Rhodes University

Rhodes University is a public research university in Makhanda, formerly Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, and it is one of four universities in the province.罗德斯大学（Rhodes University）是南非东开普省马坎达（旧名格雷厄姆斯顿）的一所公立研究型大学，也是该省四所大学之一。

Founded in 1904 as Rhodes University College with a grant from the Rhodes Trust, it is the oldest university in the province and the sixth oldest in South Africa in continuous operation.该校 1904 年以罗德斯大学学院之名、凭罗德斯信托的资助创立，是东开普省历史最悠久的大学，也是南非连续办学时间第六长的高校。

A small and highly residential institution, it taught more than 8000 students in the 2015 academic year across six faculties and 30 academic departments.这是一所规模较小、住宿高度集中的院校，2015 学年在 6 个学部、30 个学系共培养 8000 余名学生。

History

• University education in the Eastern Cape grew out of the college departments of four schools, namely St Andrew's College, Gill College in Somerset East, Graaff-Reinet College and the Grey Institute in Port Elizabeth.东开普省的大学教育源自四所中学的大学部，即圣安德鲁学院、萨默塞特东的吉尔学院、格拉夫-雷内特学院与伊丽莎白港的格雷学院。

• A proposal to found a university in Grahamstown had been made as early as 1902, but the financial problems caused by the Frontier Wars in Albany prevented its implementation.早在 1902 年即有人在格雷厄姆斯顿提出创办大学的动议，但阿尔巴尼地区边境战争造成的财政困难使该动议无法落实。

• In 1904 Leander Starr Jameson issued 50000 pounds of preferred stock to the university from the Rhodes Trust, providing the money that finally founded it.1904 年，利安德·斯托尔·詹姆斯（Leander Starr Jameson）以罗德斯信托名义向校方发行 5 万英镑优先股，为建校提供了资金。

• With that funding Rhodes University College was founded by an act of parliament on 31 May 1904 and named after the British businessman Cecil Rhodes.凭借这笔资金，罗德斯大学学院于 1904 年 5 月 31 日经议会法案创立，并以英国商人塞西尔·罗德斯（Cecil Rhodes）命名。

• Four professors of St Andrew's College, Arthur Matthews, George Cory, Stanley Kidd and G. F. Dingemans, became founding professors of the new college.圣安德鲁学院的四名教授阿瑟·马修斯、乔治·科里、斯坦利·基德与 G. F. 丁曼斯，成为新学院的首批教授。

• At the beginning of 1905 the college moved from cramped quarters at St Andrew's into the Drostdy building, which it bought from the British Government.1905 年初，学院从圣安德鲁学院的狭小校舍迁入向英国政府购得的德罗斯坦尼楼。

• Rhodes became a constituent college of the new University of South Africa in 1918 and continued to expand in size under that arrangement.1918 年，罗德斯成为新成立的南非大学的成员学院，并在此体制下持续扩大规模。

• When the future of the University of South Africa came under review in 1947, Rhodes opted to become an independent university rather than remain a college.1947 年南非大学的前景被重新审视时，罗德斯选择不复做成员学院，而转为独立大学。

• Rhodes University was inaugurated on 10 March 1951, the year in which its first statutes took effect.罗德斯大学于 1951 年 3 月 10 日举行成立典礼，其首部章程亦于该年生效。

• Sir Basil Schonland, son of the botanist Selmar Schonland, became the first chancellor of his alma mater and Dr Thomas Alty became the first vice-chancellor.植物学家塞尔玛·肖恩兰德之子巴兹尔·肖恩兰德爵士（Sir Basil Schonland）出任首任校长（名誉职），托马斯·奥尔蒂博士（Thomas Alty）出任首任副校长。

• Under the Rhodes University Private Act the University College of Fort Hare was affiliated to Rhodes, an arrangement both institutions found mutually beneficial.依《罗德斯大学私政法》，福哈尔大学学院附设于罗德斯大学，两校均视此安排为互惠。

• The apartheid government decided to disaffiliate Fort Hare from Rhodes, and the Rhodes Senate and Council objected strongly, condemning the Separate University Education Bill as interference with academic freedom.种族隔离政府决定让福哈尔脱离罗德斯，罗德斯评议会与校董会强烈反对，并谴责《分立大学教育法案》干预学术自由。

• Both bills were nevertheless passed and the affiliation of Fort Hare to Rhodes came to an end in 1959.两项法案仍获通过，福哈尔对罗德斯的附设关系于 1959 年终止。

• In 1962 an honorary doctorate was conferred on state president C. R. Swart, who as Minister of Justice after 1948 had been responsible for the repression of opposition political organisations.1962 年校方授予国家总统 C. R. 斯瓦特荣誉博士学位，而他在 1948 年后任司法部长期间曾负责镇压反对派政治组织。

• The award caused the resignation of chancellor Sir Basil Schonland, although his reasons were not made public at the time.这一授衔导致校长肖恩兰德爵士辞职，但他当时并未公开辞职理由。

• James Hyslop succeeded Thomas Alty as head of the university in 1963.1963 年，詹姆斯·海斯洛普（James Hyslop）接替奥尔蒂执掌该校。

• In 1971 Rhodes negotiated the purchase of a closed teacher training college run by the sisters of the Community of the Resurrection of our Lord, including its buildings, grounds and several adjacent properties.1971 年，罗德斯谈判购入一所已停办的师范学校，该校由“复活团”修女会主办，交易包含校舍、场地与多处相邻物业。

• The purchase gave the university land for further expansion at a moment when enrolment growth was straining the old Drostdy site.这次购地为校方带来扩展用地，缓解了学生增长给原有德罗斯坦尼校址带来的压力。

• During 2008 work began on a new library building at a cost of 85 million rand, one of the largest infrastructure projects the university has undertaken.2008 年，新图书馆工程动工，造价 8500 万兰特，是该校史上最大规模的基建项目之一。

• That library building was completed in 2010, two years after construction started.新图书馆于 2010 年竣工，距动工整两年。

• The Neil Aggett Labour Studies Unit was established in 2012 and formally launched in 2014 through a partnership with a department of the Eastern Cape Provincial Government.尼尔·阿格特劳动研究单元于 2012 年设立、2014 年正式启动，由该校与东开普省政府某部门合作共建。

• Protests by the Rhodes Must Fall movement in 2015, after the University of Cape Town removed a statue of Cecil Rhodes, also reached the Rhodes University campus.2015 年，“罗德斯必须倒下”运动发起抗议，开普敦大学移除塞西尔·罗德斯雕像后，类似抗议也蔓延到罗德斯大学校园。

• In 2015 the university council undertook to determine whether the institution should change its name, while some students and media began calling it the University Currently Known As Rhodes.2015 年校董会承诺研究是否改名，部分学生与媒体则开始以“目前名为罗德斯之大学”称呼该校。

• In 2017 the Rhodes University Council voted 15 to 9 in favour of keeping the existing name, weighing the cost of renaming against the loss of international recognition and conceding that the university had long distanced itself from Cecil John Rhodes, whom it described as an arch-imperialist and white supremacist who treated people of the region as sub-human.2017 年校董会以 15 票对 9 票决定保留现有校名，权衡的是改名的巨额成本与国际认知度的损失，同时承认学校早已与塞西尔·罗德斯划清界限，并称此人是帝国主义者与白人至上主义者、曾把本地居民视为次等人。

Academics

• The university is organised into six faculties, namely Humanities, Commerce, Law, Science, Education and Pharmacy.全校设六个学部，即人文学部、商学学部、法学学部、理学学部、教育学学部与药学学部。

• The Faculty of Humanities, established in 1952, is further subdivided with the other faculties into 30 academic departments in total.人文学部建于 1952 年，与其余学部合计下辖 30 个学系。

• Eleven of those 30 departments belong to the humanities faculty, making it the largest in the university.30 个学系中有 11 个隶属人文学部，使其成为全校规模最大的学部。

• As of 2009 the humanities faculty accounted for 40% of the undergraduate and postgraduate student intake and enrolled 2669 students.按 2009 年口径，人文学部占本研新生录取总量的 40%，在读学生达 2669 人。

• Rhodes runs its academic programme on a semester calendar, with the first semester from early February to early June and the second from late July to late November.校历采用学期制，第一学期自 2 月上旬至 6 月上旬，第二学期自 7 月下旬至 11 月下旬。

• It is a small and highly residential university where most undergraduates spend their first and second years living in campus residences.该校规模小而住宿集中，多数本科生头两年住在校内宿舍完成学业。

• Undergraduate tuition for a first year of study in 2011 was 26590 rand for a Bachelor of Arts and 27720 rand for a Bachelor of Science, with board costing between 35700 and 37600 rand.2011 年第一年的本科学费为文学学士 26590 兰特、理学学士 27720 兰特，食宿费用介于 35700 至 37600 兰特之间。

• The Faculty of Law operates a law clinic that works as a firm of attorneys, training law students while providing free legal services to indigent people.法学学部设有法律诊所，以律师事务所方式运作，在训练法科学生的同时为贫困者提供免费法律服务。

• That clinic runs from two offices, one in Makhanda and one in Komani.诊所设有两处办公点，分别位于马坎达与科马尼。

• The Neil Aggett Labour Studies Unit is named for Neil Aggett, a medical doctor who died at the hands of apartheid-era Security Branch police in 1982.劳动研究单元以尼尔·阿格特命名，他是医生，1982 年死于种族隔离时期安全警察之手。

• Staff of that unit come from three departments, Sociology and Industrial Sociology where the unit is based, History, and Economics and Economic History.该单元成员来自三个学系，即单元所在的工业社会学与社会学系、历史系、经济与经济史系。

• Rhodes holds fourteen national research chairs appointed under the South African Research Chairs Initiative, about 7% of the total awarded nationally.罗德斯拥有 14 席经南非研究讲席计划任命的国家讲席教授，约占全国讲席总数的 7%。

• Those chairs cover fields from marine ecosystems held by Christopher McQuaid and radio astronomy techniques held by Oleg Smirnov to medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology held by Tebello Nyokong.讲席领域涵盖克里斯托弗·麦克奎德主持的海洋生态系统、奥列格·斯米尔诺夫主持的射电天文技术，以及特贝洛·尼奥孔主持的药物化学与纳米技术。

• Further chairs address mathematics education under Marc Schafer, numeracy under Mellony Graven, intellectualisation of African languages under Dion Nkomo, and geopolitics and the arts of Africa under Ruth Simbao.其余讲席包括马克·谢弗主持的数学教育、梅洛尼·格雷文主持的数理能力、迪翁·恩科莫主持的非洲语言学术化，以及露丝·辛巴奥主持的非洲地缘政治与艺术。

• Others cover insects in sustainable agricultural ecosystems under Steve Compton, land and natural resource use under Charlie Shackleton, biotechnology innovation under Janice Limson, and the eukaryotic stress response under Adrienne Edkins.另有史蒂夫·康普顿主持的可持续农业生态系统昆虫学、查理·沙克尔顿主持的土地与自然资源利用、贾尼斯·利姆森主持的生物技术革新，以及阿德里安娜·埃德金斯主持的真核生物应激反应研究。

• Rhodes admitted 1592 students in 2012, and total enrolment had passed 8000 students by the 2015 academic year.罗德斯 2012 年录取 1592 名学生，到 2015 学年注册学生总数已逾 8000 人。

• Research bodies on campus include the Centre for Biological Control and the International Library of African Music, whose journal African Music is published at the university.校内研究机构包括生物防治中心与非洲音乐图书馆，后者的会刊《African Music》即由该校出版。

• Faculties and departments produce scholarly journals including English in Africa, the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, the Rhodes Journalism Review and the African Journal of Higher Education Community Engagement.各学部与学系出版多种学术期刊，包括《English in Africa》《当代非洲研究杂志》《罗德斯新闻评论》与《高等教育社区参与非洲杂志》。

• The journal Philosophical Papers is edited in the department of philosophy.《Philosophical Papers》一刊由哲学系编辑出版。

Campus

• The university stands in Makhanda, the former Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape, at coordinates recorded as about 33.304 degrees south and 26.533 degrees east.校园地处东开普省马坎达（旧称格雷厄姆斯顿），坐标约南纬 33.304 度、东经 26.533 度。

• Its historic core is the Drostdy building acquired from the British Government in 1905, which remains the administrative heart of the institution.其历史核心是 1905 年自英国政府购得的德罗斯坦尼楼，至今仍是全校行政中枢。

• The university operates 51 residences on campus where just over 3600 of its students lived during the 2015 academic year.校内设有 51 座宿舍，2015 学年有 3600 余名学生住宿其中。

• Students who live outside the residences are known as Oppidans and take rooms in rented digs or in their own homes.不住校内宿舍的学生被称为校外住宿生（Oppidans），多租住民房或住自家住宅。

• Enrolment exceeded 8000 students in the 2015 academic year, with the balance of the population living off campus.2015 学年注册学生超过 8000 人，其余学生在校外居住。

• Residence names record the university's political history, including Nelson Mandela Hall, Desmond Tutu, Miriam Makeba Hall, Hugh Masekela Hall, Lilian Ngoyi Hall and Solomon Mahlangu Hall.宿舍命名记录了该校的政治史，包括曼德拉宿舍、图图宿舍、米里亚姆·马凯巴宿舍、休·马塞凯拉宿舍、莉莲·恩戈伊宿舍与所罗门·马汉古宿舍。

• Other residences include Allan Webb Hall, Courtenay-Latimer Hall, Drostdy Hall, Founders Hall, Hobson Hall, Kimberley Hall West and St Mary Hall.其余宿舍还有艾伦·韦伯楼、考特内-拉蒂默楼、德罗斯坦尼楼、创建者楼、霍布森楼、金伯利楼西区与圣马丽楼。

• The new library building completed in 2010 was one of the largest capital projects in the university's history and expanded its study space.2010 年落成的新图书馆是该校最大的资本工程之一，扩充了学习空间。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Rhodes University is placed in the 901-950 band worldwide.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，罗德斯大学位居世界第 901-950 位区间。

• The university does not appear in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, so no 2027 THE band is recorded for it.该校未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，因此没有该年的泰晤士位次记录。

• US News lists it at position 1174 among the world's best universities for 2026-2027, while it is not included in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities.US News 将其列入 2026-2027 年度全球最佳大学第 1174 位，但它未被收录进 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名。

• In 2011 the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities ranked Rhodes fifth in South Africa and 700th globally, the highest institutional placement recorded here.2011 年 Webometrics 世界大学网络排名把罗德斯列为南非第 5 位、世界第 700 位，是本条目所见的最好名次。

• No subject-level world placement for a single discipline could be verified in the sources used here, so the entry reports only institution-wide positions.本条目所用资料无法核实其单一学科的世界名次，因此只呈报全校层面的位次。

• Bibliometric records in OpenAlex attribute 22,592 scholarly works and 803,313 citations to the institution, a citation load far above its size would suggest.OpenAlex 文献计量记录显示该机构产出学术文献 22592 项、被引 803313 次，引用体量远高于其规模所暗示的水平。

• The university counts one Nobel laureate among its Old Rhodians, with Max Theiler awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for his research in virology.校友中有一位诺贝尔奖得主，马克斯·泰勒（Max Theiler）因病毒学研究获 1951 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

• Fourteen national research chairs held under the South African Research Chairs Initiative account for roughly 7% of all national chairs, a disproportionate share for so small a university.该校凭南非研究讲席计划持有 14 席国家讲席，约占全国总数 7%，就其规模而言比例突出。

• It is the oldest university in the Eastern Cape and the sixth oldest South African university in continuous operation, preceded by Cape Town in 1829, Stellenbosch in 1866, South Africa in 1873, the Witwatersrand in 1896 and the Free State in 1904.它是东开普省最古老的大学，也是南非连续办学第六长的高校，此前依次为开普敦大学（1829）、斯坦陵布什大学（1866）、南非大学（1873）、威特沃特斯兰德大学（1896）与自由州大学（1904）。

Student life

• University life revolves around residences, since first- and second-year undergraduates are expected to live in one of the 51 halls on campus.校园生活以宿舍为中心，一、二年级本科生通常入住校内 51 座宿舍之一。

• Three student newspapers have been published daily during the National Arts Festival held every year in Makhanda for several decades.马坎达每年举办全国艺术节已持续数十年，三份学生报纸在节期每日出版。

• The student paper Activate celebrated its 65th birthday in 2012, which places its first issue in 1947.学生报纸《Activate》在 2012 年满 65 周年，据此其首刊可追溯至 1947 年。

• The Oppidan Press was first published in 2007 and addresses itself mainly to off-campus students, while Cue is the third of the daily festival titles.《The Oppidan Press》创刊于 2007 年，主要面向校外住宿生，《Cue》则是第三份节期日报。

• Rhodes Music Radio, the university's campus station, is credited with launching many of South Africa's radio personalities who graduated from the journalism department.校园广播电台 Rhodes Music Radio 培养了众多毕业于新闻方向的南非电台主持人。

• The school of Journalism and Media Studies is described as one of the best known departments on campus and has passed many of the country's media celebrities through it.新闻与媒体研究学院被视为校内最著名的学系之一，南非众多媒体名人皆出自该系。

• Journalism alumni who worked through the campus station and the school include Anand Naidoo, correspondent for Al Jazeera English in Washington, Mail and Guardian editor-in-chief Verashni Pillay, legal journalist Karyn Maughan and the radio host Eusebius McKaiser.经校园电台与新闻学院出身的传媒校友包括驻华盛顿的半岛电视台英语频道记者阿南德·奈杜、《Mail & Guardian》总编辑维拉什尼·皮莱、法律记者卡琳·莫恩与电台主持人尤塞比乌斯·姆卡伊泽。

• Student litigation practice is part of campus life through the law clinic, which handled high-profile family cases for clients who could not otherwise afford counsel.法律诊所让学生参与实务诉讼，曾为无力聘律师的当事人承办备受关注的家族案件。

• In July 2013 the clinic drew national attention when it represented 15 members of Nelson Mandela's family in their case against Mandla Mandela over the location of family grave sites.2013 年 7 月，诊所因代表曼德拉家族 15 名成员、就家族墓地选址起诉其孙曼德拉·曼德拉而举国关注。

Notable people

• Max Theiler, an Old Rhodian, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for his research in virology.校友马克斯·泰勒因病毒学研究获得 1951 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

• Sir Basil Schonland, the university's first chancellor, was a distinguished scientist and the son of Selmar Schonland, a botanist on its staff.首任校长巴兹尔·肖恩兰德爵士是著名科学家，其父塞尔玛·肖恩兰德亦为该校植物学家。

• Thomas Alty, a physicist, served as Principal and vice-chancellor and was succeeded in 1963 by James Hyslop.物理学家托马斯·奥尔蒂任校长兼副校长，1963 年由詹姆斯·海斯洛普接任。

• J. L. B. Smith, an ichthyologist at the university, was the first to identify a taxidermied fish as a coelacanth, a fish previously thought extinct.鱼类学家 J. L. B. 史密斯首次认定一件标本鱼为腔棘鱼，此前该类鱼被认为已经灭绝。

• Julian Cobbing, professor of African history at Rhodes, wrote an influential and controversial theory on the nature of the Mfecane.非洲史教授朱利安·科宾（Julian Cobbing）提出了关于姆费卡内性质的有影响力且富争议的学说。

• Among literary staff were the novelists André Brink and Etienne van Heerden, the poet and English professor Don Maclennan, the philosophy professor Ward Jones, and the political activist Margaret Ballinger, who taught in the history department.任教者包括小说家安德烈·布林克与艾蒂安·范海登、诗人兼英文教授唐·麦克伦南、哲学教授沃德·琼斯，以及在历史系任教的政治活动家玛格丽特·巴林杰。

• Alumni in public life include Chris Hani, leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe, and Ian Smith, former prime minister of Rhodesia.从校友出身的政治人物包括南非共产党领袖、民族之矛参谋长克里斯·哈尼，以及罗得西亚前总理伊恩·史密斯。

• Business alumni include Mick Davis, chief executive of Xstrata, Simphiwe Tshabalala, chief executive of Standard Bank, and Geoffrey de Jager, founder of Rand Merchant Bank.商界校友包括 Xstrata 首席执行官米克·戴维斯、标准银行首席执行官辛菲勒·塔巴拉拉，以及兰梅银行创始人杰弗里·德亚格尔。

• Culture and media graduates include the novelist Wilbur Smith, the artists Matthew Muir and Beth Diane Armstrong, the actress Embeth Davidtz, and the statistician Trevor Hastie.文化与传媒界校友包括小说家威尔伯·史密斯、艺术家马修·米尔与贝丝·阿姆斯特朗、演员恩贝丝·达维茨，以及统计学家特雷弗·黑斯蒂。

• Justice Lex Mpati, Judge President of the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa, also serves as chancellor of Rhodes University.南非最高上诉法院院长莱克斯·姆帕蒂法官，同时出任罗德斯大学校长（名誉职）。