法国社会学传统与圣保罗的田野调查结合起来
• Among the thirteen Brazilian presidents who studied at the university, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was trained as a sociologist and governed the country between January 1995 and December 2002在十三位毕业于该校的巴西总统中，费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐受过社会学训练，他于1995年1月至2002年12月主持巴西政府
• Jânio Quadros, a lawyer by training and a graduate of the same school, also reached the presidency, so the Law School counts many of the country's senior office holders among its alumni同校毕业的律师雅尼奥·奎德罗斯也出任过总统，因此法学院在校友中集中了巴西相当多的高级政务职者