Sofia University

Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski is a public research university in Sofia, Bulgaria, and the oldest institution of higher education in the country, occupying the 751-760 band of the 2027 QS World University Rankings.索非亚大学全称「索非亚圣克莱门特奥赫里德大学」，是一所位于保加利亚首都索非亚的公立研究型大学，也是该国历史最久的高等学府，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中处于 751-760 区间。

It was founded on 1 October 1888 as a higher pedagogical course and became a full university in the 1890s, ten years after the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.该校于 1888 年 10 月 1 日以高等师范课程的形式创办，保加利亚摆脱奥斯曼统治独立十年之后，在 1890 年代发展为完整意义上的大学。

Its OpenAlex record lists 32,804 research works and 1,515,200 citations, and it has 16 faculties and three departments teaching more than 21,000 students.其 OpenAlex 记录列有研究成果 32,804 项、被引 1,515,200 次；该校设有 16 个学院与 3 个系，在校学生超过 21,000 人。

History

• Sofia University was founded on 1 October 1888, ten years after the liberation of Bulgaria, to serve as the country's principal institution of higher education.索非亚大学创办于 1888 年 10 月 1 日，即保加利亚独立十年之后，旨在成为该国的首要高等学府。

• Its first form was a year-long higher pedagogical course extending the curriculum of an existing secondary school in Sofia.其最初形态是为期一年的高等师范课程，延伸了索非亚一所既有中学的课程体系。

• The founders deliberately built the foundations of a higher learning institution within that course, drawing on the subject matter of Austrian and German universities where four of them had taken doctorates.创办者有意识地在这一课程中奠定高等学府的基础，参考了其中四人取得博士学位的奥地利与德国大学的学科内容。

• The course began with seven lecturers and forty-three students, all men, and aimed to educate elementary school teachers and fill national gaps in education and scholarship.该课程最初有七名讲师与四十三名学生，全部为男性，目标是培养小学教师并填补国家在教育与学术方面的人才空缺。

• With provisional statutes provided by Ivan Shishmanov in January 1889, the course was legally extended into a multi-departmental higher school with three-year study tracks.依伊万·希什马诺夫于 1889 年 1 月提出的临时章程，该课程在法律上扩展为设有三年学制的多学科高等学校。

• By the mid-1890s the higher school had become a respected national centre of scholarship, with the functions and characteristics of a university.到 1890 年代中期，这所高等学校已成为受人尊敬的全国学术中心，具备大学的职能与特征。

• Shishmanov became minister of education in 1903, and in 1904 he carried a law through the National Assembly that turned the four-year higher school into an officially instituted university.希什马诺夫于 1903 年出任教育部长，并于 1904 年推动国民议会通过法律，把这所四年制高等学校正式确立为大学。

• The university's first rector was the Bulgarian linguist Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan.该校首任校长为保加利亚语言学家亚历山大·特奥多罗夫-巴兰。

• In its early years it had three faculties: history and philology from 1888, mathematics and physics from 1889, and law from 1892.建校初期该校设有三个学院：1888 年的历史与语言学学院、1889 年的数学与物理学学院，以及 1892 年的法学院。

• History, geography, Slavic philology, philosophy and pedagogy, mathematics and physics, chemistry, the natural sciences and law were among the subjects taught.所授课程包括历史、地理、斯拉夫语文学、哲学与教育学、数学与物理、化学、自然科学以及法律。

• The first sixteen women were admitted in 1901, and the following year 25 November, the feast day of St Kliment of Ohrid, became the university's official holiday.1901 年，首批十六名女性获准入校；次年，11 月 25 日即圣克莱门特·奥赫里德纪念日成为该校的官方节日。

• When Prince Ferdinand opened the National Theatre in 1907 he was booed by university students, and the university was closed for six months and all lecturers dismissed.1907 年斐迪南亲王为国立剧院揭幕时遭该校学生喝倒彩，大学因此被关闭六个月，全体讲师遭解职。

• The crisis was resolved only after a new government headed by Aleksandar Malinov came to power in January 1908.直到亚历山达尔·马利诺夫领导的新政府于 1908 年 1 月上台，这场危机才得以化解。

• At the beginning of the Balkan Wars, 1,379 students were recorded at the university, 725 men and 654 women.巴尔干战争爆发之初，该校在册学生为 1,379 人，其中男性 725 人、女性 654 人。

• A fourth faculty, medicine, was established in 1917, and a fifth, agronomy, followed in 1921.1917 年设立第四个学院即医学院；1921 年又增设第五个学院即农学院。

• The faculties of veterinary medicine and of theology were founded in 1923, completing the university's early disciplinary range.1923 年，兽医学院与神学院相继成立，使该校早期的学科格局趋于完整。

• In 1922 and 1923 the university had 111 chairs, 205 lecturers and assistants, and 2,388 students, of whom 1,702 were men and 686 women.1922 至 1923 年间，该校设有 111 个教研室、205 名讲师与助教，在校生 2,388 人，其中男性 1,702 人、女性 686 人。

• The foundation stone of the university's new edifice was laid on 30 June 1924 with funds secured by the brothers Evlogi Georgiev and Hristo Georgiev.1924 年 6 月 30 日，大学新主楼奠基，资金由埃夫洛吉·格奥尔基耶夫与赫里斯托·格奥尔基耶夫兄弟提供。

• The rectorate was built to the initial plans of the French architect Henri Bréançon, who won a competition in 1907, with the plans developed by Nikola Lazarov and revised by Yordan Milanov.主楼按法国建筑师亨利·布雷安松的初步方案建造，他于 1907 年赢得竞赛；方案由尼古拉·拉扎罗夫深化、约尔丹·米兰诺夫修订。

• The building opened officially on 16 December 1934 and has an area of 18,624 square metres with 324 premises, with the sculptures of its benefactors set into its façade.该楼于 1934 年 12 月 16 日正式启用，建筑面积 18,624 平方米，共有 324 个房间；两位捐助人的雕像嵌于其立面之上。

• On 27 October 1929 the university's first doctoral thesis in the natural sciences was defended by the geologist Vassil Tzankov.1929 年 10 月 27 日，地质学家瓦西尔·灿科夫完成了该校自然科学领域的第一篇博士论文答辩。

• After the Second World War the university's structure changed sharply as several of its faculties became independent institutions, among them the higher institute of economics and the medical academy.第二次世界大战之后，该校结构发生剧变，若干学院独立为单独的高等学府，其中包括高等经济学院与医学院。

Academics

• The university has 16 faculties and three separate departments, among them history, Slavic studies, classical and modern languages, philosophy, law and education.该校设有 16 个学院与 3 个独立系，其中包括历史、斯拉夫研究、古典与现代语言、哲学、法学与教育等学院。

• Its other faculties cover pre-school and primary education, theology, journalism and mass communication, economics and business administration, mathematics and informatics, physics and chemistry.其余学院涵盖学前与初等教育、神学、新闻与大众传播、经济与工商管理、数学与信息学、物理学与化学。

• The remaining faculties are biology, geology and geography, and medicine, with departments of language learning, information and in-service teacher training, and physical education.其余学院为生物学、地质与地理学以及医学，另设语言学习系、信息与教师在职培训系和体育系。

• The Faculty of History and Philology, established in 1888, is the oldest unit, and the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics dates from 1889.1888 年设立的历史与语言学学院是最古老的单位，数学与物理学学院则始于 1889 年。

• The Faculty of Law, established in 1892, has trained much of Bulgaria's judiciary, civil service and political class.1892 年设立的法学院培养了保加利亚相当部分的法官、公务员与政治人物。

• OpenAlex records 32,804 research works and 1,515,200 citations for the university, the largest research record among Bulgarian universities.OpenAlex 记录该校研究成果 32,804 项、被引 1,515,200 次，是保加利亚各大学中科研记录最大的一所。

• The university employs about 1,598 teaching staff, and about 1,500 of its students come from abroad.该校约有 1,598 名教学人员，其学生中约 1,500 人来自国外。

• Teaching is conducted mainly in Bulgarian, with programmes in foreign languages and medicine taught partly in English for international students.教学主要以保加利亚语进行，部分外语与医学项目以英语面向国际学生开设。

• The university offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees across its faculties and supervises doctoral research in the humanities, sciences and social sciences.该校各学院均授予学士、硕士与博士学位，并在人文、自然科学与社会科学领域指导博士研究。

• Sofia University research units include laboratories and centres in physics, chemistry, biology, geology and the humanities, some shared with the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.其研究单位包括物理、化学、生物、地质与人文学科的实验室与中心，其中部分与保加利亚科学院共用。

• Its professorial and teaching staff have produced scholarship in Bulgarian language and literature, history, mathematics, physics and astronomy.其教授与教学人员在保加利亚语言文学、历史、数学、物理与天文学方面产出了大量研究成果。

• The university library and its archives preserve collections assembled since 1888, including manuscripts and rare editions of Bulgarian literature.该校图书馆与档案部门保存着自 1888 年以来汇集的藏品，其中包括手稿与保加利亚文学的珍本。

• The university is a member of the European University Association and of UNICA, the network of universities of the capitals of Europe.该校是欧洲大学协会以及欧洲首都大学联盟 UNICA 的成员。

• It has cooperation agreements with universities in more than sixty countries and takes part in the Erasmus programme and in European research projects. and its faculties host visiting scholars and international conferences该校与六十多个国家的大学签署合作协议，并参与伊拉斯谟计划与欧洲研究项目。 其各学院接待访问学者并举办国际会议

• Admission to its most competitive faculties, notably medicine and law, is by entrance examination, and tuition is free for Bulgarian students within state quotas.其竞争最激烈的学院——尤其是医学与法学——通过入学考试录取，保加利亚学生在国家名额内免交学费。

• Doctoral programmes are administered by the faculties, and the university awards the degrees of doctor of philosophy and doctor of science.博士项目由各学院管理，学校授予哲学博士与科学博士学位。

Campus

• The main campus lies in the centre of Sofia at approximately 42.70 degrees north and 23.32 degrees east, near the National Assembly and the city's principal boulevards.主校区位于索非亚市中心，坐标约为北纬 42.70 度、东经 23.32 度，靠近国民议会与城市主要大道。

• Its central building, erected between 1924 and 1934, has an area of 18,624 square metres with 324 premises and is a landmark of the capital.其建于 1924 至 1934 年间的中央主楼建筑面积 18,624 平方米、共有 324 个房间，是首都的地标之一。

• The rectorate was built to plans by Henri Bréançon, developed by Nikola Lazarov and revised by Yordan Milanov, and opened on 16 December 1934.主楼按亨利·布雷安松的方案、经尼古拉·拉扎罗夫深化并由约尔丹·米兰诺夫修订后建成，于 1934 年 12 月 16 日启用。

• Statues of the benefactors Evlogi and Hristo Georgiev adorn the façade, commemorating the brothers who financed the building.捐助人埃夫洛吉与赫里斯托·格奥尔基耶夫兄弟的雕像装饰着主楼立面，以纪念出资兴建该楼的二人。

• The university occupies buildings around the central campus and in other parts of Sofia, including faculty buildings, laboratories and student dormitories.该校的建筑分布于中心校区周边以及索非亚的其他地区，包括各学院楼、实验室与学生宿舍。

• Its botanical garden, established in the late nineteenth century, supports teaching and research in botany and holds a collection of Bulgarian and foreign plants.其植物园建于十九世纪末，支撑植物学的教学与研究，并收藏保加利亚与外来植物。

• Student dormitories are provided in the Studentski Grad district of Sofia, where most of the city's university housing is concentrated.学生宿舍设于索非亚的「大学生城」区，该区集中了该市大部分高校宿舍。

• Sofia's metro, tram and trolleybus networks link the campus to the city, and the university is within walking distance of the National Library and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.索非亚的地铁、有轨电车与无轨电车网络把校区与全市相连，学校距国家图书馆与保加利亚科学院亦在步行范围内。

• The campus lies close to Sofia's central parks and to the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, giving students access to the capital's cultural institutions.校区靠近索非亚的中央公园与亚历山大·涅夫斯基大教堂，学生可使用首都的文化设施。

• Sofia is served by an international airport and by rail and road links to the rest of the Balkans and to Europe.索非亚有国际机场，并经铁路与公路与巴尔干其他地区及欧洲相连。

• Several of its former faculties became independent institutions, among them the Medical University of Sofia, the Technical University of Sofia and the Agricultural University of Plovdiv.其若干原有学院曾独立为单独的高等学府，其中包括索非亚医科大学、索非亚技术大学与普罗夫迪夫农业大学。

• The American University in Bulgaria and the New Bulgarian University were founded later, and they, like Sofia University, take part in national and European academic networks.保加利亚美国大学与新保加利亚大学此后相继创办，它们与索非亚大学一样，参与国家与欧洲的学术网络。

• The university's central library and its faculty libraries hold collections in the humanities, law, the sciences and medicine assembled since 1888.该校中央图书馆与各学院图书馆收藏着自 1888 年以来汇集的人文、法学、理学与医学馆藏。

• Its students take part in national academic competitions and in the university's own olympiads in mathematics, physics, chemistry and philology.其学生参加全国学术竞赛以及学校自办的数学、物理、化学与语文学奥林匹克竞赛。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski is placed in the 751-760 band, according to the official ranking table.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，索非亚大学处于 751-760 区间。此排名以官方榜单为准。^[1]

• It stands in the 1601-1800 band of the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and is 1090th in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，该校处于 1601-1800 区间，并在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 1090。

• It is placed in the 901-1000 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by ShanghaiRanking.该校处于软科发布的 2026 年世界大学学术排名 901-1000 区间。

• It is the oldest institution of higher education in Bulgaria and the largest research university in the country. and it remains the largest research university in the country该校是保加利亚历史最久的高等学府，也是该国规模最大的研究型大学。 至今仍是该国规模最大的研究型大学

• OpenAlex attributes 32,804 works and 1,515,200 citations to the university, the largest research record among Bulgarian universities.OpenAlex 记录该校成果 32,804 项、被引 1,515,200 次，是保加利亚各大学中科研记录最大的一所。

• Two presidents of Bulgaria, Zhelyu Zhelev and Georgi Parvanov, and several prime ministers studied at the university.保加利亚的两位总统热柳·热列夫与格奥尔基·珀尔瓦诺夫以及多位总理都曾在该校就读。

• Its Faculty of Law and its medical faculty have supplied a large share of the country's judges, doctors and senior civil servants.其法学院与医学院为该国输送了很大比例的法官、医生与高级公务员。

• The university's scholarship in Bulgarian philology, history and the natural sciences underpins its national standing.该校在保加利亚语文学、历史与自然科学方面的学术积累，奠定了其全国地位。

• Sofia University is a member of the European University Association and of UNICA, and it participates in European research and exchange programmes.该校是欧洲大学协会与 UNICA 的成员，并参与欧洲的研究与交流项目。

• Its anniversary is marked each year on 25 November, the feast day of its patron St Kliment of Ohrid, who is venerated as the first Bulgarian teacher. and the day is marked with ceremonies in the central building该校每年 11 月 25 日庆祝校庆，即其主保圣人圣克莱门特·奥赫里德的纪念日，后者被尊为保加利亚第一位教师。 当日在主楼举行典礼以示纪念

Student life

• The university's patron saint is Kliment of Ohrid, and 25 November, his feast day, has been the official university holiday since 1902.该校的主保圣人是奥赫里德的克莱门特，其纪念日 11 月 25 日自 1902 年起即为大学的官方假日。

• The university does not promote a separate formal motto, and its identity rests on its role as Bulgaria's first and largest university.该校未另行宣扬正式校训，其身份认同建立在其作为保加利亚第一所也是最大一所大学的角色之上。

• Student life is concentrated in Sofia, where the university's faculties, the national library and the academy are within a compact central area.学生生活集中于索非亚，该校各学院、国家图书馆与科学院都位于紧凑的中心区域。

• Student organisations include faculty-level societies, a student council and cultural and sports associations that operate across the university.学生组织包括院系层面的社团、学生会以及跨校运作的文化与体育协会。

• Sports and recreation are supported by university facilities and by the Studentski Grad district, which houses most students in dormitories.体育与休闲由校内设施以及「大学生城」区的配套支持，多数学生在该区宿舍住宿。

• The university's annual celebration on 25 November includes ceremonies in the central building and events for staff, students and alumni.该校每年 11 月 25 日的庆祝活动包括在主楼举行的典礼以及面向教职工、学生与校友的活动。

• Students participate in Erasmus exchanges and in summer schools organised with partner universities across Europe.学生参加伊拉斯谟交换以及与欧洲伙伴院校合办的暑期学校。

• The university's location in the capital gives students access to Bulgaria's national media, its courts and its government institutions for internships and careers.该校位于首都，使学生得以在国家媒体、法院与政府机构实习并就业。

• Its alumni network is concentrated in Bulgarian law, medicine, education and public administration, and the university maintains an active association of graduates.其校友网络集中于保加利亚的法学、医学、教育与公共行政领域，学校并设有活跃的毕业生协会。

Notable people

• Ivan Shishmanov, the scholar and politician who provided the provisional statutes of 1889, is regarded as the founder of the university and later served as minister of education.提供 1889 年临时章程的学者与政治家伊万·希什马诺夫被视为该校的创办人，他后来出任教育部长。

• Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan, a Bulgarian linguist, was the university's first rector and shaped its early philological teaching.保加利亚语言学家亚历山大·特奥多罗夫-巴兰是该校首任校长，奠定了其早期的语文学教学。

• Zhelyu Zhelev, president of Bulgaria from 1990 to 1997 and a philosopher by training, was a professor and graduate of the university.1990 至 1997 年任保加利亚总统的哲学家热柳·热列夫，是该校的毕业生与教授。

• Georgi Parvanov, president of Bulgaria from 2002 to 2012, took his doctorate in history at the university.2002 至 2012 年任保加利亚总统的格奥尔基·珀尔瓦诺夫，在该校取得历史学博士学位。

• Ivan Kostov, prime minister of Bulgaria from 1997 to 2001, studied at the university.1997 至 2001 年任保加利亚总理的伊万·科斯托夫曾在该校就读。

• Iliana Yotova, vice president of Bulgaria from 2017, is a graduate of the university's Faculty of Law.2017 年起任保加利亚副总统的伊利亚娜·约托娃是该校法学院的毕业生。

• Vassil Tzankov, a geologist, defended the university's first doctoral thesis in the natural sciences on 27 October 1929.地质学家瓦西尔·灿科夫于 1929 年 10 月 27 日完成该校自然科学领域的首篇博士论文答辩。

• Evlogi Georgiev and Hristo Georgiev, the brothers whose donation paid for the central building, are commemorated in sculptures on its façade.捐资兴建中央主楼的格奥尔基耶夫兄弟——埃夫洛吉与赫里斯托——以雕像的形式被纪念于主楼立面之上。

• Faculty members in the natural sciences have contributed to Bulgarian work in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and geology.其自然科学领域的教师为保加利亚在数学、物理、化学、生物与地质方面的研究作出了贡献。

• Its graduates staff Bulgarian hospitals, courts, schools and ministries, and some teach at universities in other Balkan countries.其毕业生供职于保加利亚的医院、法院、学校与各部委，部分人还在巴尔干其他国家的大学任教。

• The university's doctoral graduates include scholars who have led institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and national research programmes.其博士毕业生中包括领导保加利亚科学院各研究所与国家研究项目的学者。