Rockefeller University

The Rockefeller University is a private biomedical research university in New York City that enrols only graduate students and concentrates on the biological and medical sciences.洛克菲勒大学是纽约的一所私立生物医学研究型大学，只招收研究生，专注于生物学与医学科学。

Founded in June 1901 as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, it is the oldest biomedical research institute in the United States and was renamed Rockefeller University in 1965.该校 1901 年 6 月以洛克菲勒医学研究所的名义创办，是美国历史最悠久的生物医学研究机构，1965 年更名为洛克菲勒大学。

It placed 32nd in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 and 125th in the U.S. News global ranking for 2026-2027, but did not enter the Times Higher Education ranking for 2027 or the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中位列第 32 名，在 2026 至 2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学排名中位列第 125 名，但未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，也未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名。

History

• John D. Rockefeller founded the institute in June 1901 on the advice of his adviser Frederick T. Gates, with the incorporating action taken in March 1901 by his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr.约翰·D·洛克菲勒在顾问弗雷德里克·盖茨的建议下于 1901 年 6 月创办该研究所，具体注册行动则由其子小约翰·洛克菲勒在 1901 年 3 月完成。
• Rockefeller had already founded the University of Chicago in 1889, and the new institute was conceived as a research body rather than a teaching university.洛克菲勒此前已于 1889 年创办芝加哥大学，而新机构从设计之初就是研究机构，而非教学型大学。
• It was America's first biomedical institute, comparable to France's Pasteur Institute of 1888 and Germany's Robert Koch Institute of 1891, and it greatly raised the prestige of American science and medicine.它是美国第一所生物医学研究所，与 1888 年建立的法国巴斯德研究所和 1891 年建立的德国罗伯特·科赫研究所相类，极大提升了美国科学与医学的声望。
• The Rockefeller Foundation, founded in 1913, is a separate philanthropic organisation that maintained close ties through prominent figures who held positions in both bodies.1913 年成立的洛克菲勒基金会是独立的慈善组织，双方通过同时在两个机构任职的知名人物保持着密切联系。
• Simon Flexner was the first director of laboratories and supervised the growth of the institute's research capacity, and as a student at Johns Hopkins University he had studied under William H. Welch, the first dean of its medical school.西蒙·弗莱克斯纳出任首任实验室主任，主导了研究所科研能力的成长；他在约翰斯·霍普金斯大学求学时师从该校医学院首任院长威廉·韦尔奇。
• Flexner retired in 1935 and was succeeded by Herbert Gasser, who was followed in 1953 by Detlev Bronk.弗莱克斯纳 1935 年退休，由赫伯特·加瑟接任，德特莱夫·布朗克又于 1953 年继任。
• Bronk broadened the Rockefeller Institute into a university that began awarding the Ph.D. degree in 1954, and in 1965 the institution took its present name, The Rockefeller University.布朗克把洛克菲勒研究所扩展为一所大学，于 1954 年开始授予博士学位；1965 年机构定名为洛克菲勒大学。
• For its first six decades the institute pursued basic research and applied work in biomedical engineering, and from 1910, when the Rockefeller Hospital opened, it also pursued clinical science.在最初的六十年里，研究所从事基础研究与生物医学工程方面的应用工作；1910 年洛克菲勒医院启用后，临床科学也成为其使命的一部分。
• The Rockefeller Hospital was America's first facility for clinical research, and its first director Rufus Cole retired in 1937 and was succeeded by Thomas Milton Rivers.洛克菲勒医院是美国第一所临床研究设施，首任院长鲁弗斯·科尔 1937 年退休后由托马斯·米尔顿·里弗斯接任。
• As director of the institute's virology laboratory, Rivers established virology as an independent field apart from bacteriology.里弗斯以研究所病毒学实验室主任的身份，把病毒学确立为独立于细菌学的学科。
• In the 1940s the institute hosted the team that overturned medical dogma and became the first to demonstrate that genes were made of DNA.1940 年代，研究所的团队推翻了当时的医学教条，首次证明基因由 DNA 构成。
• Rockefeller Sr visited the university only once, at the urging of his son, while John D. Rockefeller Jr and his youngest son David visited more often.老洛克菲勒在儿子敦促下只到访过该校一次，小约翰·洛克菲勒及其幼子大卫则到访得更为频繁。
• David Rockefeller joined the board of trustees in 1940 at the age of 24, chaired the board from 1950 to 1975 and its executive committee from 1975 to 1995, remaining a life trustee until his death at 102 in 2017.大卫·洛克菲勒 1940 年 24 岁时进入董事会，1950 至 1975 年任董事长，1975 至 1995 年任执行委员会主席，并一直担任终身董事，直至 2017 年以 102 岁高龄去世。
• In 1965 the Rockefeller Institute Hospital was renamed Rockefeller University Hospital, and the Rockefeller Archive Center was established in 1974 and became an independent foundation in 2008.1965 年洛克菲勒研究所医院更名为洛克菲勒大学医院；洛克菲勒档案中心 1974 年设立，2008 年起成为独立基金会。
• The archive centre in Sleepy Hollow, New York, holds the personal and professional papers of the university's faculty.位于纽约斯利皮霍洛的档案中心收藏着该校教员的个人与职业档案。
• The university admitted its first graduate students in 1955, and Richard P. Lifton became its eleventh president on 1 September 2016.该校 1955 年招收首批研究生，理查德·利夫顿于 2016 年 9 月 1 日就任第十一任校长。
• In 2018 the faculty included 82 tenured and tenure-track members, among them 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 17 of the National Academy of Medicine, seven Lasker Award recipients and five Nobel laureates.2018 年，该校有 82 位终身教职与准终身教职教师，其中包括 37 位美国国家科学院院士、17 位美国国家医学院院士、7 位拉斯克奖得主和 5 位诺贝尔奖得主。
• As of October 2020, 38 Nobel Prize recipients had been associated with the university as alumni, faculty or researchers.截至 2020 年 10 月，共有 38 位诺贝尔奖得主曾以校友、教师或研究人员身份与该校相关联。
• The university has also acknowledged a long-running abuse scandal involving the endocrinologist Reginald Archibald, who worked there from 1948 to 1982 and was accused of abusing boys in his care.该校也承认了一起持续多年的虐待丑闻：内分泌学家雷金纳德·阿奇博尔德 1948 至 1982 年在此任职，被控虐待其照护的男童。
• New York State's Child Victims Act later created a one-year window for civil suits by former child victims, allowing cases to be brought against the university.纽约州其后通过《儿童受害者法》，为曾经的儿童受害者开启为期一年的民事诉讼窗口，使针对该校的诉讼得以提起。

Academics

• About 255 graduate students are enrolled, and the university offers doctoral degrees in the biomedical sciences, chemistry and biophysics.该校约有 255 名研究生在读，开设生物医学、化学与生物物理学博士学位。
• Its organisation rests on laboratories rather than a hierarchical departmental structure, and that logic extends to the graduate programme, where laboratory research is the primary focus.该校以实验室而非层级化的院系结构为组织基础，这一逻辑也延伸到研究生项目，实验室研究才是核心。
• Students can meet degree requirements by taking any combination of courses, an unusual freedom intended to encourage interdisciplinary work.学生可以通过任意组合课程来满足学位要求，这种不同寻常的自由旨在鼓励跨学科研究。
• With the neighbouring Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller participates in the Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program and a Tri-Institutional chemical biology Ph.D. programme.该校与相邻的纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心和威尔康奈尔医学院合作，参与三校医学博士与博士联合项目以及三校化学生物学博士项目。
• The university counts more than 71 heads of laboratories, 200 research and clinical scientists, 210 postdoctoral investigators and about 1,050 clinicians, technicians and administrative staff.该校拥有 70 多位实验室主任、200 名研究与临床科学家、210 名博士后研究员，以及约 1050 名临床、技术与行政人员。
• To foster an interdisciplinary atmosphere, faculty members are grouped into one or more of ten interconnecting research areas rather than into conventional departments.为营造跨学科氛围，教师被编入十个相互连通的研究领域，而不是传统的系。
• Rockefeller University Press publishes the Journal of Experimental Medicine, the Journal of Cell Biology and The Journal of General Physiology.洛克菲勒大学出版社出版《实验医学杂志》《细胞生物学杂志》和《普通生理学杂志》。
• In 1984 Michael W. Young was among the scientists who located the genes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle.1984 年，迈克尔·扬与同行定位了调控睡眠与觉醒周期的基因。
• Jeffrey M. Friedman's laboratory discovered leptin, the gene influencing appetite and weight, in 1994.杰弗里·弗里德曼的实验室于 1994 年发现影响食欲与体重的瘦素基因。
• Charles David Allis helped identify the first enzyme that modifies histones in 1996, early evidence that DNA packaging material matters for gene regulation.查尔斯·戴维·阿利斯 1996 年参与鉴定出首个修饰组蛋白的酶，为 DNA 包装材料参与基因调控提供了早期证据。
• Roderick MacKinnon's laboratory elucidated the structure and mechanism of a potassium channel in 1998, explaining how electrical signals cross cell membranes.罗德里克·麦金农的实验室 1998 年阐明了钾通道的结构与机制，解释了电信号如何跨越细胞膜。
• Titia de Lange helped show how telomeres protect chromosome ends in 1999, illuminating the role of genome instability in cancer.蒂蒂亚·德朗格 1999 年参与揭示端粒如何保护染色体末端，阐明了基因组不稳定在癌症中的作用。
• Robert B. Darnell's work defined the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome in 2001, and Vincent A. Fischetti helped develop an agent that destroys anthrax bacteria in 2002.罗伯特·达内尔 2001 年的研究阐明了脆性 X 综合征的分子基础；文森特·菲舍蒂 2002 年参与研发出可摧毁炭疽菌的制剂。
• Charles M. Rice helped produce an infectious form of the hepatitis C virus in human cell cultures in 2005, work that led directly to three new classes of hepatitis C drugs.查尔斯·赖斯 2005 年帮助在人类细胞培养物中制出具有感染性的丙型肝炎病毒，这项工作直接催生了三类新的丙肝药物。
• Elaine Fuchs helped define the stem cells that can initiate squamous cell carcinoma in 2011, and Leslie B. Vosshall's laboratory identified in 2013 a mosquito gene behind the insect's attraction to humans and its sensitivity to DEET.伊莱恩·富克斯 2011 年参与确定了可引发鳞状细胞癌的干细胞；莱斯利·沃萨尔的实验室 2013 年发现了一个使蚊子趋向人类并对避蚊胺敏感的基因。
• Ali Brivanlou's laboratory developed a method in 2016 to grow human embryos outside the uterus for up to 13 days, opening the earliest stages of development to study.阿里·布里万卢的实验室 2016 年开发出在体外把人类胚胎培养至多 13 天的方法，使发育的最早阶段得以被研究。
• In 2020 Michel C. Nussenzweig pioneered a method to isolate and clone antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, and Jean-Laurent Casanova identified mutations behind some unusually severe cases.2020 年，米歇尔·努森茨韦格首创从新冠康复者体内分离并克隆抗体的方法，让-洛朗·卡萨诺瓦则找出了导致部分异常重症病例的基因突变。
• The university established a Women in Science initiative in 1998, and in 2004 Paul Greengard donated his entire Nobel Prize to endow the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize for women in biology.该校 1998 年发起「科学中的女性」计划；2004 年保罗·格林加德捐出全部诺贝尔奖金，设立奖励生物学领域女性的珀尔·迈斯特·格林加德奖。

Campus

• The campus occupies the Upper East Side of Manhattan between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue.校园位于曼哈顿上东区，沿约克大道介于第 63 街与第 68 街之间。
• Founder's Hall, built between 1903 and 1906, was the first building on campus, housed the nation's first major biomedical research laboratory and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.建于 1903 至 1906 年的创办人堂是校园第一栋建筑，曾容纳全美首个大型生物医学研究实验室，并于 1974 年被列为国家历史地标。
• Caspary Auditorium, completed in 1957, is a geodesic dome 40 feet high and 90 feet across that hosts concerts and lectures.卡斯帕里礼堂 1957 年建成，是一座高 40 英尺、直径 90 英尺的测地线穹顶建筑，用于举办音乐会与讲座。
• The Stavros Niarchos Foundation-David Rockefeller River Campus, completed in 2019, was built along the East River over the FDR Drive and added two acres to the university's footprint.斯塔夫罗斯·尼亚尔霍斯基金会-大卫·洛克菲勒河畔校区于 2019 年建成，沿东河架设于罗斯福快速路之上，为学校新增了两英亩用地。
• The campus includes a childcare centre for researchers and other university employees.校园内设有面向研究人员及其他教职员工的托儿中心。
• The university sits between the East River and York Avenue, a location that keeps laboratories, the hospital and graduate teaching within a few blocks of one another.学校夹在东河与约克大道之间，这一位置使实验室、医院与研究生教学彼此相距仅几个街区。
• Founder's Hall and the surrounding early buildings form the historic core, while the river campus carries the newer laboratory and conference space.创办人堂及周边早期建筑构成历史核心区，河畔校区则承载较新的实验室与会议空间。
• Rockefeller University Hospital, renamed in 1965, remains on campus as the clinical arm associated with the research laboratories.1965 年更名的洛克菲勒大学医院仍在校园内，作为与研究实验室相配套的临床机构。
• The campus is a short distance from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, the partners in its tri-institutional programmes.校园距离纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心和威尔康奈尔医学院都不远，这两家机构正是其三校联合项目的伙伴。

Reputation

• Rockefeller University placed 32nd in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 and 125th in the U.S. News global ranking for 2026-2027.洛克菲勒大学在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中位列第 32 名，在 2026 至 2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学排名中位列第 125 名。
• It did not enter the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, and it did not enter the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，也未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名。
• Its research impact has been measured in the CWTS Leiden Ranking, which ranks institutions by the citation performance of their publications.该校的研究影响力见诸 CWTS 莱顿排名，该榜按论文的引用表现对机构排序。
• By October 2020, 38 Nobel Prize recipients had been associated with the university, a figure large for an institution of roughly 250 graduate students.截至 2020 年 10 月，共有 38 位诺贝尔奖得主与该校相关联，对一所仅有约 250 名研究生的机构而言这一数字极为可观。
• In 2018 alone its faculty included five Nobel laureates, seven Lasker Award recipients, 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences and 17 of the National Academy of Medicine.仅 2018 年，其教师中就有 5 位诺贝尔奖得主、7 位拉斯克奖得主、37 位美国国家科学院院士和 17 位美国国家医学院院士。
• The university's discoveries include the demonstration that genes are made of DNA, the discovery of leptin and the structural solution of a potassium channel.该校的发现包括证明基因由 DNA 构成、发现瘦素以及解出钾通道的结构。
• Charles M. Rice's hepatitis C work at Rockefeller led directly to three new classes of drugs, and the university's patents and licences have produced widely used medicines.查尔斯·赖斯在该校的丙肝研究直接催生了三类新药，学校的专利与许可也产生了多种广泛使用的药物。
• Rockefeller is classified as a special-focus research institution, a Carnegie category for bodies that award few degrees but conduct research at the highest level.该校被归类为「特殊聚焦研究机构」，这是卡内基分类中为学位授予量少但研究水平极高的机构设立的类别。

Student life

• Graduate students are offered subsidised housing on campus and receive an annual stipend.研究生可获得校园内的补贴住房，并按年领取生活津贴。
• Student groups include People at Rockefeller Identifying as Sexual/Gender Minorities, Women in Science at Rockefeller and the Science and Education Policy Association.学生组织包括洛克菲勒性与性别少数群体协会、「科学中的女性」以及科学与教育政策协会。
• Natural Selections, the student-run publication, is produced monthly.由学生主办的刊物《自然选择》每月出版。
• The university has more than 1,262 alumni, most of whom went on to academic or research careers.该校有 1262 名以上校友，其中多数此后从事学术或研究工作。
• The Peggy Rockefeller Concerts and the Tri-Institutional Noon concert series, run with Cornell University and Memorial Sloan Kettering, bring music to the campus.佩吉·洛克菲勒音乐会和与康奈尔大学、纪念斯隆-凯特琳合办的三校午间音乐会系列把音乐带进校园。
• Rockefeller has taken part in Open House New York's OHNY Weekend since 2012, opening its buildings to the public.自 2012 年起，该校参加「纽约开放日」的 OHNY 周末活动，向公众开放其建筑。
• The RockEDU Science Outreach programme brings laboratory experience and professional development to K-12 students and teachers.RockEDU 科学外展项目为中小学师生提供实验室体验与职业发展支持。
• With only about 255 graduate students, social life is small-scale and organised around laboratories, the cafeteria and the campus concerts rather than a large undergraduate campus.由于仅有约 255 名研究生，社交生活规模很小，围绕实验室、餐厅与校园音乐会展开，而非依托大型本科校园。
• The Lewis Thomas Prize for writing about science is awarded annually, and the Parents & Science Initiative brings science to families in the city through lectures and campus events.该校每年颁发奖励科学写作的刘易斯·托马斯奖，「家长与科学」计划则通过讲座与校园活动把科学带进城市家庭。

Notable people

• David Baltimore, who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of reverse transcriptase, later served as president of both Rockefeller University and Caltech.戴维·巴尔的摩因发现逆转录酶分享 1975 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，后来先后担任洛克菲勒大学与加州理工学院校长。
• Gerald Edelman won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the chemical structure of antibodies.杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼因抗体化学结构的研究获得 1972 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
• Alexis Carrel, a surgeon at the institute, won the 1912 Nobel Prize for work on vascular suturing and organ transplantation.该校外科医生亚历克西·卡雷尔因血管缝合与器官移植研究获得 1912 年诺贝尔奖。
• Peyton Rous won the 1966 Nobel Prize for the discovery that viruses can cause cancer, and Oswald T. Avery led the team that showed DNA carries genetic information.佩顿·劳斯因发现病毒可致癌获得 1966 年诺贝尔奖；奥斯瓦尔德·艾弗里则领导了证明 DNA 承载遗传信息的团队。
• Joshua Lederberg, who won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, was president of the university from 1978 to 1990.乔舒亚·莱德伯格获得 1958 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，并于 1978 至 1990 年担任该校校长。
• Paul Nurse, a 2001 Nobel laureate, was president from 2003 to 2010, with Thomas Sakmar serving as acting president in 2002.2001 年诺贝尔奖得主保罗·纳斯 2003 至 2010 年任校长，2002 年则由托马斯·萨克马出任代理校长。
• Roderick MacKinnon won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the structural and mechanistic study of ion channels, work he began at Rockefeller.罗德里克·麦金农因离子通道的结构与机制研究获得 2003 年诺贝尔化学奖，相关工作正是在洛克菲勒开始的。
• Charles M. Rice shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, and Michael W. Young shared the 2017 prize for circadian rhythms.查尔斯·赖斯因发现丙型肝炎病毒分享 2020 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，迈克尔·扬则因昼夜节律研究分享 2017 年该奖。
• Paul Greengard won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and gave the entire award to endow a prize for women in biology.保罗·格林加德获得 2000 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，并把全部奖金捐出设立奖励生物学女性的奖项。
• Leslie B. Vosshall holds the Robin Chemers Neustein professorship and works on the neurogenetics of behaviour, including mosquito host-seeking.莱斯利·沃萨尔持有罗宾·切默斯·诺伊施泰因教席，研究行为的神经遗传学，包括蚊子的宿主搜寻行为。
• Robert Sapolsky, a Stanford professor and MacArthur fellow, is among the university's alumni.斯坦福大学教授、麦克阿瑟奖得主罗伯特·萨波尔斯基是该校校友之一。
• Barry Coller invented the drug abciximab and serves as the university's vice president for medical affairs.巴里·科勒发明了药物阿昔单抗，并担任该校主管医疗事务的副校长。
• Simon Flexner, the first director of laboratories, and Thomas Milton Rivers, who made virology an independent field, are among the scientists who shaped the institution.首任实验室主任西蒙·弗莱克斯纳与使病毒学成为独立学科的托马斯·米尔顿·里弗斯，都是塑造这所机构的科学家。
• Wendell Meredith Stanley, who shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on viruses, and the bacteriologist Hideyo Noguchi were among the institute's early scientists.因病毒研究分享 1946 年诺贝尔化学奖的温德尔·梅雷迪思·斯坦利，以及细菌学家野口英世，都是该所早期的科学家。