Tishk International University

Tishk International University (TIU), known until 2019 as Ishik University, is a private English-medium university in Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.蒂什克国际大学（Tishk International University，简称 TIU）在 2019 年以前名为伊什克大学，是伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区首府埃尔比勒的一所私立英语授课大学。

It was founded in 2008 by local and international investors and educators, began teaching with 160 students in an English preparatory programme, and was renamed Tishk International University in 2019.该校于 2008 年由本地及国际投资者与教育人士创办，最初只有 160 名英语预科学生，2019 年更名为蒂什克国际大学。

It now offers more than 26 bachelor programmes in dentistry, pharmacy, health sciences, engineering, science, business, law and education, and sits in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校现开设牙医、药学、健康科学、工程、理学、商科、法律与教育等 26 个以上本科专业，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中处于 1201-1400 区间。

History

• Higher education in the Kurdistan Region was long dominated by the public universities of Salahaddin in Erbil, Duhok and Sulaimani, and private institutions were licensed only after 2003.库尔德斯坦地区的高等教育长期由埃尔比勒的萨拉赫丁大学、杜胡克大学与苏莱曼尼亚大学等公立院校主导，私立院校直到 2003 年以后才获准设立。
• Tishk was founded in 2008 as Ishik University, with a ceremony attended by the then prime minister of the Kurdistan Regional Government, Nechirvan Barzani, together with parliamentarians from the region and from Turkey.该校于 2008 年以伊什克大学之名创立，创校典礼有时任库尔德斯坦地区政府总理内奇尔万·巴尔扎尼以及本地与土耳其的议员出席。
• It was set up by a group of local and international investors and educators rather than by a state or a religious foundation, a model common among the region's private universities.该校由一批本地与国际投资者及教育人士共同创办，而非由国家或宗教基金会设立，这也是该地区私立大学的常见模式。
• The university grew out of an educational foundation established in 1994 that ran the Ishik School in Erbil, and in 2007 that foundation proposed a private university for the Kurdistan Region, with Ishik opening the following year.该校源自 1994 年成立并在埃尔比勒开办伊什克学校的教育基金会，2007 年该基金会提出在库尔德斯坦地区创办私立大学，翌年伊什克大学开学。
• Teaching began in 2008-2009 with 160 students in the English preparatory programme alone, on the Brayaty campus on the 60-metre road, before any degree course was offered.2008—2009 学年，学校在 60 米路旁的布拉亚特校区只开设英语预科，共有 160 名学生，尚未开设任何学位课程。
• In 2009-2010 students were admitted to five bachelor's programmes and eight English preparatory streams, and an unused part of an industrial school was converted into the Faculty of Education.2009—2010 学年，学校在五个本科专业与八个英语预科方向招生，并把一所工业学校闲置的区域改造成教育学院。
• That converted building served as the university's campus for about three years, until 2010-2011, when nine bachelor programmes moved to a new site on the 100-metre road.这处改建校舍作为校区使用了约三年，到 2010—2011 学年，九个本科专业迁往 100 米路旁的新校区。
• The preparatory school followed a year later, and two buildings came into service there: the main building and the building of the Faculty of Dentistry.预科学校在一年后也随之迁入，新校区启用两栋建筑：主楼与牙医学院楼。
• Between 2011 and 2013 the university became a registered TOEFL centre and a provider of continuing education, extending its work beyond degree teaching.2011 至 2013 年间，学校成为注册托福考试中心并提供继续教育，其业务超出学位教学范围。
• An International Relations Office was established in 2013 to manage exchange and partnership agreements, and 22 students had used its exchange programmes by the end of the decade.国际关系办公室于 2013 年设立，负责交流与合作协议；到该十年末，已有 22 名学生通过其交流项目出国学习。
• Student exchange with Turkish and European universities began in 2014-2015 with sixteen students, the first step in a mobility programme that later extended to more countries and to staff as well as students.2014—2015 学年，学校与土耳其及欧洲高校启动学生交换，首批派出 16 名学生，这一流动项目此后扩展到更多国家，并从学生延伸至教师。
• The 2014-2015 academic year was a turning point: a new Faculty of Education building was completed, a branch campus opened in Sulaimani, and a research centre and engineering consultation bureau were created.2014—2015 学年成为转折点：教育学院新楼落成，苏莱曼尼亚分校开办，同时设立研究中心与工程咨询所。
• By 2014-2015 the institution had reached six faculties and fifteen departments and had graduated students from every faculty, a scale achieved within six years of its first intake of 160 preparatory students.到 2014—2015 学年，学校已发展为 6 个学院、15 个系，且各学院均有毕业生，此时距首批 160 名预科生入学仅六年。
• The university was certified to ISO 9001:2008 on 4 June 2015, after two years of preparing procedures and documentation for external audit.经过两年准备程序文件并接受外部审核，学校于 2015 年 6 月 4 日获得 ISO 9001:2008 认证。
• In the same period it signed memoranda with more than 40 universities in about 20 countries, began a double-diploma arrangement with North American University in Houston and joined the Global Engineering Deans Council.同一时期，学校与约 20 个国家的 40 多所大学签署备忘录，与休斯敦的北美大学开展双学位项目，并加入全球工学院院长理事会。
• Membership of the Association of Arab Universities followed, giving the institution a formal place in a network that stretches from Morocco to Iraq.随后学校加入阿拉伯大学协会，在这一从摩洛哥延伸至伊拉克的网络中获得正式席位。
• In 2015-2016 the civil engineering programme began the process of international accreditation with ZeVA, a German agency belonging to the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education.2015—2016 学年，土木工程专业启动国际认证程序，认证机构为德国 ZeVA——欧洲高等教育质量保障协会的成员。
• The civil engineering programme received unconditional accreditation from ZeVA in 2016-2017, the same year that surveying and geomatics, petroleum and mining, and mechatronics engineering were added.土木工程专业于 2016—2017 学年获得 ZeVA 无条件认证；同年学校新增测绘与地理信息、石油与采矿、机电工程三个专业。
• Joint master's programmes in civil, computer and mechanical and energy engineering opened with Erbil Polytechnic University, and a staff exchange began with Keylana University in Sri Lanka.学校与埃尔比勒理工大学合办土木、计算机、机械与能源工程联合硕士项目，并与斯里兰卡凯拉尼亚大学开展教师交流。
• The Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education formally recognised Ishik University on 24 August 2017, a step that allowed its graduates to have degrees attested across Iraq.伊拉克高等教育部于 2017 年 8 月 24 日正式承认伊什克大学，使其毕业生得以在伊拉克全境认证学历。
• A pharmacy programme was launched in 2017-2018, and Webometrics ranked Ishik first among all private universities in the Kurdistan Region and in Iraq in both its January and July 2018 editions.药学专业于 2017—2018 学年开设；Webometrics 在 2018 年 1 月与 7 月两版排名中，均将该校列为库尔德斯坦地区及伊拉克私立大学第一位。
• Bureau Veritas certified the university to ISO 9001:2015 in May 2018 under UKAS accreditation, and the law programme won five-year accreditation from the Association of Arab Universities in June 2018.2018 年 5 月，必维国际检验集团在英国 UKAS 认可下为学校颁发 ISO 9001:2015 证书；同年 6 月，法学专业获阿拉伯大学协会五年期认证。
• Computer engineering and information technology were accredited by ZeVA in February 2019, and the institution adopted the name Tishk International University later that year.计算机工程与信息技术专业于 2019 年 2 月获 ZeVA 认证；同年晚些时候，学校改用蒂什克国际大学之名。
• The first pharmacy cohort graduated in 2021-2022, and by the mid-2020s the university had signed agreements with 53 partner universities in countries from Albania to the United States.首届药学学生于 2021—2022 学年毕业；到 2020 年代中期，学校已与从阿尔巴尼亚到美国的 53 所伙伴大学签署协议。

Academics

• Teaching is organised into faculties of dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, health sciences, engineering, science, administrative sciences and economics, law, and education.教学由牙医、药学、护理、健康科学、工程、理学、行政科学与经济、法律以及教育等学院承担。
• Bachelor programmes include dentistry and pharmacy at five years, law at five years, and four-year degrees in nursing, medical analysis, anesthesia, radiology, physiotherapy and nutrition and dietetics.本科专业中，牙医与药学为五年制，法律为五年制；护理、医学检验、麻醉、影像、物理治疗与营养学为四年制。
• Engineering degrees cover civil, architecture, interior design, computer, mechatronics, petroleum and mining, and surveying and geomatics engineering, most of them four-year programmes taught in English.工程类学位涵盖土木、建筑、室内设计、计算机、机电、石油与采矿、测绘与地理信息工程，多为四年制英语授课。
• Science and computing programmes include information technology, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, mathematics education, physics education and biology education.理学与计算类专业包括信息技术、网络安全、人工智能、数学教育、物理教育与生物教育。
• Business, banking and finance, accounting, international relations and diplomacy, and English language teaching complete the undergraduate portfolio.商科、银行与金融、会计、国际关系与外交以及英语教学构成其余本科专业。
• The catalogue now lists 27 bachelor's programmes: five-year degrees in dentistry, pharmacy, law and architecture, and four-year degrees across engineering, science, business and education.目前本科专业共 27 个：牙医、药学、法律与建筑为五年制，工程、理学、商科与教育类多为四年制。
• English is the language of instruction in every programme except law, which is taught in Arabic, and all courses are counted in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System.除法律专业以阿拉伯语授课外，所有专业均以英语教学，全部课程采用欧洲学分转换与累积系统（ECTS）计分。
• The academic year is divided into fall and spring semesters, with a preparatory year of intensive English for students who do not meet the language requirement.学年分为秋季与春季两个学期；未达到语言要求的学生须先修读为期一年的英语强化预科。
• Joint master's degrees with Erbil Polytechnic University operate in civil engineering, computer engineering and mechanical and energy engineering, the university's only postgraduate provision.学校与埃尔比勒理工大学在土木工程、计算机工程、机械与能源工程三个方向合办硕士项目，这是其仅有的研究生层次课程。
• Civil engineering, computer engineering and information technology hold ZeVA accreditation, and the law programme holds five-year accreditation from the Association of Arab Universities.土木工程、计算机工程与信息技术专业持有 ZeVA 认证，法学专业持有阿拉伯大学协会的五年期认证。
• Quality assurance is managed through an Academic Evaluation and Quality Assurance Board, with faculty councils and departmental boards beneath it.质量保障由学术评价与质量保障委员会统筹，其下设有各学院院务委员会与系务委员会。
• The Higher Board of Trustees and the University Council are the governing bodies, supported by an academic evaluation and quality assurance board, faculty councils and departmental boards.最高治理机构为董事会与大学理事会，其下设有学术评价与质量保障委员会、各学院院务委员会与系务委员会。
• More than 80 international staff work in academic and administrative posts, drawn from Turkey, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, India and the United States among other countries.学校有 80 多名国际教职员从事教学与行政工作，分别来自土耳其、哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、印度与美国等国。
• International students may enrol in any programme, and their number reached about 100 in 2015-2016, mostly from neighbouring countries and Central Asia.国际学生可报读任何专业，2015—2016 学年人数约为 100 人，多来自周边国家与中亚。
• The university has signed memoranda with 53 universities in Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Cyprus, Georgia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Turkey and the United States.学校已与阿尔巴尼亚、阿塞拜疆、波黑、柬埔寨、塞浦路斯、格鲁吉亚、德国、哈萨克斯坦、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、波兰、罗马尼亚、土耳其与美国等国的 53 所大学签署备忘录。
• Research support is provided by the TIU Research Center and the Engineering Consultation Bureau, which also undertakes design and feasibility work for local clients.科研支持由蒂什克研究中心与工程咨询所提供，后者还为当地客户承担设计与可行性研究。
• A CISCO Networking Academy, a TOEFL iBT test centre and a continuing education centre give the university a role in professional certification alongside its degrees.思科网络学院、托福 iBT 考试中心与继续教育中心使学校在学位教育之外还承担职业认证职能。
• The Tishk Career Center links students with employers in Erbil and the wider region, running job fairs and interview training each spring.蒂什克就业中心把学生与埃尔比勒及周边地区的雇主联系起来，每年春季举办招聘会与面试培训。
• The university follows the Bologna process in its credit system, internal and external quality assurance and academic mobility, though it has not adopted every element of the framework.学校在学分制度、内外质量保障与学术流动方面遵循博洛尼亚进程，但尚未采用该框架的全部要素。

Campus

• Erbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr, is the capital of the Kurdistan Region and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, dominated by its citadel mound.埃尔比勒在库尔德语中称 Hewlêr，是库尔德斯坦地区首府，也是世界上延续居住时间最长的城市之一，其核心是城堡土丘。
• The main campus lies on the 100-metre road, a broad arterial route in the city's northern districts, and is reached by car or minibus from the centre in about twenty minutes.主校区位于 100 米路旁，这是城市北部的一条宽阔主干道，从市中心乘车或乘小巴约二十分钟可达。
• The original Brayaty campus on the 60-metre road, where teaching began in 2008, was vacated once the new site opened and now belongs to the university's earlier phase.位于 60 米路旁的布拉亚特原校区是 2008 年开课之地，新校区启用后即被腾退，如今只属于学校的早期阶段。
• A branch campus in Sulaimani opened in 2014-2015 with preparatory classes in engineering and business, extending the university beyond the Erbil plain.苏莱曼尼亚分校于 2014—2015 学年开办，先设工程与商科预科班，把学校的影响扩展到埃尔比勒平原之外。
• The Sulaimani branch teaches engineering and administrative sciences, including business and management, banking and finance, and international studies, alongside preparatory classes for the same fields.苏莱曼尼亚分校开设工程与行政管理学科，涵盖工商管理、银行与金融、国际研究，并为这些专业提供预科课程。
• The main building houses lecture theatres, laboratories, the library and the administrative offices, while separate blocks accommodate the dental clinics and the Faculty of Education.主楼设有讲堂、实验室、图书馆与行政办公室，牙科诊室与教育学院则分处独立楼栋。
• The campus grew by adding buildings rather than following a single master plan: the main block, the dentistry building and the education building were each completed for a specific faculty.校园依需求逐栋扩建，而非按单一总体规划建成：主楼、牙医学院楼与教育学院楼分别为特定学院而建。
• Laboratories for civil engineering, mechatronics and petroleum engineering, a computer suite and the CISCO academy occupy the engineering block, which is the largest teaching building on site.土木、机电与石油工程实验室、计算机机房与思科网络学院都设在工程楼内，这是校区内最大的教学楼。
• The Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2014, the Qaysari bazaar and the Sami Abdulrahman Park are the city's landmarks, all within half an hour of the campus.埃尔比勒城堡于 2014 年列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产，与卡伊萨里巴扎、萨米·阿卜杜勒拉赫曼公园同为城市地标，距校区均在半小时车程内。
• Erbil International Airport lies about ten kilometres from the city centre, with direct flights to Istanbul, Dubai, Frankfurt and other hubs used by international staff and students.埃尔比勒国际机场距市中心约十公里，有直飞伊斯坦布尔、迪拜、法兰克福等枢纽的航班，供国际教职员与学生使用。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place Tishk International University in the 1201-1400 band, its position in the current global table.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将蒂什克国际大学列入 1201-1400 区间，这是其在当前全球榜单中的位次。^[1]
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place TIU in the 801-1000 band, a strong result for an institution founded only in 2008.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将蒂什克国际大学列入 801-1000 区间，对一所 2008 年才创办的学校而言颇为亮眼。
• The university does not appear in the U.S. News Best Global Universities list for 2026-2027 and therefore has no US News world ranking.该校未出现在 2026-2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学榜单中，因此没有相应的世界排名。
• It is also absent from the main table of the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026, whose indicators favour long-established research universities.该校同样未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜，该榜指标更有利于历史悠久的研究型大学。
• In 2018 Webometrics placed Ishik first among private universities in both the Kurdistan Region and Iraq in its January and July editions, the university's most cited national result.2018 年 1 月与 7 月两版 Webometrics 排名中，伊什克大学在库尔德斯坦地区与伊拉克的私立大学中均列第一，这是该校最常被引用的国内成绩。
• OpenAlex records 3,732 works and 66,283 citations for the university, a research output concentrated in engineering, dentistry, pharmacy and medical sciences.OpenAlex 收录该校 3,732 项成果与 66,283 次引用，产出集中于工程、牙医、药学与医学领域。
• Its quality-assurance record is unusual for the region: ISO 9001 certification since 2015 and three ZeVA-accredited engineering and computing programmes.其质量保障记录在该地区较为少见：自 2015 年起获得 ISO 9001 认证，并有三个工程与计算类专业获 ZeVA 认证。
• TIU presents itself as the leading private, English-medium university of the Kurdistan Region, and its graduates work in engineering consultancies, pharmacies, dental clinics and the regional civil service.蒂什克国际大学自我定位为库尔德斯坦地区领先的私立英语授课大学，其毕业生在工程咨询、药房、牙科诊所与地区公务员系统中工作。
• Growth from 160 preparatory students in 2008 to more than 26 bachelor programmes in the mid-2020s is the measure the university itself uses to describe its trajectory.从 2008 年的 160 名预科生发展到 2020 年代中期的 26 个以上本科专业，是校方描述自身发展轨迹时最常用的指标。
• Within Erbil the university competes with older public institutions such as Salahaddin University and with private rivals including Cihan University and Knowledge University, a crowded market for a young institution.在埃尔比勒，该校既要与萨拉赫丁大学等历史较久的公立院校竞争，也要面对吉汉大学、知识大学等私立对手，对一所年轻学校而言市场相当拥挤。

Student life

• The university presents itself under the slogan The Future is Here, displayed on its homepage and in recruitment material rather than as a formal Latin motto.学校以「未来在此」（The Future is Here）为宣传口号，该语见于其主页与招生材料，并非正式的拉丁文校训。
• Student clubs cover engineering societies, debating, cultural associations and sports teams, and most activities are conducted in English alongside Kurdish and Arabic.学生社团包括工程学会、辩论社、文化协会与运动队，活动多以英语进行，同时使用库尔德语与阿拉伯语。
• Football, basketball and volleyball are the main sports, and TIU teams compete in tournaments among the universities of the Kurdistan Region.足球、篮球与排球是主要运动项目，校队参加库尔德斯坦地区各大学之间的赛事。
• Nowruz on 21 March is the largest public celebration in Erbil, and the university calendar closes for the Kurdish new year along with the Eid holidays.3 月 21 日的诺鲁孜节是埃尔比勒最盛大的公共庆典，学校在库尔德新年与开斋节、宰牲节期间停课。
• Student life is city-based rather than campus-based: students eat in the restaurants of the 100-metre road and meet in the cafés of Ainkawa and the citadel quarter.学生生活以城市而非校园为中心：学生在 100 米路一带的餐馆就餐，在艾因卡瓦与城堡区的咖啡馆聚会。
• The mix of Kurdish, Arab, Turkmen and international students makes English the common language of corridors and group work, a practical consequence of the university's language policy.库尔德、阿拉伯、土库曼与国际学生同校，使英语成为走廊与小组作业中的通用语，这是学校语言政策的实际结果。
• Graduation ceremonies are held on campus each summer, with graduates in gowns photographed against the main building and the citadel visible in the distance.毕业典礼每年夏季在校园举行，毕业生身着学位袍在主楼前留影，远处可见城堡的轮廓。
• Because most students commute from Erbil and nearby towns, the university provides bus services and a career centre rather than residential colleges of its own.由于多数学生从埃尔比勒及邻近城镇通勤上学，学校提供班车与就业中心，而不设自有的住宿学院。

Notable people

• Nechirvan Barzani, prime minister of the Kurdistan Regional Government when the university was founded in 2008 and later president of the region, attended the founding ceremony.内奇尔万·巴尔扎尼在 2008 年建校时任库尔德斯坦地区政府总理，后任地区总统，并出席了创校典礼。
• Idris Hadi Salih, an engineer by training, chaired the university's board and guided its transition from Ishik University to Tishk International University.伊德里斯·哈迪·萨利赫出身工程学科，长期担任学校董事会主席，主导了从伊什克大学到蒂什克国际大学的转型。
• Sultan T. Abu-Orabi, a chemist who has led the institution as president, represents it in the Association of Arab Universities and in regional quality-assurance forums.苏丹·阿布—奥拉比是化学家，担任校长期间代表学校参与阿拉伯大学协会及地区质量保障论坛。
• Mehmet Özdemir, vice-president for academic affairs, oversaw the ZeVA accreditation of the civil, computer and information technology programmes.主管学术事务的副校长穆罕默德·厄兹德米尔负责土木、计算机与信息技术专业的 ZeVA 认证工作。
• Fatih Cura, vice-president for administration and finance, managed the construction and conversion of the successive campuses on the 60-metre and 100-metre roads.主管行政与财务的副校长法提赫·库拉负责 60 米路与 100 米路两代校区的建设与改造。
• The founding investors, drawn from Kurdish and Turkish business circles, provided the capital that allowed a private university to open without state funding in 2008.来自库尔德与土耳其商界的创校投资者提供了启动资本，使这所私立大学得以在 2008 年不依赖国家拨款而开办。
• Its academic staff includes engineers and physicians trained in Turkey, Germany and the United Kingdom, many of them recruited through the university's international agreements.该校教师包括在土耳其、德国与英国受训的工程师与医师，其中不少人通过学校的国际协议招聘而来。
• As an institution barely two decades old, TIU has no Nobel laureates or long-established alumni network, and its reputation rests on accreditation and graduate employment in the region.作为一所尚不足二十年的学校，蒂什克国际大学没有诺奖得主或历史悠久的校友网络，其声誉主要建立在专业认证与毕业生在本地就业之上。