Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

The University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala) is the country's national university, based in Guatemala City and founded in 1676, which makes it one of the oldest universities in the Americas, and its students and alumni are known as sancarlistas.危地马拉圣卡洛斯大学（Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala，USAC）是危地马拉的国立大学，校址在危地马拉城，创办于 1676 年，是美洲历史最悠久的大学之一。

It is the only public university in Guatemala and is unrelated to the University of San Carlos in Cebu, Philippines, a private institution of the same name.它是危地马拉唯一的公立大学，与菲律宾宿务的同名私立学府圣卡洛斯大学并无关联。

USAC teaches about 200,000 students through ten faculties, ten schools and nineteen regional centres, and QS placed it in the 1401+ band of its World University Rankings 2027.该校通过 10 个学部、10 个学院与 19 个地区中心培养约 20 万名学生，QS 在 2027 年世界大学排名中把它列入 1401+ 并列区间。

History

• On 31 January 1676 Charles II issued a royal cedula authorising the capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala, then Santiago de los Caballeros, to found a royal university or Estudio General, the third such institution in Spanish America, after decades of petitions from the city and the cathedral chapter.1676 年 1 月 31 日，卡洛斯二世颁布王室敕令，授权危地马拉王国当时位于圣地亚哥-德洛斯卡巴耶罗斯的首都创办一所皇家大学，即“总学馆”，这是西属美洲第三所此类学府。
• Teaching began on 7 January 1681 with five of the nine chairs and more than sixty students, under rector José de Baños y Soto Mayor, using statutes drafted by Francisco Saraza y Arce and copied from Mexico, which had adapted them from Salamanca.1681 年 1 月 7 日，学校在校长何塞·德·巴尼奥斯·伊·索托·马约尔主持下开课，先设九个教席中的五个，注册学生六十余人，章程照搬墨西哥大学并改编自萨拉曼卡大学。
• On 18 June 1687 Innocent XI issued the bull that gave the Real Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo papal approval, ten years after the royal foundation and six years after teaching had started, confirming its right to grant bachelor, licentiate, doctor and master degrees across the faculties.1687 年 6 月 18 日，英诺森十一世颁布教谕，授予圣卡洛斯·博罗梅奥皇家大学宗座认可，此时距王室建校十年、开课六年。
• After the Santa Marta earthquakes of 1773 destroyed the capital, the university authorities opposed the move to a new city because its buildings and assets lay in the old capital, and teaching continued there while the new city was laid out.1773 年圣玛尔塔地震摧毁首都后，校方反对迁往新城，因为大学的建筑与财产都在旧都。
• The university building and the Tridentine college designed by Juan González Batres suffered only repairable damage, but the institution followed the capital to the new Guatemala City in the following decades.由胡安·冈萨雷斯·巴特雷斯设计的大学楼与特利腾学院仅受可修复的损坏，但学校在此后数十年间仍随首都迁往新的危地马拉城。
• In 1803 rector José Simeón Cañas told Captain General Antonio Mollinedo that the university lacked resources in the new city, and its building was still unfinished when independence came in September 1821.1803 年，校长何塞·西梅翁·卡尼亚斯向都统安东尼奥·莫利内多陈情，称学校在新城缺乏资源，校舍直到 1821 年 9 月独立时仍未完工。
• After independence the institution was renamed the Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo and entered a precarious period marked by unfinished buildings and unstable Central American politics.独立后，学校改称圣卡洛斯·博罗梅奥宗座大学，进入校舍未竟、中美洲政局动荡的艰难时期。
• In 1825 Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol was elected rector and kept religious education at the centre of the curriculum until the liberal victory of 1829 suspended the university.1825 年，胡安·何塞·德·艾西内纳·伊·皮尼奥尔当选校长，继续把宗教教育置于课程核心，直至 1829 年自由派获胜、学校停办。
• In 1834 Mariano Gálvez created the Academy of Sciences as the university's successor, removing religious teaching and introducing algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics and surveying degrees.1834 年，马里亚诺·加尔韦斯创建科学院作为大学的继承机构，取消宗教教育，开设代数、几何、三角、物理课程并授予测量师资格。
• The Academy of Sciences operated until 1840, when the conservative victory under Rafael Carrera restored the theological university as the Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo, again with Aycinena as rector, restoring the chairs of theology and canon law to the regular orders.科学院运作至 1840 年，拉斐尔·卡雷拉领导保守派获胜后恢复神学大学，仍称圣卡洛斯·博罗梅奥宗座大学，艾西内纳再次出任校长。
• The Concordat of 1854 ratified church control of Guatemalan education and was planned by Aycinena, then both government minister and university rector.1854 年《政教协定》确认教会对危地马拉教育的控制，该协定由时任政府部长兼大学校长的艾西内纳筹划。
• After the Liberal Revolution of 1871, the state founded the Polytechnic School in 1873, and in July 1875 Justo Rufino Barrios abolished the pontifical university and created the National University of Guatemala.1871 年自由派革命后，政府于 1873 年创办理工学院，1875 年 7 月胡斯托·鲁菲诺·巴里奥斯废除宗座大学，创建危地马拉国立大学。
• The National University opened with faculties of jurisprudence and social sciences and of medicine and pharmacy, and in 1879 added engineering, philosophy and literature.国立大学初设法学与社会科学学部以及医学与药学学部，1879 年增设工程、哲学与文学学部。
• Decree 193 of 21 March 1893 made faculty boards and professors appointments of the executive, ending the election of faculty authorities and competitive chairs.1893 年 3 月 21 日的第 193 号法令规定学部委员会与教授由行政部门任命，终止了学部当局选举与教席竞聘。
• In 1918 a legislative decree created the University of Guatemala, renamed University Estrada Cabrera, which was dissolved in 1920 after the president's fall.1918 年的一项立法法令创建危地马拉大学，随后改称埃斯特拉达·卡夫雷拉大学，1920 年总统倒台后即被解散。
• The government of Carlos Herrera returned limited autonomy to the faculties in 1920, and student associations such as El Derecho and the University Students Association revived.卡洛斯·埃雷拉政府于 1920 年把有限自治权归还各学部，“法律”与大学生协会等学生组织随之复兴。
• After the October Revolution of 1944, Decree 12 of 11 November 1944 granted full autonomy and the name University of San Carlos of Guatemala, and the Faculty of Humanities followed on 17 September 1945, making the university the rector of higher education with a mandate to study national problems and the right to elect its own authorities.1944 年十月革命后，1944 年 11 月 11 日的第 12 号法令授予完全自治并定名危地马拉圣卡洛斯大学，人文学院随后于 1945 年 9 月 17 日成立。
• The 1954 counter-revolution and the 1956 Constitution reshaped the university's relationship with the state, while the 1966 law on private universities ended its monopoly on higher education.1954 年反革命与 1956 年宪法重塑了大学与国家的关系，1966 年的私立大学法则结束了它对高等教育的垄断。
• In 1978 the student leader Oliverio Castañeda de León was assassinated after transport protests, and rector Saúl Osorio Paz governed from hiding for nearly two years under threat.1978 年，学生领袖奥利韦里奥·卡斯塔涅达·德莱昂在交通票价抗议后遇刺，校长萨乌尔·奥索里奥·帕斯在威胁下隐匿办公近两年。
• On 31 January 1980 the Spanish embassy was burned during a peasant occupation, and on 14 July 1980 security forces killed eight engineering students at the campus entrance, victims now commemorated in the Plaza de los Héroes y Mártires, after three days of mourning and a shutdown of academic activities.1980 年 1 月 31 日，西班牙大使馆在农民占领期间遭纵火，同年 7 月 14 日安全部队在校园入口杀害八名工程学院学生，遇难者今在“英雄与烈士广场”受到纪念。
• The 1985 Constitution restored the university's five per cent share of the national budget and its role in proposing candidates for judicial office, anchoring the autonomy won in 1944, although successive governments have paid the share late or incompletely.1985 年宪法恢复了大学占国民预算 5% 的份额及其推荐司法人选的角色，巩固了 1944 年赢得的自治。

Academics

• USAC is organised into 40 academic units, ten faculties, ten schools, nineteen regional university centres and one technical institute, spread across Guatemala's departments, with each faculty awarding the professional degrees that qualify graduates for practice.圣卡洛斯大学由 40 个学术单位组成，包括 10 个学部、10 个学院、19 个地区大学中心与 1 所技术学院，分布在全国各省。
• The ten faculties cover engineering, medical sciences, chemical sciences and pharmacy, law and social sciences, economics, humanities, architecture, agronomy, veterinary medicine and dentistry.十个学部分别为工程、医学、化学与药学、法律与社会科学、经济、人文、建筑、农学、兽医与牙科。
• The Law School and the Medical School are the historical core of the institution, and both trace their chairs to the seventeenth-century royal university.法学院与医学院是该校的历史核心，两者的教席都可追溯至十七世纪的皇家大学。
• The Engineering School offers civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical and industrial programmes, and its graduates staff much of the country's infrastructure and energy sector.工程学院开设土木、机械、电气、化学与工业工程专业，其毕业生构成危地马拉基础设施与能源部门的重要人力。
• The Faculty of Medical Sciences trains physicians, surgeons and specialists in the public hospital system of Guatemala City, and its health programmes also include nursing and nutrition.医学部在危地马拉城公立医院体系内培养医生、外科医生与专科医师，其健康类项目还包括护理与营养。
• Economics and business are taught through degrees in economics, business administration, accounting and public auditing, with a long record of service to the Guatemalan state.经济与商科教学通过经济学、工商管理、会计与公共审计等学位展开，长期为危地马拉国家机构输送人才。
• The Faculty of Humanities, created in 1945, teaches philosophy, history, literature, psychology and educational sciences, and houses the History School.1945 年成立的人文部教授哲学、历史、文学、心理学与教育科学，并下设历史学院。
• Agronomy and veterinary medicine have their own campus facilities and farms, and the veterinary faculty, created in 1957, added a zootechnics school in 1969.农学与兽医拥有各自的校园设施与农场，1957 年成立的兽医部又于 1969 年增设动物饲养学院。
• Dentistry and pharmacy complete the health cluster, with the dental school operating patient clinics and the pharmacy school teaching pharmaceutical chemistry.牙科与药学构成健康学科群的其他部分，牙科学院开设面向患者的门诊，药学院教授药物化学。
• The Faculty of Architecture trains architects, urban planners and designers, and its programmes engage with the seismic and tropical conditions of Central America.建筑学部培养建筑师、城市规划师与设计师，其课程回应中美洲的地震与热带条件。
• Nineteen regional centres bring university teaching to every department of Guatemala, from Cobán and Quetzaltenango to Petén and the Atlantic coast.十九个地区中心把大学教学带到危地马拉各省，从科万、克萨尔特南戈到佩滕与加勒比海岸。
• The Centro Universitario Metropolitano houses medicine and psychology teaching in Guatemala City, relieving pressure on the main Ciudad Universitaria campus.大都会大学中心在危地马拉城承担医学与心理学教学，缓解主校区大学城的压力。
• Governance is shared among professors, students and professional associations through the Superior University Council, a model established by the 1944 autonomy decree.学校通过最高大学理事会由教师、学生与专业协会共同治理，这一模式源自 1944 年的自治法令。
• With about 200,174 students reported in its QS profile, USAC is by far the largest university in Guatemala and one of the largest in Central America.据其 QS 资料所列的 200174 名学生，圣卡洛斯大学是危地马拉规模最大的大学，也是中美洲规模最大的大学之一。
• The Central Library and a network of faculty libraries serve the Ciudad Universitaria, while regional centres maintain their own collections.中央图书馆与各学部图书馆网络服务大学城，地区中心也各自保有馆藏。
• The University Museum preserves the institution's colonial and republican heritage, including documents, scientific instruments and art from three centuries.大学博物馆保存该校从殖民时期到共和时期的遗产，包括三个世纪以来的文献、科学仪器与艺术品。
• Research units work on agriculture, veterinary science, engineering, urban and regional studies, economic history and public health, often in partnership with international agencies.研究单位围绕农业、兽医、工程、城市与区域研究、经济史与公共卫生开展工作，常与国际机构合作。
• Extension programmes and continuing education carry university expertise into municipalities, schools and cooperatives, a mission written into the 1944 autonomy framework.推广项目与继续教育把大学专业知识带入市镇、学校与合作社，这一使命写入 1944 年的自治框架。

Campus

• The main campus, Ciudad Universitaria, occupies a large site in Zone 12 of Guatemala City, beside the Anillo Periférico, and concentrates the rectorate, most faculties and the central services in a self-contained district with its own roads, bus stops and security gates.主校区“大学城”位于危地马拉城第 12 区，紧邻环城公路，占地广阔，集中了校部、大多数学部与中央服务设施。
• The campus includes the Aula Magna, the Central Library, the University Museum, the Botanical Garden and the Revolución stadium, which hosts university and national sporting events.校园内有礼堂、中央图书馆、大学博物馆、植物园与革命体育场，后者承办大学与全国性体育赛事。
• The Plaza de los Héroes y Mártires, at the heart of the campus, commemorates students and staff killed during the armed conflict and is the site of annual memorial acts.校园中心的“英雄与烈士广场”纪念武装冲突期间遇害的师生，是每年纪念活动的场所。
• The Centro Universitario Metropolitano, in another zone of the capital, concentrates medical and psychology teaching and clinical practice.大都会大学中心位于首都另一城区，集中医学与心理学教学及临床实践。
• Regional university centres operate in all of Guatemala's departments, from the highlands of Quiché and Huehuetenango to the Caribbean port of Puerto Barrios.地区大学中心遍布危地马拉各省，从基切与韦韦特南戈的高地到加勒比港口巴里奥斯港。
• The colonial-era university building in Antigua Guatemala, the original seat, survives as a monument to the institution's first century and a half.安提瓜危地马拉的殖民时期校舍是学校最初的所在地，保存至今，见证了其最初一个半世纪的历史。
• The Botanical Garden supports teaching and research in agronomy, forestry and Guatemalan flora, and is open to visitors.植物园支持农学、林业与危地马拉植物区系的教学研究，并向公众开放。
• The Revolución stadium and campus sports fields host football, athletics and student leagues, while the Aula Magna serves ceremonies and concerts.革命体育场与校园运动场承办足球、田径与学生联赛，礼堂则用于典礼与音乐会。
• Regional centres range from small teaching sites to substantial campuses with laboratories, libraries and farms, reflecting the university's national reach.地区中心规模不一，从小型教学点到配有实验室、图书馆与农场的较大校园，体现大学的全国覆盖。

Reputation

• QS World University Rankings 2027 places USAC in the 1401+ band, the shared final bracket for universities outside the numbered positions, rather than a specific numerical place.2027 年QS世界大学排名把该校列入 1401+ 并列区间，这是编号名次之外高校共享的末段区间。
• In the QS Latin America University Rankings 2027 the university is placed 121st, the highest position for a Guatemalan institution.在 2027 年QS拉丁美洲大学排名中，该校位列第 121 位，是危地马拉高校的最高位次。
• USAC does not appear in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities or the U.S. News global list.该校未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名、2026 年软科世界大学学术排名，也未收录于《美国新闻与世界报道》全球榜单。
• As Guatemala's only national university, it carries a symbolic weight beyond rankings, having trained most of the country's lawyers, physicians, engineers and public officials.作为危地马拉唯一的国立大学，其象征意义超出排名，该国大多数律师、医生、工程师与公职人员都出自该校。
• Its medical and law faculties are the traditional route to professional practice in Guatemala, and its graduates dominate the public hospital and court systems.其医学与法学部是危地马拉进入专业执业领域的传统通道，毕业生主导着公立医院与法院系统。
• The university's historical role in the 1944 revolution, the 1980 embassy crisis and the defence of autonomy gives it a political prominence unusual among Latin American universities.该校在 1944 年革命、1980 年大使馆危机与捍卫自治中的历史角色，使其在拉美大学中拥有罕见的政治分量。
• Research output is concentrated in agriculture, veterinary medicine, public health, engineering and social sciences, with regional centres addressing local development needs.科研产出集中在农业、兽医、公共卫生、工程与社会科学，地区中心则回应地方发展需求。
• The Faculty of Humanities and the History School have shaped Guatemalan historiography, including the work of Severo Martínez Peláez on colonial society.人文部与历史学院塑造了危地马拉的史学传统，包括塞韦罗·马丁内斯·佩拉埃斯关于殖民社会的研究。
• Its alumni include a Nobel laureate in literature, presidents, judges and leaders of the 1944 and 1980s movements, giving the university a central place in national memory.其校友包括诺贝尔文学奖得主、总统、法官以及 1944 年与 1980 年代运动的领袖，使该校在国家记忆中占据中心位置。
• Within Central America, USAC is one of the oldest and largest public universities, though it competes with private institutions that expanded after the 1966 law.在中美洲范围内，该校是历史最久、规模最大的公立大学之一，但也面临 1966 年立法后扩张的私立院校竞争。

Student life

• The Huelga de Dolores, a satirical student festival held during Lent, is the university's best-known tradition and was banned by dictator Jorge Ubico in 1932, and its satirical newspaper No Nos Tientes still lampoons political figures each year.四旬期举行的讽刺性学生节“痛苦罢工”是该校最著名的传统，1932 年曾被独裁者豪尔赫·乌维科禁止。
• The University Students Association (AEU) has been the main student voice since the early twentieth century and led protests over transport fares in 1978.大学生协会（AEU）自二十世纪初起就是学生主要代言机构，并于 1978 年领导了反对交通票价的抗议。
• Student life is marked by the memory of the armed conflict, with the Plaza de los Héroes y Mártires hosting commemorations for the eight students killed in 1980.学生生活带有武装冲突的记忆，“英雄与烈士广场”每年纪念 1980 年遇害的八名学生。
• Autonomy is celebrated as a founding value, and students participate in the election of university authorities through the Superior University Council.自治被视为建校价值，学生通过最高大学理事会参与大学当局的选举。
• Saint Charles Borromeo, patron of the university, is honoured around his feast on 4 November, while the foundation is remembered every 31 January.大学主保圣卡洛斯·博罗梅奥的瞻礼在 11 月 4 日前后庆祝，建校纪念日则为每年 1 月 31 日。
• The Revolución stadium and campus courts support football, basketball and athletics, and university teams compete in national student championships.革命体育场与校园球场支持足球、篮球与田径，校队参加全国大学生锦标赛。
• The University Museum, the Botanical Garden and the Aula Magna offer concerts, exhibitions and public lectures that mix academic and popular culture.大学博物馆、植物园与礼堂举办音乐会、展览与公开讲座，兼融学术与大众文化。
• Regional centres reproduce campus life in the departments, with their own student associations, cultural weeks and graduation ceremonies.地区中心在各省复制校园生活，拥有自己的学生组织、文化周与毕业典礼。
• Guatemala City's transport, markets and public hospitals surround the campus, and students often combine study with work in the informal and public sectors.危地马拉城的交通、市场与公立医院环绕校园，许多学生一边学习一边在非正规部门与公共部门工作。

Notable people

• Charles II of Spain signed the 1676 royal cedula that founded the university, acting on petitions that had circulated for decades.西班牙国王卡洛斯二世签署了 1676 年建校王室敕令，回应了此前数十年的多方请愿。
• Francisco Marroquín, bishop of Guatemala, left a bequest that created the Colegio de Santo Tomás, later seen as a forerunner of the university, although his will never mentioned a university.危地马拉主教弗朗西斯科·马罗金遗赠创建圣托马斯学院，后世视其为大学的先声，尽管其遗嘱从未提及大学。
• José de Baños y Soto Mayor, archdeacon of the cathedral and doctor of Osuna, served as the first rector when teaching began in 1681.何塞·德·巴尼奥斯·伊·索托·马约尔曾任大教堂副主教与奥苏纳大学博士，1681 年开课时出任首任校长。
• Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol was rector in 1825 and again after 1840, and as a minister shaped the 1854 Concordat that gave the church control of education.胡安·何塞·德·艾西内纳·伊·皮尼奥尔于 1825 年及 1840 年后两度任校长，并以部长身份促成 1854 年《政教协定》，使教会掌控教育。
• Mariano Gálvez, head of state of Guatemala, replaced the suspended university with the secular Academy of Sciences in 1834 and introduced modern mathematics and physics.危地马拉国家元首马里亚诺·加尔韦斯于 1834 年以世俗的科学院取代停办的大学，并引入现代数学与物理。
• Rafael Carrera, the conservative caudillo, restored the pontifical university in 1840 and made it a pillar of his alliance with the Catholic Church.保守派领袖拉斐尔·卡雷拉于 1840 年恢复宗座大学，使其成为与天主教会联盟的支柱。
• Justo Rufino Barrios abolished the pontifical university in 1875 and created the secular National University of Guatemala as part of the Liberal reform.胡斯托·鲁菲诺·巴里奥斯于 1875 年废除宗座大学，创建世俗的危地马拉国立大学，作为自由派改革的一部分。
• Miguel Ángel Asturias, the Nobel Prize in Literature laureate of 1967, studied law at USAC and drew on Guatemalan indigenous and political life in his novels.1967 年诺贝尔文学奖得主米格尔·安赫尔·阿斯图里亚斯曾在圣卡洛斯大学攻读法律，其小说取材于危地马拉原住民与政治生活。
• Severo Martínez Peláez, historian and professor at USAC, wrote La patria del criollo in 1970, a landmark study of colonial Guatemala.塞韦罗·马丁内斯·佩拉埃斯是该校历史学家与教授，1970 年出版《克里奥约人的祖国》，成为危地马拉殖民史研究的里程碑。
• Oliverio Castañeda de León, general secretary of the University Students Association, was assassinated in 1978 and became a symbol of student resistance.奥利韦里奥·卡斯塔涅达·德莱昂是大学生协会总书记，1978 年遇刺，成为学生抵抗的象征。
• Walter Mazariegos Biolis has served as rector since July 2022, leading the university through budget disputes and the expansion of regional centres.沃尔特·马萨列戈斯·比奥利斯自 2022 年 7 月起任校长，带领学校应对预算争议并扩展地区中心。