Technical University of Munich

The Technical University of Munich, known as TUM, is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, and one of Germany's leading technical universities.慕尼黑工业大学（Technical University of Munich），简称 TUM，是一所位于德国巴伐利亚州慕尼黑的公立研究型大学，也是德国领先的理工大学之一。

Founded in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria and renamed in its present form in 1970, it describes itself as the entrepreneurial university and ranks 25th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学校由巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世于 1868 年创办，1970 年改用现名，自称创业型大学，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列全球第 25。

In the winter semester of 2025-26 it had 51,954 students, taught by 698 professors and some 8,354 other academic staff, with a budget of 2.171 billion euros in 2024.2025 至 2026 年冬季学期学校有学生 51954 人，由 698 名教授与约 8354 名其他学术人员授课，2024 年预算为 21.71 亿欧元。

History

• The university was founded on 12 April 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria as the Royal Bavarian Technical College of Munich, a polytechnic school rather than a classical university.学校由巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世于 1868 年 4 月 12 日创办，初名慕尼黑皇家巴伐利亚技术学校，性质为综合技术学校而非古典大学。

• It grew out of the industrialisation of Bavaria, supplying engineers and scientists for the region's expanding railways, machinery works and chemical industry.学校随巴伐利亚的工业化进程而发展，为该地区不断扩张的铁路、机械制造与化学工业输送工程师与科学家。

• In 1877 it was granted the title of a technical university, and in 1970 its name was standardised as Technische Universitat Munchen.1877 年，学校获得技术大学的名义；1970 年，校名统一为慕尼黑工业大学。

• The physicist Carl von Linde, who developed refrigeration, and the engineer Rudolf Diesel, who gave his name to the diesel engine, were associated with the school in its early decades.发明制冷技术的物理学家卡尔·冯·林德与以柴油机闻名的工程师鲁道夫·狄塞尔，都在学校发展的早期与之相关。

• Ludwig Prandtl, a founder of modern fluid mechanics, taught at the school and established its reputation in aeronautical and fluid research.现代流体力学奠基人路德维希·普朗特在校任教，为学校在航空与流体研究方面奠定了声誉。

• The engineering and natural science departments were supplemented over time by medicine, sport science, economics and the agricultural and nutritional sciences.随着时间的推移，学校的工程与自然科学系科之外，又增设了医学、体育科学、经济学以及农业与营养科学等方向。

• Weihenstephan, north of Munich, became the university's centre for the life and agricultural sciences, based on the older academy there.位于慕尼黑以北的魏恩施蒂芬成为学校生命科学与农业科学的中心，其前身是当地已有的学术机构。

• Garching, north of the city, was developed from the 1950s as the campus for physics and chemistry, and later for mathematics, computer science and mechanical engineering.位于城市以北的加兴自二十世纪五十年代起开发为物理与化学校区，后来又容纳数学、计算机科学与机械工程。

• From 1995 Wolfgang A. Herrmann served as president and carried out a structural reform of the university that later influenced reforms in other German and Austrian institutions.沃尔夫冈·赫尔曼自 1995 年起任校长，推行了学校的结构性改革，其做法后来影响了德国与奥地利其他院校的改革。

• Under his leadership TUM introduced its own professorial appointment system, built an institute in Singapore and strengthened links with industry.在他的主持下，学校建立了自己的教授聘任制度、在新加坡设立研究所，并加强了与产业界的联系。

• In 2006 the university was among the first three institutions named as elite universities under Germany's Excellence Initiative, and it retained the status in later rounds.2006 年，学校成为德国卓越计划首批三所精英大学之一，并在后续评选中保留了这一称号。

• TUM founded a campus in Heilbronn in 2018 to teach and research in digital and entrepreneurial fields, and it opened the TUM Asia campus in Singapore.学校于 2018 年在海尔布隆设立校区，开展数字与创业领域的教学与研究，并在新加坡设有 TUM Asia 校区。

• Its Straubing campus, established in 2014, focuses on renewable resources and the bioeconomy.其施特劳宾校区于 2014 年设立，以可再生资源与生物经济为重点。

• From 2019 the university began building a system of venture labs to turn research into companies, one of its clearest expressions of the entrepreneurial model.自 2019 年起，学校开始建设创业实验室体系，把研究成果转化为企业，这是其创业型模式最鲜明的体现之一。

• It has expanded its medical faculty with the Klinikum rechts der Isar and the German Heart Centre in Munich, two of its principal clinical institutions.学校以伊萨尔河右岸医院与慕尼黑德意志心脏中心扩展其医学院，这是其两家主要临床机构。

• Over the last two decades TUM has concentrated on interdisciplinary research centres in energy, robotics, medicine and the life sciences.近二十年来，学校着力建设能源、机器人、医学与生命科学领域的跨学科研究中心。

• The university is a member of the TU9 alliance of German technical universities and of the EuroTech Universities alliance with EPFL, DTU and Eindhoven.学校是德国理工大学联盟 TU9 的成员，并与洛桑联邦理工学院、丹麦技术大学及埃因霍温理工大学同属欧洲卓越理工联盟。

• TUM's administration sits in the historic main building on the Arcisstrasse, where the university was founded and where several departments still teach.学校行政机构设在阿尔奇斯街的历史主楼，这里既是建校之地，也仍有多所院系在此授课。

• Its alumni and staff have included 19 Nobel laureates, and its researchers have won a substantial number of the Leibniz Prizes awarded in Germany.其校友与教职员中包括 19 位诺贝尔奖得主，研究人员获得了德国相当数量的莱布尼茨奖。

• In 1901 the school was granted the right to award doctorates, which turned a polytechnic into a full technical university in the German sense.1901 年学校获得授予博士学位的权利，由此从一所技术学校转变为德国意义上的完全技术大学。

• In 1930 Weihenstephan, with its academy of agriculture and brewing, became part of the university, giving it a rural campus for the life sciences.1930 年魏恩施蒂芬连同其农业与酿造学院并入学校，使学校获得从事生命科学教学的乡村校区。

• In 1957 it opened the Forschungsreaktor Munchen in Garching, the first research reactor in Germany, which became a centre of nuclear physics teaching.1957 年学校在加兴启用慕尼黑研究反应堆，这是德国第一座研究反应堆，后来成为核物理教学的中心。

• In 2000 the state of Bavaria gave the university greater autonomy over its budget and over professorial appointments, a model later extended to other Bavarian universities.2000 年巴伐利亚州赋予学校更大的预算与教授聘任自主权，这一模式后来推广到巴伐利亚其他高校。

• In 2008 it established the TUM Graduate School to coordinate doctoral training across the university and to standardise supervision.2008 年学校设立 TUM 研究生院，统筹全校博士培养并规范导师指导。

Academics

• TUM is organised into schools and departments in engineering, the natural sciences, medicine, life sciences, economics and the social sciences.学校由工程、自然科学、医学、生命科学、经济学与社会科学等院系构成。

• Its departments include architecture, civil engineering and surveying, electrical and information engineering, mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, mathematics and computer science.其院系包括建筑学、土木工程与测量、电子与信息工程、机械工程、物理学、化学、数学与计算机科学。

• It also teaches medicine, sport science, political science, business administration, earth sciences, education and the nutritional and agricultural sciences, with programmes spread across the Munich and Weihenstephan sites.学校还开设医学、体育科学、政治学、工商管理、地球科学、教育学以及营养与农业科学等方向，相关项目分布在慕尼黑与魏恩施蒂芬各校区。

• As of the winter semester of 2025-26 it had 51,954 students, one of the largest enrolments of any technical university in Europe.截至 2025 至 2026 年冬季学期，学校有学生 51954 人，是欧洲规模最大的理工大学之一。

• It employs 698 professors and some 8,354 other academic staff, together with about 4,262 administrative staff.学校有 698 名教授与约 8354 名其他学术人员，另有约 4262 名行政人员。

• Its budget was 2.171 billion euros in 2024, of which the university itself accounted for 1.25 billion and the university hospital for 921 million.学校 2024 年预算为 21.71 亿欧元，其中大学本部占 12.5 亿欧元、附属医院占 9.21 亿欧元。

• Its strengths lie in engineering, computer science, the physical sciences and medicine, and its research has been supported by Germany's excellence funding since the programme began in 2006.学校的强项在工程、计算机科学、物理科学与医学，自 2006 年该计划启动以来，其研究一直获得德国卓越计划的资助。

• The university works with industry partners including Airbus, BMW, Audi, Siemens and Allianz, and it is a member of the TU9 alliance of German technical universities.学校与空中客车、宝马、奥迪、西门子与安联等产业伙伴合作，并是德国理工大学联盟 TU9 的成员。

• Its medical faculty operates the university hospital and the German Heart Centre, and it trains doctors and medical researchers.其医学院运营大学附属医院与德意志心脏中心，培养医生与医学研究人员。

• The school of management teaches business administration and technology management, and TUM has strong programmes in industrial engineering.其管理学院教授工商管理与技术管理，学校在工业工程方面也有强势项目。

• Its department of sport and health sciences runs one of the largest university sport programmes in Germany, with facilities near the Olympic park.其体育与健康科学系运营德国规模最大的高校体育项目之一，设施位于奥林匹克公园附近。

• TUM operates research centres and graduate schools in energy, robotics, biomedicine, quantum science and artificial intelligence.学校在能源、机器人、生物医学、量子科学与人工智能领域设有研究中心与研究生院。

• Its Asia campus in Singapore offers master's degrees in collaboration with Nanyang Technological University and other partners.其新加坡的亚洲校区与南洋理工大学等伙伴合作开设硕士学位项目。

• The university is a member of the European University Association and the EuroTech alliance and takes part in European research framework programmes.学校是欧洲大学协会与欧洲卓越理工联盟的成员，并参与欧洲研究框架计划。

• Admission to its engineering and computer science programmes is highly competitive, and many students come from outside Bavaria.其工程与计算机科学项目的录取竞争激烈，许多学生来自巴伐利亚以外。

• Its teaching hospital and its partnerships with Munich hospitals give medical students early clinical experience.其附属医院与同慕尼黑各医院的合作，使医学生能够较早接触临床工作。

• Its medical faculty and its school of sport and health sciences run joint research with the university hospital and with Munich's sports and rehabilitation institutes.其医学院与体育健康科学学院同大学附属医院以及慕尼黑的体育与康复研究机构开展联合研究。

• The Garching research campus hosts the university's research reactor, its neutron source and several institutes of the Max Planck and Fraunhofer societies.加兴研究园区设有学校的研究反应堆、中子源，以及马克斯·普朗克学会与弗劳恩霍夫协会的数个研究所。

Campus

• The main campus is on the Arcisstrasse in the centre of Munich, where the university was founded and where several departments still teach.主校区位于慕尼黑市中心的阿尔奇斯街，学校即在此创办，如今仍有多个院系在此授课。

• The Garching campus to the north of the city is the centre of the mathematical, computational, physical and engineering sciences, with major research reactors and laboratories.位于城市北部的加兴校区是数学、计算、物理与工程科学各学科的中心，设有重要的研究反应堆与实验室。

• The Weihenstephan campus in Freising, north of Munich, specialises in the life and agricultural sciences and has its own research brewery and experimental farms.位于慕尼黑以北弗赖辛的魏恩施蒂芬校区专攻生命科学与农业科学，并拥有自己的研究啤酒厂与试验农场。

• The university's buildings range from historic structures in the city centre to modern research buildings on the newer campuses.学校建筑从市中心的历史建筑，到较新校区上的现代研究大楼，风格多样。

• Its colours are blue and white, and its affiliated university hospital is among the largest in Germany.学校的代表色为蓝色与白色，其附属医院是德国规模最大的医院之一。

• Munich's position as a centre of engineering, research and industry gives the university close links with companies and research institutes in the region, and many of its institutes work directly with local firms.慕尼黑作为工程、科研与产业中心的地位，使学校与该地区的企业和研究机构联系紧密，许多研究所直接与当地企业合作。

• The Garching campus is served by the Munich U-Bahn and by a research campus with institutions of the Max Planck and Fraunhofer societies.加兴校区由慕尼黑地铁连接，并与马克斯·普朗克学会与弗劳恩霍夫协会的机构共处一个研究园区。

• The Weihenstephan site also houses the Bavarian State Research Centre and the university's school of life sciences.魏恩施蒂芬园区还设有巴伐利亚州立研究中心与学校的生命科学学院。

• Student housing is provided by the Studierendenwerk and by private residences in Munich, Garching and Freising.学生住宿由大学生服务中心以及慕尼黑、加兴与弗赖辛的私人住所提供。

• The Straubing and Heilbronn campuses give the university a presence in other parts of Bavaria and in Baden-Wurttemberg.施特劳宾与海尔布隆校区使学校在巴伐利亚其他地区以及巴登—符腾堡州也有布局。

• The university's teaching has long combined theory with practice, and many degree programmes include a compulsory industrial internship or a project with a company partner.学校教学长期理论与实务并重，许多学位项目包含必修的企业实习或与公司合作的课题项目。

Reputation

• TUM ranks 25th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, 25th in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 73rd in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities.学校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列全球第 25，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名第 25，2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名第 73。^[1]

• It is regularly ranked as the leading technical university in Germany and has been named among the country's elite universities in successive rounds, and it is the highest placed German university in several subject tables.学校长期被评为德国领先的理工大学，并连续多轮入选德国精英大学之列，在多个学科榜单中也是位次最高的德国大学。

• Its subject strengths include electrical and electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, architecture, chemistry, physics and computer science, several of which rank in the world's top thirty.其优势学科包括电子电气工程、机械工程、建筑学、化学、物理学与计算机科学，其中多个学科位居世界前三十。

• TUM has been recognised for innovation, and it was placed joint first in the world in the 2022 Times Higher Education ranking of innovative universities.学校在创新方面受到认可，并曾在 2022 年泰晤士高等教育的创新大学排名中并列世界第一。

• Its graduates are prominent in German industry, and the university has produced leaders of major engineering, automotive and technology companies.其毕业生在德国产业界颇具影响，学校培养出多家大型工程、汽车与科技企业的领导者。

• The university's research links with industry are among the strongest in Europe, and its venture labs support spin-off companies from academic work.学校与产业界的研究联系在欧洲名列前茅，其创业实验室支持由学术成果衍生出的公司。

• Its associates have included 19 Nobel laureates, and its professors have won a large share of the Leibniz Prizes awarded in Germany and rank among the country's leading recipients of European research grants.与之相关的人士中包括 19 位诺贝尔奖得主，其教授获得了德国莱布尼茨奖的相当大份额，并在欧洲研究经费的获取上位居全国前列。

• In national and international rankings of employer reputation, TUM is consistently the highest placed German university.在国内外关于雇主声誉的排名中，TUM 长期是位次最高的德国大学。

• Its medical faculty and university hospital are among the leading centres for clinical research and teaching in southern Germany.其医学院与附属医院是德国南部领先的临床研究与教学中心之一。

Student life

• Students are based at the different campuses, and the university provides student housing advice and a range of sporting and cultural activities, with libraries and canteens on each site.学生分散在各个校区，学校提供住宿咨询以及多种体育与文化活动，各校区均设有图书馆与食堂。

• The university has a large number of student associations covering sport, culture, technology and international exchange, run by the student representation.学校有大量学生社团，涵盖体育、文化、技术与国际交流，由学生代表组织运作。

• Student life is closely tied to the city of Munich, and students take part in its cultural and sporting life as well as in the Oktoberfest and other local traditions.学生生活与慕尼黑这座城市紧密相连，学生既参与城市的文化与体育活动，也参与啤酒节等地方传统。

• The Garching campus has its own student life, with laboratories, libraries, canteens and residences around the research facilities.加兴校区有其自身的学生生活，实验室、图书馆、食堂与宿舍环绕着科研设施分布。

• Sporting facilities include the university's sports science site near the Olympic park, which offers a wide range of courses and clubs.学校在奥林匹克公园附近设有体育科学场地等体育设施，开设丰富的课程与俱乐部。

• The university's location in Bavaria gives students access to the Alps for skiing and hiking, as well as to Munich's museums and cultural institutions.学校地处巴伐利亚，学生可以前往阿尔卑斯山滑雪与徒步，也可接触慕尼黑的博物馆与文化机构。

• The student services organisation runs canteens, housing and financial advice across the Munich, Garching and Freising sites.学生服务机构在慕尼黑、加兴与弗赖辛各处运营食堂、住宿与财务咨询服务。

• TUM's international students make up a substantial share of enrolment, and the university offers German language courses, orientation programmes and support for students arriving from abroad.国际学生在校生中占有相当比例，学校开设德语课程、新生导向项目，并为来自国外的学生提供支持服务。

• The university's study programmes often require an internship or a practical project, reflecting its close links with industry.学校的学习项目通常要求实习或实践项目，反映了其与产业界的紧密联系。

Notable people

• King Ludwig II of Bavaria founded the school in 1868, giving his kingdom an institution to train the engineers its industry needed.巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世于 1868 年创办该校，为王国培养工业所需的工程师。

• Carl von Linde, a professor at the school, developed the refrigeration cycle and founded a company that became Linde plc.在校任教的卡尔·冯·林德发展了制冷循环，并创办了后来成为林德集团的公司。

• Rudolf Diesel studied at the school and later invented the compression-ignition engine that bears his name.鲁道夫·狄塞尔在校求学，后来发明了以他姓氏命名的压燃式发动机。

• Ludwig Prandtl, who founded modern fluid mechanics, was professor at the school and directed its aerodynamics research.现代流体力学的奠基人路德维希·普朗特在校任教授，并主持其空气动力学研究。

• Willy Messerschmitt, the aircraft designer, studied at the school and later led one of Germany's largest aviation firms.飞机设计师威利·梅塞施密特在校求学，后来领导了德国最大的航空企业之一。

• Walther Meissner, after whom the Meissner effect is named, worked at the university's laboratories in the early twentieth century.以迈斯纳效应闻名的瓦尔特·迈斯纳，二十世纪初曾在校内实验室工作。

• The university has educated leaders of German engineering, automotive and chemical companies, including senior figures at BMW and other firms.学校培养了德国工程、汽车与化工企业的领导者，其中包括宝马等企业的高层。

• Its researchers have won Leibniz Prizes and other major German research awards, and its faculty contribute to national science policy.其研究人员获得过莱布尼茨奖等德国重要研究奖项，其教师也参与国家科学政策的制定。

• Chinese alumni of the university include Xu Huibin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.学校的中国校友中包括中国工程院院士徐惠彬。

• TUM has partner agreements with leading universities worldwide, including Tsinghua University and Imperial College London, and hosts international research collaborations.学校与清华大学、帝国理工学院等世界知名院校签订合作备忘录，并开展国际科研合作。

• The chemist Ernst Otto Fischer, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1973 for work on organometallic compounds, was a professor at the university.因金属有机化合物研究于 1973 年分享诺贝尔化学奖的化学家恩斯特·奥托·菲舍尔，是该校教授。