Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University

Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University is a public university in Odesa, southern Ukraine, founded on 13 May 1865 as the Imperial Novorossiysk University on the basis of the Richelieu Lyceum.敖德萨国立大学（乌克兰文：Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова）是乌克兰南部敖德萨的一所公立大学，1865 年 5 月 13 日在黎塞留学苑的基础上以帝国新俄罗斯大学之名创办。

It is the oldest university in southern Ukraine, is named after the biologist Ilya Mechnikov, and is a member of the International Association of Universities and the European University Association.该校是乌克兰南部历史最悠久的大学，以生物学家伊利亚·梅契尼科夫命名，并且是国际大学协会与欧洲大学协会的成员。

The university teaches about 14,000 students in four institutes and nine faculties, and it is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校在四个研究院与九个系中培养约 1.4 万名学生，并在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中处于第 1201-1400 位区间。

History

• The Richelieu Lyceum was founded in 1817 by Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, the French-born governor who shaped much of the young city of Odesa.黎塞留学苑由阿尔芒-埃马纽埃尔·迪普莱西、黎塞留公爵于 1817 年创办，这位法国出生的总督塑造了敖德萨这座年轻城市的许多面貌。
• When the Imperial Novorossiysk University opened in 1865 it inherited the Richelieu Lyceum's library, its teaching staff and its scientific collections, so the new institution began with a scholarly base that predated its formal establishment by nearly five decades.1865 年帝国新俄罗斯大学开办时，继承了黎塞留学苑的图书馆、教师队伍与科学收藏，因此这所新机构一开始便拥有比其正式建校早近五十年的学术基础。
• On 13 May 1865 the lyceum was transformed into the Imperial Novorossiysk University, which made Odesa a university city for the first time.1865 年 5 月 13 日，学苑升格为帝国新俄罗斯大学，敖德萨由此首次成为拥有大学的城市。
• The Botanical Garden was established in 1867 and became a centre for the study of the steppe flora of the northern Black Sea coast.植物园建于 1867 年，后来成为研究黑海北岸草原植物区系的中心。
• Ilya Mechnikov, the zoologist and immunologist, was appointed professor at the university in 1870 and worked there until 1882, when he left for Messina and later Paris.动物学家与免疫学家伊利亚·梅契尼科夫于 1870 年获聘该校教授，直至 1882 年离开，先后前往墨西拿与巴黎。
• The astronomical observatory was founded in 1871 and gave the university a base for positional astronomy and timekeeping on the empire's southern frontier.天文台建于 1871 年，为该校在帝国南部边疆开展方位天文与授时工作提供了基地。
• The paleontological museum dates from 1873 and now holds more than 40,000 specimens from the Black Sea region and beyond.古生物博物馆的历史可追溯至 1873 年，如今收藏黑海地区及其他地方的 4 万余件标本。
• Mechnikov's work on phagocytosis at Odesa led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908, which he shared with Paul Ehrlich.梅契尼科夫在敖德萨从事的吞噬作用研究，使他与保罗·埃尔利希共同获得 1908 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
• After the 1917 revolution the university passed through the upheavals of the Russian Civil War and the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic.1917 年革命之后，该校经历了俄国内战与短暂的乌克兰人民共和国的动荡岁月。
• In 1920 the university was reorganised into the Odesa Institute of Public Education, part of a Soviet experiment that replaced traditional faculties with interdisciplinary divisions.1920 年，该校被改组为敖德萨国民教育学院，这是苏维埃以跨学科部门取代传统学院的一次实验。
• In 1933 the university was re-established as Odesa State University, and it later took the name of Mechnikov in recognition of its most famous scientist.1933 年，该校重新组建为敖德萨国立大学，后来为纪念其最著名的科学家而冠以梅契尼科夫之名。
• During the Second World War the university was evacuated east and returned to Odesa after the city was liberated in April 1944.第二次世界大战期间，该校被疏散到东部，1944 年 4 月敖德萨解放后返回。
• In the postwar decades it became one of the largest centres of science and teacher training in the Ukrainian SSR, with new institutes in physics, chemistry and the humanities.战后数十年间，该校成为乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国最大的科学与师资培养中心之一，并新建了物理、化学与人文方面的研究机构。
• After Ukraine declared independence in 1991 the university kept its state status and reoriented its degrees towards the Ukrainian system.1991 年乌克兰宣布独立后，该校保留国立地位，并把学位体系转向乌克兰本国制度。
• In 2000 the institution received national university status, confirming its position as the leading comprehensive university of southern Ukraine.2000 年，该校获得国立大学地位，确立了其作为乌克兰南部领头综合性大学的地位。
• In 2005 the Ministry of Education and Science named it the best comprehensive university in Ukraine, one of several national awards it received that decade.2005 年，乌克兰教育与科学部将其评为全国最佳综合性大学，这是该校那个十年间获得的多项国家级荣誉之一。
• The university opened a Chinese culture centre and began offering Chinese language courses, a link highlighted when the Chinese consul visited Odesa in 2018.该校开设了中国文化中心并开始提供汉语课程，2018 年中国总领事访问敖德萨时特别提到了这一联系。
• Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 forced the university to move teaching online and to operate under wartime restrictions in a city exposed to missile and drone attacks.2022 年 2 月俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后，该校被迫转为线上教学，并在一座易受导弹与无人机袭击的城市中按战时限制运作。
• Despite the war the university continued to admit students in 2023 and 2024, and it maintained its international partnerships through remote instruction and exchange agreements.尽管战争持续，该校在 2023 年与 2024 年仍继续招生，并通过远程教学与交流协议维持国际合作关系。

Academics

• The university is organised into four institutes, namely the Institute of Mathematics, Economics and Mechanics, the Institute of Social Sciences, the Institute of Innovation and Postgraduate Education and the Institute of International Education.该校下设四个研究院，即数学、经济与力学研究院，社会科学研究院，创新与研究生教育研究院，以及国际教育研究院。
• Its nine faculties are history, philology, Romance and Germanic philology, biology, geology and geography, chemistry, physics, economics and law, and philosophy.该校九个系分别为历史系、语言学系、罗曼与日耳曼语言学系、生物系、地质与地理系、化学系、物理系、经济与法律系以及哲学系。
• Teaching is delivered through 76 departments, and the university offers 48 bachelor's programmes and 101 master's programmes across the natural sciences, humanities, social sciences and law.教学通过 76 个教研室开展，该校在自然科学、人文、社会科学与法律领域开设 48 个本科项目与 101 个硕士项目。
• About 14,000 students study at the university, including more than 500 international students from some 52 countries, many of them from the Black Sea region and the Middle East.该校约有 1.4 万名学生，其中包括来自约 52 个国家的 500 多名国际学生，不少人来自黑海地区与中东。
• The academic staff numbers more than 1,300, including 24 members of national academies, 126 professors and 468 associate professors.该校教师超过 1300 人，其中包括 24 名国家科学院院士、126 名教授与 468 名副教授。
• The scientific library holds about 4 million volumes, among them some 9,000 rare books and manuscripts, and it serves as the main research library of southern Ukraine.科学图书馆藏书约 400 万册，其中约 9000 册为珍本与手稿，是乌克兰南部的主要研究图书馆。
• The Botanical Garden covers a collected flora of about 3,840 species and is used for teaching in botany, ecology and landscape design.植物园收集约 3840 种植物，用于植物学、生态学与景观设计的教学。
• The geological and mineralogical museum, founded in 1865, holds about 12,500 samples, while the zoological museum has more than 50,000 specimens, including the skeleton of a 27-metre blue whale.地质与矿物博物馆建于 1865 年，藏有约 1.25 万件标本；动物博物馆则有 5 万余件标本，包括一具 27 米长的蓝鲸骨架。
• The astronomical observatory and the paleontological museum support research and public education, and the university also runs a museum of rare books.天文台与古生物博物馆支撑科研与公众教育，该校还设有一座珍本书博物馆。
• Research is organised in two scientific institutes, the Institute of Physics and the Institute of Combustion and Non-traditional Technologies, together with seven research centres and 14 laboratories.科研工作由物理研究所与燃烧及非传统技术研究所两个科研机构，以及七个研究中心与 14 个实验室承担。
• Doctoral training is offered in more than 20 specialities, and the university publishes scholarly journals in physics, chemistry, biology, history and philology.该校在 20 多个专业方向培养博士，并出版物理、化学、生物、历史与语言学领域的学术期刊。
• The Institute of International Education runs preparatory programmes for foreign students, including Ukrainian and English language courses before degree study.国际教育研究院为外国学生开设预科项目，包括学位课程之前的乌克兰语与英语语言课程。
• The university is a member of the International Association of Universities and the European University Association, and it participates in Erasmus and bilateral exchange schemes.该校是国际大学协会与欧洲大学协会成员，并参与伊拉斯谟项目与双边交流计划。
• Its Chinese culture centre and Chinese language courses reflect Odesa's role as a Black Sea port with long trading and migration links to Asia.该校的中国文化中心与汉语课程反映出敖德萨作为黑海港口、长期与亚洲保持贸易与移民联系的角色。
• The law programme prepares students for the Ukrainian legal profession, while the economics programmes cover banking, accounting, public finance and international trade.法学项目为学生进入乌克兰法律职业作准备，经济学项目则涵盖银行、会计、公共财政与国际贸易。
• The Faculty of Economics and Law combines economics, management, law and international relations, and it is one of the university's largest units by enrolment.经济与法律系整合经济学、管理学、法学与国际关系，是该校招生规模最大的单位之一。
• Biology and chemistry are historically the strongest fields, built around Mechnikov's zoology chair, the botanical garden and the marine research tradition of the Black Sea coast.生物学与化学是历史上最强的领域，其基础是梅契尼科夫的动物学讲席、植物园以及黑海沿岸的海洋研究传统。
• The astronomy department uses the 1871 observatory for photometry and spectroscopy of variable stars, comets and near-Earth objects.天文学系利用 1871 年建成的天文台，对变星、彗星与近地天体进行测光与光谱观测。
• The university's physics institute works on optics, spectroscopy and materials, while the combustion institute studies energy technology and non-traditional fuels.该校物理研究所从事光学、光谱学与材料研究，燃烧研究所则研究能源技术与非常规燃料。
• The Faculty of Philology teaches Ukrainian, Russian and foreign literatures and languages, and it trains teachers for schools across the Odesa region.语言学系教授乌克兰、俄罗斯及外国文学与语言，并为敖德萨地区各学校培养教师。
• Admission is based on Ukraine's external independent evaluation or its wartime equivalent, and the university also admits foreign students through its preparatory and international education programmes.本科录取以乌克兰外部独立评估或战时替代考试为依据，该校也通过预科与国际教育项目招收外国学生。

Campus

• The main building occupies the former Richelieu Lyceum in Odesa's historic centre, a short walk from Primorsky Boulevard and the Potemkin Stairs above the harbour.主楼位于敖德萨历史中心的原黎塞留学苑内，步行可达滨海大道与港口上方的波将金阶梯。
• The university has no single enclosed campus, and its institutes, faculties and museums are distributed among historic buildings in the central streets of Odesa.该校没有单一的封闭校园，其研究院、院系与博物馆分布在敖德萨市中心街道的历史建筑中。
• The Botanical Garden, founded in 1867, is both a research collection of about 3,840 species and a green space used by students of botany and ecology.建于 1867 年的植物园既是收集约 3840 种植物的研究设施，也是植物学与生态学学生使用的绿地。
• The astronomical observatory, founded in 1871, stands in a park above the city and remains part of the university's teaching and research infrastructure.建于 1871 年的天文台位于城市上方的公园内，至今仍是该校教学与研究基础设施的一部分。
• The scientific library occupies a historic building in the centre and holds about 4 million volumes, including 9,000 rare books and manuscripts.科学图书馆坐落于市中心一座历史建筑内，藏书约 400 万册，其中包括 9000 册珍本与手稿。
• The geological, zoological, paleontological and rare-book museums are open to students and visitors and form part of the university's public-facing research collections.地质、动物、古生物与珍本书博物馆向学生与访客开放，构成该校面向公众的研究收藏。
• Odesa's historic centre, including the streets around the university's main building, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023.敖德萨历史中心（包括该校主楼周边街道）于 2023 年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。
• Odesa's mild Black Sea climate, sandy beaches and 19th-century port architecture shape daily life around the university's scattered buildings.敖德萨温和的黑海气候、沙滩与十九世纪港口建筑，塑造了围绕该校分散楼群的日常生活。
• The main building stands within walking distance of the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Archaeological Museum and the city's Primorsky Boulevard.主楼步行可达敖德萨歌剧与芭蕾舞剧院、考古博物馆以及城市滨海大道。
• The port and the railway station lie within a few kilometres of the main building, and trolleybuses and trams connect the university sites with the residential districts.港口与火车站距主楼仅数公里，无轨电车与有轨电车把该校各址与居民区连接起来。
• During the war the university's buildings operated under air-raid alerts, and some teaching and administrative functions were moved to safer locations or online.战争期间，该校建筑在空袭警报下运作，部分教学与行政职能转移到更安全的地点或线上。

Reputation

• Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University is placed in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, the ranking used as the entry point for this article.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，敖德萨国立大学位于第 1201-1400 位区间，这也是本文采用的排名口径。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 lists the university as a Reporter, meaning it entered the data collection for the table but did not receive a rank.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将该校列为 Reporter，即进入榜单的数据收集但未获名次。
• The university did not enter the 2026-2027 U.S. News global universities list, so no U.S. News rank is recorded for it in this entry.该校未进入 2026-2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学榜单，因此本条目不记录其 U.S. News 名次。
• It also did not enter the main table of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, and no ARWU rank is recorded for it.该校同样未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜，本条目不记录其软科名次。
• Domestic assessments have placed Odesa among the top universities in Ukraine, with one widely cited ranking putting it fourth in the country and Webometrics placing it tenth.乌克兰国内评估常将敖德萨国立大学列入全国前列，一项被广泛引用的排名将其列为全国第四，Webometrics 则将其列为第十。
• In 2005 the Ministry of Education and Science named it the best comprehensive university in Ukraine, and it has repeatedly won the ministry's education exhibition awards.2005 年，乌克兰教育与科学部将其评为全国最佳综合性大学，该校还多次获得该部教育展览奖项。
• OpenAlex credits the university with 14,572 works and 89,357 citations, a research profile concentrated in physics, chemistry, biology and the earth sciences.OpenAlex 记录该校有 14,572 项研究成果与 89,357 次引用，其科研产出集中于物理、化学、生物学与地球科学。
• The university's research profile is concentrated in the natural sciences, and its name is associated with the Odesa mathematical school, which trained analysts in functional analysis, operator theory and differential equations through the twentieth century.该校的科研产出集中于自然科学，其名字与敖德萨数学学派联系在一起，该学派在二十世纪培养了泛函分析、算子理论与微分方程方面的人才。
• Its membership of the International Association of Universities and the European University Association reflects its integration into European academic networks.该校作为国际大学协会与欧洲大学协会成员，体现了其融入欧洲学术网络的程度。
• As the oldest university in southern Ukraine, it is often described as the region's principal seat of natural-science research and teacher education.作为乌克兰南部历史最悠久的大学，它常被视为该地区自然科学研究与师资教育的主要重镇。

Student life

• The university celebrates its anniversary on 13 May, the date in 1865 when the Imperial Novorossiysk University was opened.该校在 5 月 13 日庆祝校庆，这一天是 1865 年帝国新俄罗斯大学开办的日子。
• Mechnikov's legacy is kept alive through the university's name, its biology and immunology teaching, and the museum collections that grew from his era.梅契尼科夫的遗产通过校名、生物学与免疫学教学以及始于他那个时代的博物馆收藏延续下来。
• The Botanical Garden and the museums serve as informal social spaces as well as teaching collections, and school groups visit them throughout the year.植物园与各博物馆既是教学收藏，也是非正式社交空间，全年都有学校团体前来参观。
• Students come from across Ukraine and from about 52 countries, giving the university a multilingual social life shaped by Odesa's port culture.学生来自乌克兰各地以及约 52 个国家，使该校的社交生活带有敖德萨港口文化塑造的多语言特征。
• The city's cafes, beaches and Primorsky Boulevard are part of student life, and the university's central buildings place students within walking distance of them.城市的咖啡馆、海滩与滨海大道是学生生活的一部分，该校中心楼群使学生步行即可到达这些场所。
• The scientific library provides reading rooms and rare-book access, and it is one of the largest academic libraries in southern Ukraine.科学图书馆提供阅览室与珍本查阅服务，是乌克兰南部最大的学术图书馆之一。
• Student life overlaps with the city's Humorina festival on 1 April, when Odesa celebrates its reputation for humour with parades and street performances.学生生活与城市 4 月 1 日的胡莫里纳节相互交织，届时敖德萨以游行与街头表演庆祝其幽默传统。
• Student self-government and faculty-based societies organise academic conferences, cultural evenings and volunteer work, although wartime restrictions have reduced in-person events since 2022.学生自治组织与各系社团举办学术会议、文化晚会与志愿活动，但自 2022 年起战时限制减少了线下活动。
• The university's museums mount temporary exhibitions and host school visits, and their collections are used in courses on geology, zoology, palaeontology and book history.该校各博物馆举办临时展览并接待学校参观，其藏品用于地质学、动物学、古生物学与书籍史课程。
• The university's international office supports foreign students with language courses, visa advice and orientation in Odesa, and it maintains partnerships with universities abroad.该校国际办公室为外国学生提供语言课程、签证咨询与敖德萨入学导引，并维护与海外大学的合作关系。

Notable people

• Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, founded the Richelieu Lyceum in 1817 and governed Odesa as part of New Russia, laying the institutional basis for the university.黎塞留公爵阿尔芒-埃马纽埃尔·迪普莱西于 1817 年创办黎塞留学苑，并作为新俄罗斯的一部分治理敖德萨，为大学奠定了制度基础。
• Ilya Mechnikov taught zoology at the university from 1870 to 1882 and won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on immunity.伊利亚·梅契尼科夫于 1870 年至 1882 年在该校教授动物学，并因免疫研究获得 1908 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
• Nikolai Zelinsky, the organic chemist who developed the first effective gas mask, graduated from the university in 1884 before a career at Moscow University.尼古拉·泽林斯基是研制出第一种有效防毒面具的有机化学家，1884 年毕业于该校，后执教于莫斯科大学。
• Vladimir Lipsky, a botanist and academician, studied and worked in Odesa and helped build the university's botanical collections and its study of Black Sea flora.弗拉基米尔·利普斯基是植物学家与科学院院士，在敖德萨学习与工作，参与了该校植物收藏与黑海植物区系研究。
• Danylo Zabolotny, a microbiologist and epidemiologist, was a graduate of the university and became the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1922.丹尼洛·扎博洛特内是微生物学家与流行病学家，毕业于该校，并于 1922 年出任乌克兰科学院首任院长。
• Mark Krein, one of the twentieth century's leading functional analysts, taught in Odesa and is associated with the university's mathematical school.马克·克列因是二十世纪重要的泛函分析学家之一，曾在敖德萨任教，并与该校数学学派联系在一起。
• Nikolai Pirogov, the surgeon and educational reformer, served as trustee of the Odesa educational district in the 1850s and pressed for the lyceum's development.尼古拉·皮罗戈夫是外科医生与教育改革者，十九世纪五十年代任敖德萨教育学区督学，推动学苑的发展。
• Zhu Lilan, who studied chemistry in Odesa in the late 1950s, later became China's first female Minister of Science and Technology, serving from 1998 to 2007.朱丽兰二十世纪五十年代末在敖德萨学习化学，后来成为中国政府首位女性科学技术部部长，1998 年至 2007 年在任。
• Mikhail Slabchenko, a historian of Ukraine, and the Slavist Vladimir Grigorovich are among the scholars trained in the university's philological and historical tradition.乌克兰历史学家米哈伊尔·斯拉布琴科与斯拉夫学家弗拉基米尔·格里戈罗维奇，都是该校语言学与历史传统培养出的学者。
• The university counts Mechnikov and the Nobel committee's 1908 award as its defining scientific achievement, and it marks his name in its title and in its immunology teaching.该校把梅契尼科夫与 1908 年诺贝尔奖视为其最具代表性的科学成就，并在校名与免疫学教学中铭记其名字。