Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU, Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a federal state public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and one of the oldest and largest universities in the country, with more than 30,000 students and over 12,000 staff as of 2024.圣彼得堡国立大学（俄语全名 Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет，简称 SPbU）是位于俄罗斯圣彼得堡的一所联邦国立公立研究型大学，也是该国最古老、规模最大的大学之一，截至 2024 年有 30,000 余名学生与 12,000 余名教职工。

Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great and claiming continuous operation since 1819, the university is made up of 24 faculties and institutes and keeps two main campuses on Vasilievsky Island and in Peterhof, a south-western suburb of the city.该校由彼得大帝于 1724 年下诏创办，其建制延续可追溯至 1819 年，现设 24 个学院与研究所，两大主校区分别位于瓦西里岛与城市西南郊的彼得霍夫。

In the 2027 QS World University Rankings it is placed 390th, it did not appear in the 2027 or 2026 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it is 831st in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities, and it lies in the 501-600 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, while OpenAlex credits it with 98,396 research works and 2,421,586 citations.该校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 390，2027 年与 2026 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名均未上榜，在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 831，在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 501 至 600 区间，OpenAlex 统计其研究成果 98,396 项、累计被引 2,421,586 次。

History

• It is disputed whether Saint Petersburg State University or Moscow State University is the oldest higher education institution in Russia, for Peter the Great decreed on 24 January 1724 the founding of a university together with the Academic Gymnasium and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.圣彼得堡国立大学与莫斯科国立大学孰为俄罗斯最古老的高等学府一直存在争议，因为彼得大帝于 1724 年 1 月 24 日下诏，与科学院及附属文科中学一同创办了一所大学。

• Between 1804 and 1819 the institution created by Peter the Great had no affiliated schools, for the 1803 charter of the Academy of Sciences forbade them, and teaching instead continued in the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute set up in 1804 and renamed the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1814.1804 年至 1819 年间，彼得大帝所创机构不再附设学校，因 1803 年科学院章程明令禁止，教学转而由 1804 年设立的圣彼得堡师范学院承担，该院于 1814 年更名为总师范学院。

• On 8 February 1819 Alexander I of Russia reorganised the Main Pedagogical Institute into Saint Petersburg University, which then consisted of three faculties covering philosophy and law, history and philology, and physics and mathematics.1819 年 2 月 8 日，俄皇亚历山大一世将总师范学院改组为圣彼得堡大学，当时下设哲学与法律、历史与语文、物理与数学三个学院。

• In 1821 the university was renamed Saint Petersburg Imperial University, and in 1824 a modified version of the charter of Moscow University was adopted as its first charter, while in 1829 it counted 19 full professors and 169 students.1821 年，该校更名为圣彼得堡帝国大学，1824 年采用经修改的莫斯科大学章程作为其首部章程，至 1829 年全校有 19 名正教授与 169 名学生。

• In 1830 Tsar Nicholas returned the entire Twelve Collegia building to the university, and the 1835 Charter of the Imperial Universities of Russia again reorganised teaching into the Faculties of Law, History and Philology and Physics and Mathematics.1830 年，沙皇尼古拉将十二院大楼整座归还该校，1835 年俄罗斯帝国大学章程再次将教学重组为法律学院、历史与语文学院及物理与数学学院。

• In 1849 the Senate of the Russian Empire decreed that the rector should be appointed by the minister of national enlightenment, yet Pyotr Pletnyov was reappointed and served from 1840 to 1861 as the longest serving rector of the university.1849 年，俄罗斯帝国参政院下令校长由国民教育大臣任命，但彼得·普列特尼奥夫仍获连任，自 1840 年至 1861 年成为该校任期最长的校长。

• In 1855 oriental studies were separated from the Faculty of History and Philology, and the fourth faculty, the Faculty of Oriental Languages, was formally inaugurated on 27 August 1855.1855 年，东方学从历史与语文学院中分离，第四学院东方语言学院于 1855 年 8 月 27 日正式成立。

• A decree of Alexander II adopted in 1863 restored the right of the university assembly to elect the rector, and by 1861 the university already enrolled 1,270 full-time and 167 part-time students.1863 年亚历山大二世颁布的诏令恢复了大学评议会选举校长的权利，而早在 1861 年该校就已招收 1,270 名全日制与 167 名非全日制学生。

• Student unrest in 1861 to 1862 and again in 1869 twice forced the temporary closure of the university, and the 1884 charter once more gave the minister of national enlightenment the power to appoint the rector.1861 至 1862 年以及 1869 年的学生风潮两度迫使学校暂时停课，1884 年章程再次将校长任命权交回国民教育大臣。

• New admission rules approved in 1887 barred persons of non-noble origin unless they were extraordinarily talented, and by 1894 the university had graduated 9,212 students in total.1887 年获批的新招生章程排斥非贵族出身者，除非其才能出众，至 1894 年该校累计毕业学生 9,212 名。

• On 24 March 1896 Alexander Popov publicly demonstrated for the first time in history the transmission of radio waves on the campus of the university.1896 年 3 月 24 日，亚历山大·波波夫在该校校园内完成了历史上首次无线电波传输的公开演示。

• In 1902 the first student dining hall in Russia opened at the university, while regular strikes and student unrest from about 1897 repeatedly disrupted teaching and the university was temporarily closed in 1905 to 1906 and again in 1911.1902 年，俄国首家学生食堂在该校开办，而自约 1897 年起的罢工与学生风潮屡屡打断教学，校方于 1905 至 1906 年及 1911 年再度停课。

• In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, the university was renamed Petrograd Imperial University, and in 1915 a branch opened in Perm which later grew into Perm State University.1914 年第一次世界大战爆发，该校更名为彼得格勒帝国大学，1915 年又在彼尔姆开设分校，该分校后来发展为彼尔姆国立大学。

• The Assembly openly welcomed the February Revolution of 1917 and the institution became known as Petrograd University, yet after the October Revolution much of its staff opposed the Bolshevik takeover and several were imprisoned, executed or exiled aboard the Philosophers' ships of 1922.大学评议会公开欢迎 1917 年二月革命，学校随之称彼得格勒大学，然而十月革命后多数教职员反对布尔什维克掌权，数人遭监禁、处决，或在 1922 年所谓「哲学船」事件中被流放海外。

• In 1918 the university was renamed 1st Petrograd State University, and in 1919 the Narkompros merged it with the former Psychoneurological Institute and the Bestuzhev Higher Courses for Women to form Petrograd State University.1918 年该校更名为第一彼得格勒国立大学，1919 年教育人民委员部将其与心理神经学研究所及别斯图热夫女子高等讲习班合并，组成彼得格勒国立大学。

• In 1924 the university was renamed Leningrad State University after the city, and in the fabricated Academic Affair of 1929 to 1930 historians such as Sergey Platonov and Yevgeny Tarle were arrested, with further staff repressed in the Great Purge of 1937 to 1938.1924 年该校随城市更名而改称列宁格勒国立大学，在 1929 至 1930 年捏造的「科学院事件」中，谢尔盖·普拉托诺夫与叶夫根尼·塔尔列等史学家被捕，1937 至 1938 年大清洗中又有更多教职员遭到迫害。

• During the Siege of Leningrad from 1941 to 1944 many students and staff died of starvation or in battle, the university evacuated to Saratov in 1942 to 1944, and in 1944 it was awarded the Order of Lenin.1941 至 1944 年列宁格勒围城期间，众多师生死于饥饿或战火，学校于 1942 至 1944 年迁往萨拉托夫，并于 1944 年获颁列宁勋章。

• In 1948 the Soviet Council of Ministers named the university after Andrei Zhdanov, a decision reversed in 1989 during Perestroika, and in 1969 the Presidium awarded it the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.1948 年苏联部长会议将该校冠以安·亚·日丹诺夫之名，此决定于 1989 年改革时期撤销，1969 年最高苏维埃主席团又授予其劳动红旗勋章。

• In 1966 the Council of Ministers decided to build a suburban campus at Petrodvorets for most of the mathematics and natural science faculties, a relocation completed by the 1990s.1966 年部长会议决定在彼得宫城为多数数学与自然科学学院兴建郊区校区，整个搬迁至 1990 年代完成。

• In 1991 the university was renamed back to Saint Petersburg State University, and both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev studied law within its Faculty of Law before entering Russian politics.1991 年该校恢复圣彼得堡国立大学之名，弗拉基米尔·普京与德米特里·梅德韦杰夫在步入俄罗斯政坛之前，均就读于其法学院。

• After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the university expelled 13 students who had protested against the war, the Coimbra Group expelled it and the European University Association suspended it, and foreign partners such as Dartmouth College halted their programmes there.2022 年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，该校开除了 13 名抗议战争的学生，科英布拉集团将其除名，欧洲大学协会暂停其会员资格，达特茅斯学院等海外伙伴也中止了在该校的项目。

Academics

• The university is organised into 24 faculties and institutes grouped around the natural sciences, the humanities and the social sciences, alongside the Academic Gymnasium, the Medical College and the College of Physical Culture and Sports.该校按 24 个学院与研究所组织，分属自然科学、人文与社会科学三大板块，另设附属文科中学、医学院与体育学院。

• It offers more than 500 interdisciplinary educational programmes at bachelor, specialist, master and doctoral levels, covering mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, law, economics, journalism and oriental studies.该校开设 500 多个跨学科教育项目，涵盖学士、专家、硕士与博士各层次，涉及数学、物理、化学、地质、生物、法律、经济、新闻与东方学等领域。

• More than 15 major research laboratories and 23 resource centres belong to its Research Park, one of the leading research facilities in Russia.该校拥有 15 个以上大型科研实验室与 23 个资源中心，共同构成其研究园区，是俄罗斯领先的科研设施之一。

• The M. Gorky Scientific Library holds more than 7 million print volumes, including 100,000 rare books from the 15th to the 20th centuries and over 50,000 oriental manuscripts.高尔基科学图书馆藏书逾 700 万册，含 15 至 20 世纪珍本 10 万册以及 5 万余件东方手稿。

• The Dmitri Mendeleev Museum and Archives, opened in 1911 in the Twelve Collegia building, keeps the world's largest collection relating to the chemist's life and work.德米特里·门捷列夫博物馆与档案馆于 1911 年在十二院大楼开设，收藏着全球最丰富的相关实物与文献。

• The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, reformed in 2010, has enrolled more than 580 bachelor, master and doctoral students and graduated over 470 in mathematics and computer science.数学与计算机科学学院于 2010 年重组，现有 580 余名本硕博学生，并已培养出 470 余名数学与计算机科学专业毕业生。

• The Faculty of Law has trained thousands of jurists, including the Russian presidents Vladimir Putin, who graduated in 1975, and Dmitry Medvedev, who graduated in 1987.法学院培养了数千名法学家，其中包括 1975 年毕业的俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京与 1987 年毕业的德米特里·梅德韦杰夫。

• The Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Oriental Studies together teach more than 40 languages, and the Graduate School of Management and the School of Journalism and Mass Communications are its leading professional schools.语文学院与东方学院合计教授 40 余种语言，管理研究生院与新闻与大众传播学院则是该校主要的专业学院。

• Undergraduate admission for state-funded places is decided by the Unified State Exam, whose average score among applicants to the university in 2023 reached 90 points out of a possible 100.公费本科录取以国家统一考试为凭，2023 年该校申请者的平均成绩高达满分 100 分中的 90 分。

• In the 2023 admission campaign more than 106,000 domestic students applied for bachelor and specialist programmes, yet only 4,617 were accepted.在 2023 年招生季中，逾 106,000 名本国学生申请本科与专家学位项目，最终仅 4,617 人获录取。

• In the same year over 21,000 international students from 100 different countries applied for state-funded scholarships, of whom only about 1,000 were accepted.同年，来自 100 个国家的 21,000 余名国际学生申请公费奖学金，获录取者仅约 1,000 人。

• Its alumni include multiple Nobel Prize and Fields Medal winners, and the university operates 120 centres of the Russian language in 50 countries to promote its language abroad.其校友中不乏诺贝尔奖与菲尔兹奖得主，该校并在 50 个国家设立 120 个俄语中心，向海外推广本国语言。

• The university is a member of the University of the Arctic, a circumpolar network of more than 200 universities and organisations, though the collaboration was paused after the Russo-Ukrainian War began in 2022.该校是北极大学的成员，这一环极网络涵盖 200 多所高校与机构，但自 2022 年俄乌战争爆发后其合作被暂停。

• Research and teaching span the natural sciences, the humanities and the social sciences, with Smolny College of Liberal Arts and Sciences founded in 1999 as a joint venture with Bard College in the United States.其科研与教学横跨自然科学、人文与社会科学，1999 年与美国巴德学院合办的斯莫尔尼文理学院即为一例。

• The university library also preserves the personal library of Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged under his own classification system, which documents the breadth of his scientific and social interests.该校图书馆还保存着德米特里·门捷列夫的个人藏书，按其自订分类体系整理，记录了他广泛的科学与人文兴趣。

Campus

• The historic main campus lies on Vasilievsky Island in the centre of Saint Petersburg, where the Twelve Collegia building serves as the main building and houses the Library, the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Earth Sciences.历史主校区位于圣彼得堡市中心的瓦西里岛，其中十二院大楼是主楼，设有图书馆、生物学院与地球科学研究所。

• The Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Oriental Studies share an 18th-century Petrine Baroque building on the Universitetskaya Embankment of the Bolshaya Neva, designed by Domenico Trezzini and originally built as the palace of Peter II.语文学院与东方学院共用大涅瓦河畔大学滨河路上一座 18 世纪彼得巴洛克式建筑，该楼由多梅尼科·特雷齐尼设计，原为彼得二世宫。

• The New Gostiny Dvor, designed by Giacomo Quarenghi and built in the 19th century, is occupied by the Institute of History and the Institute of Philosophy.由贾科莫·夸伦吉设计、建于 19 世纪的新客商场，现由历史研究所与哲学研究所使用。

• The Faculty of Psychology stands on Admiral Makarov Embankment of the Malaya Neva, while the Graduate School of Management, the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Law occupy buildings farther west on Vasilievsky Island.心理学院位于小涅瓦河海军上将马卡罗夫滨河路，管理研究生院、医学院与法学院则占据瓦西里岛更西侧的楼群。

• Four social science faculties lie east of the city centre on the southern bank of the Neva, with the Faculty of Economics near the Chernyshevskaya metro station and the Faculty of Sociology, the Faculty of Political Science and the School of International Relations in historic buildings of Smolny Convent.四个社会科学学院位于市中心以东的涅瓦河南岸，经济学院靠近车尔尼雪夫斯基地铁站，而社会学学院、政治学院与国际关系学院则设于斯莫尔尼修道院的历史建筑内。

• The suburban campus at Peterhof, formerly Petrodvorets, consists of modern buildings for the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, the Institute of Chemistry and the Faculties of Mathematics and Mechanics and of Physics.位于彼得霍夫（旧称彼得宫城）的郊区校区由多座现代建筑组成，安置应用数学与控制过程学院、化学研究所，以及数学力学学院与物理学院。

• Near the Peterhof campus lies a park area known as Sergievka, where the abandoned buildings of the Faculty of Biology still stand amid woodland.彼得霍夫校区附近有一片名为谢尔吉耶夫卡的园林，生物学院的闲置建筑仍矗立于林间。

• The Peterhof campus can be reached by suburban railway from the city's Baltiysky Rail Terminal, linking the historic centre to the science campus in the south-west.彼得霍夫校区可自市内的波罗的海火车站乘近郊铁路抵达，将历史中心与西南部的理科校区相连。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings Saint Petersburg State University is placed 390th, making it one of the strongest universities in Russia.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，圣彼得堡国立大学位列第 390，是俄罗斯实力最强的高校之一。

• The university did not appear in the 2027 or the 2026 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and no other ranking entry in that list refers to it.该校在 2027 年与 2026 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中均未上榜，该榜单中也没有其他条目指向该校。

• It stands 831st in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities and falls in the 501-600 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities.该校在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 831，在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 501 至 600 区间。

• By earlier standards it was ranked 242nd in the QS World University Rankings of 2022, before the wartime suspension of international partnerships pushed it down the tables.按更早年份的口径，该校在 2022 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 242，其后因战时国际伙伴关系中止而在榜单中下滑。

• It was placed 35th worldwide by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022, reflecting its strength in research and education within Russia.在 2022 年「三大大学使命」排名中，该校位居全球第 35，反映出其在俄罗斯境内的科研与教学实力。

• Other older rankings include 652nd in the 2023 U.S. News list, the 601-800 band in the Times Higher Education ranking and the 301-400 band in the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities.更早的排名还包括 2023 年 US News 榜单第 652 位、泰晤士高等教育排名的 601 至 800 区间，以及 2021 年世界大学学术排名的 301 至 400 区间。

• Graduates of the university include nine Nobel laureates and Fields Medal winners, among them the mathematician Grigori Perelman, awarded the Fields Medal in 2006.该校毕业生中有九位诺贝尔奖得主以及菲尔兹奖得主，「菲尔兹奖」得主数学家格里戈里·佩雷尔曼即在其列。

• According to OpenAlex the university has produced 98,396 research works attracting 2,421,586 citations, underpinning its strong record in mathematics, physics and chemistry.据 OpenAlex 统计，该校已产出研究成果 98,396 项、累计被引 2,421,586 次，支撑起其在数学、物理与化学领域的强势表现。

• Admission remains highly competitive, with an overall acceptance rate of around 4 per cent for both domestic applicants and international scholarship candidates in 2023.该校录取竞争激烈，2023 年本国申请者与国际奖学金申请者的总体录取率约为百分之四。

Student life

• Saint Petersburg State University does not have a widely adopted formal Latin motto, and its identity centres instead on the 1724 founding decree of Peter the Great and its claim to be the first university of Russia.圣彼得堡国立大学并无广泛采用的正式拉丁文校训，其精神标识主要来自彼得大帝 1724 年的创办诏书，以及「俄罗斯第一所大学」的地位。

• The supreme body of self-government is the Assembly, which elects the rector and the Academic Board for a five-year term, and each faculty elects its own academic board and dean in the same way.最高自治机构为大学评议会，负责选举校长与学术委员会，任期五年，各学院亦以相同方式选举本院学术委员会与院长。

• The academic year normally starts on 1 September, is divided into two semesters that end in late December and late May, and is followed by preliminary tests and examinations in January and June.学年通常自 9 月 1 日开始，分为上下两学期，分别于 12 月下旬与 5 月下旬结束，其后在 1 月与 6 月安排前期测验与考试。

• The first student dining hall in Russia opened at the university in 1902, and canteens and student services remain part of daily campus life on both main campuses.俄国首家学生食堂于 1902 年在该校开办，如今食堂与学生服务仍是两大主校区日常生活的一部分。

• The university has a long tradition of student activism, from the unrest of 1861 to 1862 through the strikes of the 1890s to the protest movements of the 20th and 21st centuries.该校学生运动传统悠久，从 1861 至 1862 年的风潮，经 1890 年代的罢课，一直延续到 20 与 21 世纪的抗议活动。

• Student housing is provided on both the Vasilievsky Island and the Peterhof campuses, and the College of Physical Culture and Sports supports sport and recreation for the student body.该校在瓦西里岛与彼得霍夫两处校区均提供学生宿舍，体育学院亦为全体学生提供体育与休闲支持。

• International students come from dozens of countries, and the university maintains a network of 120 centres of the Russian language abroad that also feed its international recruitment.该校国际学生来自数十个国家，并依托遍布海外的 120 个俄语中心网络拓展国际招生。

Notable people

• Peter the Great, the emperor who modernised Russia, decreed the founding of the university in 1724 and remains its founding figure.推动俄国近代化的沙皇彼得大帝于 1724 年下诏创办该校，至今仍是其创办象征。

• Dmitri Mendeleev, the chemist who devised the periodic table of elements, was a professor at the university from 1861 to 1890 and its museum and archives bear his name.制定元素周期表的化学家德米特里·门捷列夫于 1861 年至 1890 年任该校教授，其博物馆与档案馆亦以他命名。

• Ivan Pavlov, who won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, studied the natural sciences at the university before his later work on conditioned reflexes.1904 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主伊万·巴甫洛夫曾在该校学习自然科学，其后开展条件反射研究。

• Ilya Mechnikov, awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on immunity, was among the university's distinguished scholars.因免疫学研究而获 1908 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的伊利亚·梅契尼可夫，是该校杰出学者之一。

• Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, graduated from the Faculty of Law in 1975, and Dmitry Medvedev, President from 2008 to 2012, graduated from the same faculty in 1987.俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京于 1975 年毕业于法学院，2008 至 2012 年任总统的德米特里·梅德韦杰夫则于 1987 年毕业于同一学院。

• Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of Soviet Russia, passed the law examinations as an external student at the university in 1891.苏俄首任领导人弗拉基米尔·列宁于 1891 年以校外考生身份通过该校的法律考试。

• Alexander Popov, a physicist and faculty member, demonstrated wireless transmission of radio waves on the campus in 1896, one of the earliest such experiments in the world.物理学家兼教师亚历山大·波波夫于 1896 年在校园内演示无线电波传输，为世界上最早的此类实验之一。

• Pafnuty Chebyshev, one of the founders of modern probability theory and number theory, was a professor at the university in the 19th century.现代概率论与数论奠基人之一帕夫努季·切比雪夫，于 19 世纪任该校教授。

• Ivan Sechenov, the physiologist known as the father of Russian physiology, taught and researched at the university in the 19th century.被誉为「俄罗斯生理学之父」的生理学家伊万·谢切诺夫，于 19 世纪在该校从事教学与研究。

• Alexander Blok, the leading poet of the Russian Symbolist movement, studied and later taught at the university.俄国象征主义运动代表诗人亚历山大·勃洛克曾在该校学习，后亦在此任教。

• Pavel Durov, founder of the Telegram messaging service, graduated from the Faculty of Philology, while his brother Nikolai Durov took a doctorate in mathematics there.即时通讯软件 Telegram 创始人保罗·杜洛夫毕业于语文学院，其兄尼古拉·杜洛夫则在该校取得数学博士学位。

• Grigori Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture and was awarded the Fields Medal in 2006, studied at the university before joining the Steklov Mathematical Institute.证明庞加莱猜想并于 2006 年获菲尔兹奖的格里戈里·佩雷尔曼，在进入斯捷克洛夫数学研究所之前就读于该校。