Stanford University

Stanford University, formally Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, on the San Francisco peninsula.斯坦福大学（Stanford University），正式名称为小利兰·斯坦福大学，是一所位于美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福、地处旧金山半岛的私立研究型大学。

It was founded in 1885 by the railway magnate and former California governor Leland Stanford and his wife Jane in memory of their son, who died in 1884, and opened on 1 October 1891.学校由铁路大亨、前加州州长利兰·斯坦福与妻子简·斯坦福于 1885 年为纪念 1884 年去世的儿子而创办，1891 年 10 月 1 日正式开办。

Organised into seven schools on a campus of 8,180 acres, it is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and ranks joint second in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学校设七所学院，校园占地 8180 英亩，是美国大学协会的创始成员，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列全球第二。

History

• Leland Stanford Jr. died of typhoid in 1884 shortly before his sixteenth birthday, and his parents resolved to build a university in his memory, his father saying that the children of California would be their children.小利兰·斯坦福于 1884 年在十六岁生日前夕因伤寒去世，其父母决意建一所大学以为纪念，利兰·斯坦福说此后加州的孩子就是他们的孩子。

• The Stanfords asked Charles Eliot, then president of Harvard, how much a university would cost, and were told about five million dollars at 1884 values.斯坦福夫妇曾向时任哈佛大学校长的查尔斯·艾略特询问办一所大学所需的经费，得到的答复是按 1884 年币值约五百万美元。

• In November 1885 they executed the founding grant, which required a system of education that prepared students for useful lives, forbade sectarian instruction, prescribed equal treatment of both sexes and kept a farm at Palo Alto for agricultural teaching.1885 年 11 月，二人设立建校基金，其中要求建立一套引导学生过有用之生的教育制度，禁止宗派性的宗教课程，规定两性受到同等对待，并留一处帕洛阿尔托农场用于农业教学。

• The cornerstone of the campus was laid on 14 May 1887, the day that would have been Leland Jr.'s nineteenth birthday.校园的奠基石于 1887 年 5 月 14 日安放，那一天本应是小利兰的十九岁生日。

• The landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted planned the grounds, rejecting a hilly site in favour of level land, while the Boston firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge designed the buildings.景观设计师弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德规划了校园用地，否定了山地选址而采用平地；波士顿的谢普利、鲁坦与柯立芝公司负责建筑设计。

• The Main Quad was built in Richardsonian Romanesque style from red brick and sandstone, with arcaded walkways and Mission Revival details at the Stanfords' request.主方院以理查森罗曼式风格用红砖与砂岩建成，设有连拱廊道，并按斯坦福夫妇的要求融入加州传教站复兴风格的细节。

• Teaching began on 1 October 1891 with 555 students, and the first president, David Starr Jordan, told the opening class that Stanford had no traditions to be hampered by.学校于 1891 年 10 月 1 日开课，首届学生 555 人；首任校长大卫·斯塔尔·佐敦对开学班说，斯坦福没有任何传统需要被其束缚。

• Jordan, previously president of Indiana University, recruited fifteen professors mainly from Indiana and Cornell at short notice, a group later known as the old guard.佐敦此前任印第安纳大学校长，他在有限时间内主要从印第安纳与康奈尔邀来十五位教授，这批人后来被称为「宿卫」。

• The university motto, Die Luft der Freiheit weht, was chosen by Jordan from a line by the humanist Ulrich von Hutten, and its German wording drew suspicion during the First World War.校训「自由之风永远吹拂」由佐敦从人文主义者乌尔里希·冯·胡滕的文字中选出，其德文措辞在第一次世界大战期间曾引起猜疑。

• Leland Stanford died in 1893, leaving the estate entangled in a fifteen-million-dollar lawsuit, and the panic of that year left the young university in deficit.利兰·斯坦福于 1893 年去世，遗产陷入一场一千五百万美元的诉讼，当年的经济恐慌又使这所年轻的大学入不敷出。

• Jane Stanford insisted that teaching continue, took charge of the university's administration and finances from 1893 to 1905, sold her own jewellery and transferred assets worth more than thirty million dollars in 1901.简·斯坦福坚持继续办学，自 1893 至 1905 年亲自掌管学校的行政与财务，变卖了自己的首饰，并于 1901 年移交了价值三千余万美元的资产。

• Tuition was free until the 1930s, when the cost of rebuilding after the 1906 earthquake and other financial strain brought the policy to an end.学校直到二十世纪三十年代前都免收学费，其后因 1906 年地震重建的费用与其他财政压力，这一政策才告终止。

• The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 severely damaged the campus, destroying much of the Main Quad including the Memorial Church and the main entrance gate.1906 年旧金山大地震严重损毁了校园，主方院的大部分建筑、纪念教堂与正门牌楼都在其中。

• Herbert Hoover, a member of the first class, founded the Hoover Institution in 1920 to collect documents on war, revolution and peace, and its agents rescued papers including Rosa Luxemburg's and Goebbels's diary.首届学生之一的赫伯特·胡佛于 1920 年创办胡佛研究所，收集有关战争、革命与和平的文献，其人员抢救到的材料包括罗莎·卢森堡的文稿与戈培尔的日记。

• In 1931 Stanford and Harvard took part in the first inter-university radio debate held in the United States, one of the earliest such broadcast contests.1931 年，斯坦福与哈佛举行了全美第一场校际电台辩论赛，是此类广播竞赛中最早的一次。

• Academic departments expanded rapidly after 1945, and the biological sciences in particular grew strongly between 1946 and 1972, driven partly by Cold War funding.1945 年后各学术部门迅速扩张，生物科学在 1946 至 1972 年间增长尤为迅速，部分原因是冷战时期的经费投入。

• From the 1940s Frederick Terman, dean of engineering, urged graduates to start their own companies, encouraging the growth of firms such as Hewlett-Packard and earning himself the name of father of Silicon Valley.自二十世纪四十年代起，工程学院院长弗雷德里克·特曼鼓励毕业生自行创业，推动了惠普等公司的成长，他因此被称为「硅谷之父」。

• Between 1962 and 1970 the university worked with the Atomic Energy Commission to build the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, whose research led to Nobel Prizes for Burton Richter in 1976 and Martin Perl in 1995.1962 至 1970 年间，学校与原子能委员会合作建成斯坦福直线加速器中心，相关研究为伯顿·里克特（1976 年）与马丁·佩尔（1995 年）带来诺贝尔奖。

• In 1969 the Stanford Research Institute established one of the four original nodes of the ARPANET, the network that became the internet.1969 年，斯坦福国际研究中心建立了阿帕网最初的四个节点之一，这一网络后来发展为互联网。

• Stanford's rivalry with the University of California, Berkeley is symbolised by the Stanford Axe, a trophy contested each year since the nineteenth century.斯坦福与加州大学伯克利分校之间的竞争以「斯坦福之斧」为象征，这一奖杯自十九世纪起每年角逐。

• Between 1899 and 1905 Jane Stanford spent three million dollars on a memorial mausoleum for the family even as most faculty and self-supporting students were living in poverty.1899 至 1905 年间，简·斯坦福斥资三百万美元修建斯坦福家族纪念陵墓，而当时多数教师与自食其力的学生仍生活拮据。

• From 1906 to 1919, when American football faced a crisis over injuries, Stanford and the University of California turned to rugby, which remained their principal sport until the football rules were changed.1906 至 1919 年间，美式橄榄球因伤病问题面临存废危机，斯坦福与加州大学转而开展英式橄榄球，这一项目在橄榄球规则修改前一直是两校的主要运动。

Academics

• In 2022 the university opened the Doerr School of Sustainability, its first new school in more than seventy years, backed by a gift of 1.1 billion dollars from the investor John Doerr and his wife Ann.2022 年，学校成立多尔可持续发展学院，这是其七十多年来新增的第一所学院，得到投资人约翰·多尔与妻子安捐赠的 11 亿美元支持。
• The university is organised into seven schools: humanities and sciences, sustainability, and engineering, together with the graduate schools of medicine, law, education and business.学校设七所学院，包括人文与科学学院、可持续发展学院与工程学院，以及医学、法学、教育学与商学四所研究生院。

• Because professional training in medicine and law is graduate-level in the United States, the undergraduate programme is based in the liberal arts and sciences.由于美国的医学与法律专业教育设在研究生阶段，其本科课程以文理学科为基础。

• As of the autumn of 2023 it had 17,529 students, of whom 7,841 were undergraduates and 9,688 postgraduates, taught by 2,323 academic and 18,369 administrative staff.截至 2023 年秋季，学校有学生 17529 人，其中本科生 7841 人、研究生 9688 人，另有 2323 名学术人员与 18369 名行政人员。

• Its endowment stood at 40.8 billion dollars in 2025, among the largest of any university in the world, and its budget was 8.9 billion dollars in 2023-24.2025 年学校捐赠基金为 408 亿美元，位居全球各大学前列；2023 至 2024 年度预算为 89 亿美元。

• Admission is among the most selective anywhere: of 36,631 applicants for the undergraduate class entering in 2016, 2,427 were admitted, and the rate fell to 5.07 per cent in 2017.学校的录取竞争极为激烈：2016 年入学的本科申请者共 36631 人，仅录取 2427 人；2017 年录取率更降至 5.07%。

• Stanford's financial aid is need-blind for international students as well as domestic ones, and a no-loan policy means most families with incomes below 60,000 dollars pay no tuition or housing costs.学校的助学金政策对国际学生与美国学生同样不设需求门槛，且采用不含贷款的方式，多数年收入低于 6 万美元的家庭无需支付学费与住宿费。

• Research is conducted in more than eighteen laboratories and centres reporting to the vice-provost and dean of research.学校的研究工作分布在十八个以上的实验室与研究中心，由副校长兼研究生院院长监管。

• SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, operated for the Department of Energy, occupies 426 acres and houses the two-mile linear accelerator, the longest of its kind in the world.由学校为能源部运营的 SLAC 国家加速器实验室占地 426 英亩，内有长达两英里的直线加速器，为世界同类设施中最长者。

• Other affiliated bodies include the Hoover Institution, a public policy research centre, and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, run with the institute of the same name in Potsdam.其他附属机构包括公共政策研究中心胡佛研究所，以及与波茨坦同名学院合作的哈索·普拉特纳设计学院。

• The Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence was established in 2019 to study the human and societal implications of the technology.斯坦福以人为本人工智能研究院于 2019 年成立，研究这一技术对人的影响与社会后果。

• The library system holds about nine million volumes, 260,000 rare books, 1.5 million electronic books and six million microform items, with the Cecil H. Green Library at its centre.学校图书馆系统藏有约九百万册图书、26 万册珍本、150 万种电子书与六百万件缩微资料，以塞西尔·格林图书馆为核心。

• The Hoover Institution holds a microfilm of the first issue of Pravda of March 1917, a copy the Soviet Union had to request because none survived in its own libraries.胡佛研究所藏有 1917 年 3 月《真理报》第一期的缩微胶卷，这份原件在苏联本国图书馆中已无留存，苏联方面曾不得不向该所索取。

• The university also holds the manuscripts of Martin Luther King Jr., and hosts the John S. Knight Fellowships for professional journalists and the Center for Ocean Solutions.学校还保存有马丁·路德·金的手稿，并设有面向职业记者的约翰·奈特奖学金项目与海洋解决方案中心。

• Its alumni, faculty and researchers include 84 Nobel laureates, eight Fields medallists and 29 Turing Award winners as of 2024.截至 2024 年，其校友、教师与研究人员中包括 84 位诺贝尔奖得主、8 位菲尔兹奖得主与 29 位图灵奖得主。

• The university is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as an R1 institution, its highest category for research activity.学校被卡内基教学促进基金会列为最高研究活动等级的 R1 类院校。

• Teaching is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission, and the academic calendar runs on a quarter system, with the year beginning in late September.其教学获西部院校协会高等院校委员会认证；校历采用学季制，学年于九月底开始。

Campus

• The main campus covers 8,180 acres on the San Francisco peninsula, about 37 miles south-east of San Francisco and 20 miles north-west of San Jose.主校区位于旧金山半岛，占地 8180 英亩，距旧金山东南约 37 英里、距圣何塞西北约 20 英里。

• Most buildings use buff sandstone and red tile roofs in the Mission Revival manner, arranged around the Oval and the Main Quad.校园多数建筑采用米黄色砂岩墙面与红瓦屋顶的传教站复兴风格，环绕椭圆草坪与主方院布置。

• The Memorial Church stands at the head of the Oval, and the 285-foot Hoover Tower, completed in 1941, is the most visible landmark on the campus.纪念教堂位于椭圆草坪的一端，1941 年建成的胡佛塔高 285 英尺，是校园中最醒目的地标。

• The Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, 1,200 acres south of the main campus, is used by biologists for field research.位于主校区以南、占地 1200 英亩的碧玉岭生物保护区，供生物学家开展野外研究。

• Lake Lagunita, a seasonal lake on the campus, is a habitat of the vulnerable California tiger salamander and is now often dry.校园内的季节性湖泊拉根尼塔湖是易危物种加州虎鲵的栖息地，如今常处于干涸状态。

• The Hopkins Marine Station at Pacific Grove has been operated by the university since 1892, making it one of the oldest marine laboratories on the Pacific coast.位于太平洋丛林镇的霍普金斯海洋研究站自 1892 年起由学校运营，是太平洋沿岸历史最悠久的海洋实验室之一。

• Beyond the main site the university owns land at Redwood City and runs overseas study centres from Beijing to Cape Town, each staffed by Stanford faculty.除主校区外，学校在红木城拥有土地，并自北京到开普敦设有海外学习中心，各中心均配有斯坦福的教师。

• A bid to build an applied sciences campus in New York City was abandoned at the end of 2011.学校曾竞标在纽约市建设应用科学园区，但于 2011 年底放弃了该计划。

• Faculty housing stands on university land within walking or cycling distance of the campus, on land leased for terms of 99 years.教职员住房建在距校园步行或骑车可达的校属土地上，土地以 99 年为期限出租。

• The Cantor Arts Center, the university's art museum, holds one of the largest collections of Auguste Rodin's bronzes anywhere outside Paris.学校的艺术博物馆坎托艺术中心，藏有巴黎以外规模最大的奥古斯特·罗丹铜雕收藏之一。

Reputation

• Stanford ranks joint second in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, joint third in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, second in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities and third in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities.斯坦福在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列全球第二，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名并列第三，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名第二，2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名第三。^[1]

• It is consistently placed among the top handful of universities in the world and is known for both academic reputation and an entrepreneurial culture.学校长期位居全球最前列，并以学术声誉与创业文化两方面著称。

• Its sporting record is exceptional for a university of its size: by 2024 it had won 131 NCAA team championships and 25 consecutive Directors' Cups from 1994.以学校规模而言，其体育成绩尤为突出：截至 2024 年共获得 131 项美国大学体育协会团体冠军，并自 1994 年起连续 25 年获得董事盃。

• Stanford students and alumni have won at least 302 Olympic medals, including 153 gold medals, more than most countries.其学生与校友至少获得 302 枚奥运奖牌，其中金牌 153 枚，数量超过多数国家。

• The university was founded as non-sectarian and coeducational from the outset, and offered free tuition for its first four decades.学校自创办之初即不设教派限制并实行男女同校，前四十年还免收学费。

• Its connection with the technology industry is such that many of the largest firms of Silicon Valley were founded by its alumni or faculty.学校与科技产业的联系之深，使硅谷许多大型企业都由其校友或教师创办。

• Among its alumni are 70 billionaire entrepreneurs, 17 astronauts, two justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and four Pulitzer Prize winners.其校友中包括 70 位亿万富翁企业家、17 位航天员、2 位美国最高法院大法官与 4 位普利策奖得主。

• Travel and Leisure named it one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States in 2011, and it is regularly listed among the world's finest.2011 年《旅游与休闲》杂志将其评为全美最优美的校园之一，学校也常被列入全球最美校园之列。

• It is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and a member of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities.学校是美国大学协会的创始成员，也是环太平洋大学联盟的成员。

Student life

• Stanford has an unusually high proportion of students living on campus, and most undergraduates are housed in university residences for all four years.学校住校学生比例异常之高，多数本科生四年都住在校内宿舍。

• Its athletic teams are known as the Cardinal, after the colour rather than a mascot, and the Tree is an unofficial mascot that appears at sporting events.其运动队名为「枢机红」，得名于校色而非吉祥物；「树」则是出现在体育赛事上的非官方吉祥物。

• The Stanford Daily is the student newspaper and has been published since the nineteenth century.《斯坦福日报》是学生自办报纸，自十九世纪起持续出版。

• The annual football match against the University of California, Berkeley, known as the Big Game, is the focus of the rivalry and the contest for the Stanford Axe.每年与加州大学伯克利分校的橄榄球赛称为「大比赛」，是两校竞争的核心，也是「斯坦福之斧」的争夺场合。

• Stanford fields 36 varsity teams and competes in NCAA Division I, having moved to the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2024.学校有 36 支校级运动队，参加美国大学体育协会甲级联赛，并于 2024 年转入大西洋沿岸联盟。

• Traditions include the Full Moon on the Quad at the start of the year and the unstructured Wacky Walk at commencement, in which graduates cross the stage in costumes.学校的传统包括学年之初的「方院满月」活动，以及毕业典礼上毕业生身着奇装异服走过舞台的「搞怪游行」。

• The university's colours are cardinal red and white, taken from the original athletic uniforms of the 1890s.学校代表色为枢机红与白色，源自十九世纪九十年代的最初运动服配色。

• Physical education and outdoor activity form part of student life, with the campus's open land, foothills and nearby coast used for running, cycling and rowing.体育与户外活动是学生生活的一部分，校园的开阔地带、山麓与近旁的海岸被用于跑步、骑行与划船。

• The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band, founded in the 1890s, is known for its irreverent performances and for declining to march in formation.成立于十九世纪九十年代的小利兰·斯坦福大学行进乐队，以不守常规的演出和不排队行进而闻名。

Notable people

• Leland and Jane Stanford founded the university in memory of their son Leland Jr., and their grant set its non-sectarian and coeducational character.利兰与简·斯坦福为纪念其子小利兰而创办这所大学，其建校基金确立了学校不分教派、男女同校的性质。

• David Starr Jordan, the first president, served from 1891 to 1913 and recruited the first faculty from Indiana and Cornell.首任校长大卫·斯塔尔·佐敦自 1891 至 1913 年在任，并从印第安纳与康奈尔聘来首批教师。

• Herbert Hoover, a member of the first class and later president of the United States, founded the Hoover Institution and remained closely tied to the university.首届学生之一、后任美国总统的赫伯特·胡佛创办了胡佛研究所，并长期与学校保持密切联系。

• Frederick Terman, dean of engineering, encouraged faculty and graduates to found companies and is widely called the father of Silicon Valley.工程学院院长弗雷德里克·特曼鼓励教师与毕业生创办公司，被广泛称为「硅谷之父」。

• Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed the research that became Google while doctoral students at Stanford, and Jerry Yang and David Filo founded Yahoo there.拉里·佩奇与谢尔盖·布林在斯坦福攻读博士期间完成了后来成为谷歌的研究；杨致远与大卫·费罗则在此创办了雅虎。

• Phil Knight, co-founder of Nike, and Reed Hastings, co-founder of Netflix, are among its business alumni.耐克联合创始人菲尔·奈特与奈飞联合创始人里德·哈斯廷斯，都是其商界校友。

• Burton Richter, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, and Martin Perl, awarded in 1995, both worked at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.1976 年获诺贝尔物理学奖的伯顿·里克特与 1995 年获奖的马丁·佩尔，都曾在斯坦福直线加速器中心工作。

• The novelist John Steinbeck attended Stanford without taking a degree, and the writer Ken Kesey studied there.小说家约翰·斯坦贝克曾在斯坦福就读但未取得学位，作家肯·克西也在此求学。

• Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States, took her law degree at Stanford, and Sally Ride, the first American woman in space, was an alumna.美国最高法院首位女性大法官桑德拉·戴·奥康纳在斯坦福获得法学学位；美国首位进入太空的女性莎莉·莱德也是其校友。

• Its faculty have included the physicist Robert Hofstadter, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961, and the biochemist Arthur Kornberg, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959.其教师中包括 1961 年分享诺贝尔物理学奖的物理学家罗伯特·霍夫施塔特，以及 1959 年获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的生物化学家阿瑟·科恩伯格。