National University of Asunción

National University of Asunción, known by its Spanish initials UNA, is the oldest and largest public university in Paraguay, with its main campus in San Lorenzo in the metropolitan area of Asunción.亚松森国立大学（Universidad Nacional de Asunción，简称 UNA）是巴拉圭历史最悠久、规模最大的公立大学，主校区位于首都都会区的圣洛伦索。

Founded on 24 September 1889, it teaches more than 45,000 students through 14 faculties and more than 80 undergraduate programmes, with 9,000 teachers and a motto that commits the institution to devoting life to the truth.该校创办于 1889 年 9 月 24 日，通过 14 个学院与 80 多个本科专业培养 45,000 多名学生，拥有 9,000 名教师，校训要求师生把一生奉献给真理。

In the QS World University Rankings 2027 UNA sits in the 1201-1400 band, Times Higher Education placed it 2001st for 2027, and it did not enter the 2026-2027 U.S. News global table or the 2026 ShanghaiRanking main list.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校位列 1201-1400 区间；泰晤士高等教育将其排在 2027 年榜单第 2001 位；该校未进入 2026-2027 年度《美国新闻与世界报道》全球大学榜单，也未进入 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜。

History

• The university was founded on 24 September 1889, after repeated colonial-era attempts, on a project drafted by José Segundo Decoud Domecq, only nineteen years after the War of the Triple Alliance had devastated the country.该校于 1889 年 9 月 24 日创办，此前殖民时期屡有尝试；其建校方案由何塞·塞贡多·德库德·多梅克起草，此时距三国同盟战争重创巴拉圭仅十九年。
• The founding law was approved under President Patricio Escobar after Congress overcame his absolute veto, and it established three faculties, Law and Social Sciences, Medicine, and Mathematics.建校法在帕特里西奥·埃斯科瓦尔总统任内获得通过，此前国会推翻了他的绝对否决；该法设立法律与社会科学、医学、数学三个学院。
• Ramón Zubizarreta became the first rector and held the post until 30 April 1891, while a law school had already been operating since 1882 and the planned mathematics faculty was never created.拉蒙·苏维萨雷塔出任首任校长，任职至 1891 年 4 月 30 日；法学院早在 1882 年即已运行，而计划中的数学学院始终未能设立。
• In 1893 the School of Notaries and Public Scribes was founded and attached to the law faculty, beginning a tradition of legal training that still shapes Paraguayan public life.1893 年，公证人与公共文书学校成立并附属于法学院，开启了至今仍影响巴拉圭公共生活的法律教育传统。
• The School of Surveying opened in 1921, the Free School of Economic and Political Sciences followed in 1932, and the School of Dentistry became a faculty in 1947.测量学校于 1921 年开办，自由经济与政治科学学校于 1932 年设立，牙科学校则于 1947 年升格为学院。
• The School of Humanities, created in 1945, became the Faculty of Philosophy in 1948, and the Faculty of Architecture was established in 1957 as the university expanded beyond law and medicine.1945 年设立的人文学学校于 1948 年成为哲学学院，建筑学院则于 1957 年成立，该校由此从法律与医学扩展到更多领域。
• UNA remained the only university in Paraguay until 1960, when the Catholic University of Asunción was founded, and it still carries the institutional weight of that monopoly.在 1960 年亚松森天主教大学创办之前，该校一直是巴拉圭唯一的大学，至今仍承载着那段独占时期形成的制度分量。
• After the fall of Alfredo Stroessner on 3 February 1989 the student movement reorganised, and in 1996 the federations of faculty student centres came together as FEUNA, which was reconstituted in 2001.1989 年 2 月 3 日阿尔弗雷多·斯特罗斯纳倒台后，学生运动重新组织，各学院学生中心的联合会于 1996 年整合为 FEUNA，并于 2001 年重建。
• The 1992 Constitution allowed the university to draft its own statute, and from 1999 the rector was elected internally rather than appointed by presidential decree.1992 年宪法允许该校自行制定章程，自 1999 年起校长改由校内选举产生，不再由总统法令任命。
• In 2003 the law faculty opened degree programmes in social sciences and political science, the first step towards the separate social sciences faculty created fifteen years later.2003 年，法学院开设社会科学与政治学专业，为十五年后独立的社会科学学院奠定了基础。
• In 2004 the agronomy programme received MERCOSUR accreditation through ANEAES, and in 2006 the medicine and surgery programme obtained the same regional recognition.2004 年，农学专业通过国家评估与认证机构 ANEAES 获得南方共同市场认证；2006 年，医学与外科学专业也获得同样的地区认证。
• A new university statute was sanctioned by the University Assembly on 12 August 2005, replacing the framework inherited from the early 1990s.2005 年 8 月 12 日，大学大会通过新的大学章程，取代了 1990 年代初形成的旧框架。
• On 11 March 2008 the Faculty of Architecture was renamed the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Art, reflecting the addition of design and visual arts to its professional courses.2008 年 3 月 11 日，建筑学院更名为建筑、设计与艺术学院，以反映设计及视觉艺术课程并入其专业体系。
• On 5 September 2018 the Faculty of Nursing and Obstetrics was created, and on 17 October 2018 the Faculty of Social Sciences became the university's fourteenth faculty.2018 年 9 月 5 日，护理与助产学院成立；同年 10 月 17 日，社会科学学院成为该校第十四个学院。
• In 2015 the student movement #UNANoTeCalles occupied the San Lorenzo campus over nepotism and corruption, forcing rector Froilán Peralta to resign on 25 September.2015 年，学生运动“UNA 不要沉默”（#UNANoTeCalles）因裙带关系与腐败问题占领圣洛伦索校区，迫使时任校长弗罗伊兰·佩拉尔塔于 9 月 25 日辞职。
• Peralta was sentenced to three years in prison on 8 August 2022 for breach of trust, while the former official María del Carmen Martínez received three and a half years for fraud.2022 年 8 月 8 日，佩拉尔塔因背信罪被判处三年监禁，前官员玛丽亚·德尔卡门·马丁内斯则因欺诈罪被判处三年半监禁。
• By 2024 enrolment reached 44,654 students and the teaching staff about 9,000, spread across 14 faculties and more than 80 degree programmes.到 2024 年，该校注册学生达 44,654 人，教师约 9,000 人，分布于 14 个学院与 80 多个学位项目。
• The Faculty of Medical Sciences began publishing the Anales in 1927, and the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences launched Reportes Científicos de la FACEN in 2010.医学科学院自 1927 年起出版《医学科学院年刊》，精确与自然科学学院则于 2010 年创办《FACEN 科学报告》。
• The university's business incubator, INCUNA, was officially opened on 19 August 2009 to support start-ups founded by students and graduates.该校的创业孵化器 INCUNA 于 2009 年 8 月 19 日正式启用，为师生与毕业生创办的初创企业提供支持。
• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 UNA appears in the 1201-1400 band.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校进入 1201-1400 区间。

Academics

• UNA's 14 faculties cover law, medicine, engineering, economics, dentistry, chemistry, philosophy, agrarian sciences, veterinary science, architecture and design, polytechnic studies, exact and natural sciences, nursing and social sciences.该校 14 个学院涵盖法律、医学、工程、经济、牙科、化学、哲学、农业科学、兽医、建筑与设计、理工、精确与自然科学、护理以及社会科学。
• The Law School houses the School of Notaries and offers one of the country's most established routes into the judiciary, Congress and the public prosecutor's office.法学院下设公证学校，是巴拉圭通往司法界、国会与检察机关最成熟的培养路径之一。
• The Medical School teaches a six-year medicine and surgery programme and uses the Hospital de Clínicas, the university's own teaching hospital, for clinical training.医学院开设六年制医学与外科学项目，并以该校附属的临床医院作为临床教学基地。
• The Faculty of Engineering trains civil, industrial, electrical, mechanical and computer engineers, and its laboratories serve projects for the Paraguayan state and private utilities.工程学院培养土木、工业、电气、机械与计算机工程师，其实验室为巴拉圭政府与私营公用事业的项目服务。
• The Polytechnic School teaches computer science, applied mathematics and electronic engineering, and it hosts the university's entrepreneurship programme that became INCUNA.理工学院开设计算机科学、应用数学与电子工程，并孕育了后来发展为 INCUNA 的创业项目。
• The Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Chemistry supply the country's accountants, auditors, pharmacists and biochemical analysts, professions regulated by national boards.经济学院与化学学院为巴拉圭培养会计师、审计师、药剂师与生化分析师，这些职业均受国家专业委员会监管。
• The Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences operate farms and clinics outside Asunción, where students handle livestock, crops and herd health.农业科学学院与兽医学院在亚松森郊外经营农场与诊所，学生在其中接触牲畜、作物与畜群健康管理。
• The Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences runs the astronomical observatory named after Professor Alexis Troche Boggino and teaches physics, mathematics, biology and computer science.精确与自然科学学院管理以亚历克西斯·特罗切·博吉诺教授命名的天文台，并开设物理、数学、生物与计算机科学专业。
• The Faculty of Philosophy teaches history, letters, psychology and educational sciences, and it is one of the oldest humanities centres in the country.哲学学院开设历史、文学、心理学与教育科学专业，是巴拉圭最古老的人文教学中心之一。
• The Instituto Superior de Lenguas offers the only university degree in Guaraní in the world, alongside degrees in English, French, German and Portuguese.高等语言学院开设世界上唯一的瓜拉尼语大学学位，同时提供英语、法语、德语与葡萄牙语学位。
• Most courses are taught in Spanish, but the language institute and the modern-language degrees use the target language for instruction, including Guaraní for its specialised degree.该校多数课程以西班牙语授课，但语言学院与现代语言学位使用目标语言教学，其瓜拉尼语专业亦以瓜拉尼语授课。
• Research output is published in the Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Reportes Científicos de la FACEN, Ñemitỹrã and the Revista FADA, journals that cover health, science, language and design.该校研究成果发表于《医学科学院年刊》《FACEN 科学报告》《Ñemitỹrã》与《FADA 杂志》，覆盖健康、科学、语言与设计等领域。
• INCUNA, the university's business incubator, advises student and graduate start-ups on business plans, intellectual property and access to public innovation funds.该校的创业孵化器 INCUNA 为学生与毕业生初创企业提供商业计划、知识产权与公共创新资金申请方面的咨询。
• The agronomy and medicine programmes hold MERCOSUR accreditation, a regional seal awarded through ANEAES that allows graduates to practise across member states more easily.农学与医学专业持有南方共同市场认证，这一地区性资质由 ANEAES 颁发，使毕业生更容易在成员国执业。
• The Colegio Experimental Paraguay-Brasil and the Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología, both attached to UNA, prepare secondary and technical students for university entry.附属于该校的巴拉圭-巴西实验学校与巴拉圭技术学院，为中学生与技术人员进入大学做准备。
• Postgraduate provision includes specialisations, master's degrees and doctorates, concentrated in medicine, law, engineering, agrarian sciences and social sciences.研究生教育包括专业方向、硕士与博士项目，集中在医学、法律、工程、农业科学和社会科学领域。
• The Faculty of Social Sciences, created in 2018, grew out of the sociology and political science programmes that had been taught inside the law faculty since 2003.社会科学学院成立于 2018 年，由 2003 年以来设在法学院内部的社会学与政治学专业发展而来。
• The Faculty of Nursing and Obstetrics traces its origins to the Instituto Andrés Barbero, a nursing school that was absorbed into the university and became a faculty in 2018.护理与助产学院源于安德烈斯·巴尔韦罗学院（Instituto Andrés Barbero），这所护理学校并入大学后于 2018 年升格为学院。
• The Faculty of Philosophy trains secondary-school teachers in history, letters and educational sciences, and its graduates staff a large part of Paraguay's public school system.哲学学院培养历史、文学与教育科学方向的中学教师，其毕业生构成巴拉圭公立学校师资的重要部分。
• With 9,000 teachers for more than 45,000 students, UNA has one of the largest academic payrolls in Paraguay and a student-teacher ratio typical of the region's public universities.该校以 9,000 名教师服务 45,000 多名学生，是巴拉圭学术人员规模最大的高校之一，其师生比与地区公立大学相近。

Campus

• The main campus occupies about 300 hectares in San Lorenzo, a city in the metropolitan area of Asunción, and it contains most of the faculties, the rectorate and the central services.主校区位于首都都会区的圣洛伦索，占地约 300 公顷，容纳该校多数学院、校长办公室与中央服务设施。
• The Hospital de Clínicas, the university's teaching hospital, stands on the San Lorenzo campus and serves patients from the surrounding departments as well as training medical students.该校附属的临床医院位于圣洛伦索校区，既接收周边省份的患者，也承担医学生的临床培训。
• The Colegio Experimental Paraguay-Brasil and the Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología occupy sites on the main campus, giving secondary and technical pupils daily contact with university laboratories.巴拉圭-巴西实验学校与巴拉圭技术学院位于主校区内，使中学生与技术人员能够日常接触大学实验室。
• The astronomical observatory named after Alexis Troche Boggino gives students in the exact and natural sciences a working facility for stellar observation and public outreach.以亚历克西斯·特罗切·博吉诺命名的天文台为精确与自然科学学生提供恒星观测与公众科普的实用设施。
• Regional campuses operate in Pedro Juan Caballero, Caacupé, Villarrica, Coronel Oviedo, Concepción, Paraguarí, San Pedro and other towns, offering a limited set of degrees outside the capital.该校在佩德罗·胡安·卡瓦列罗、卡库佩、比利亚里卡、奥维多上校镇、康塞普西翁、帕拉瓜里、圣佩德罗等城镇设有地区校区，在首都之外提供数量有限的学位项目。
• The regional campuses concentrate on law, agrarian sciences, veterinary science, economics and philosophy, the subjects most in demand in their surrounding departments.地区校区集中于法律、农业科学、兽医、经济与哲学等周边省份需求最大的学科。
• The San Lorenzo campus is linked to Asunción by the Mariscal López avenue and the city's bus network, and most students commute from the capital or nearby districts.圣洛伦索校区经马里斯卡尔·洛佩斯大道与亚松森相连，并接入城市公交网络，多数学生从首都或附近城区通勤。
• Campus life centres on the faculties' own buildings and student centres, since UNA developed as a federation of faculties rather than as a single planned campus.校园生活以各学院自有建筑与学生中心为核心，因为该校是按学院联合体而非单一规划校园的方式发展起来的。
• San Lorenzo lies about fifteen kilometres from central Asunción, close enough for daily commuting but far enough that the campus has room for farms, clinics and playing fields.圣洛伦索距亚松森市中心约十五公里，既可每日通勤，又为校园留出了农场、诊所与运动场的空间。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 UNA is placed in the 1201-1400 band.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校被列入 1201-1400 区间。
• Times Higher Education ranked UNA 2001st in its 2027 world ranking, a numerical position at the bottom of the published table.泰晤士高等教育 2027 年世界大学排名把该校排在第 2001 位，这是榜单末端的一个具体名次。
• UNA did not enter the 2026-2027 U.S. News global universities table, and it is absent from the 2026 ShanghaiRanking main list.该校未进入 2026-2027 年度《美国新闻与世界报道》全球大学榜单，也不在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜之列。
• OpenAlex records 10,153 works and 167,059 citations for UNA, a body of research concentrated in medicine, agrarian science and the natural sciences.OpenAlex 记录该校有 10,153 项成果与 167,059 次引用，研究主要集中在医学、农业科学与自然科学。
• As the country's oldest university, UNA supplies a large share of Paraguay's doctors, lawyers, engineers and teachers, and its alumni dominate the public service.作为巴拉圭最古老的大学，该校培养了该国相当比例的医生、律师、工程师与教师，其校友在公共服务领域占据主导地位。
• The MERCOSUR accreditation of its agronomy and medicine programmes is a regional benchmark that few Paraguayan universities have obtained.该校农学与医学专业获得的南方共同市场认证是一项地区性标杆，巴拉圭少有高校取得。
• Its research journals, including the Anales founded in 1927, are among the oldest continuously published academic periodicals in the country.该校的研究期刊，包括 1927 年创办的《年刊》，是巴拉圭历史最悠久且持续出版的学术刊物之一。
• The university's reputation was tested by the 2015 corruption crisis, and the #UNANoTeCalles movement is now part of its institutional memory and of Paraguayan student politics.2015 年的腐败危机考验了该校声誉，“UNA 不要沉默”运动如今已成为其机构记忆与巴拉圭学生政治的一部分。

Student life

• More than 45,000 students attend UNA, most of them in San Lorenzo, and the 14 faculties each maintain their own student centre and academic societies.该校有 45,000 多名学生，多数在圣洛伦索就读，14 个学院各自设有学生中心与学术社团。
• FEUNA, the federation of UNA student centres, was formed in 1996 and reconstituted in 2001, and it negotiates with the rectorate over budgets, fees and student rights.该校学生中心联合会 FEUNA 成立于 1996 年并于 2001 年重建，负责就预算、学费与学生权利与校方协商。
• The #UNANoTeCalles occupation of 2015 began as a protest against nepotism and ended with the rector's resignation, a episode students still cite in debates about university governance.2015 年的“UNA 不要沉默”占领行动起初针对裙带关系，最终以校长辞职告终，学生至今仍在关于大学治理的讨论中引用这一事件。
• Medical students spend their final years in the Hospital de Clínicas, where shifts expose them to emergency, surgery, paediatrics and obstetric care.医学专业学生最后几年在临床医院度过，值班经历使他们接触急诊、外科、儿科与产科护理。
• INCUNA runs entrepreneurship workshops and competitions for students from all faculties, and several technology start-ups in Asunción trace their origins to the incubator.INCUNA 为各学院学生开设创业工作坊与竞赛，亚松森若干科技初创企业可追溯至该孵化器。
• The Instituto Superior de Lenguas gives Guaraní a formal academic place, and its students organise language and cultural activities that connect the university to Paraguay's bilingual society.高等语言学院赋予瓜拉尼语正式的学术地位，其学生组织的语言与文化活动把大学与巴拉圭的双语社会连接起来。
• Students on the regional campuses have fewer services than those in San Lorenzo, a disparity that student organisations have raised in successive debates over university funding.地区校区学生获得的资源少于圣洛伦索校区，学生组织在历次大学经费讨论中都提到这一差距。
• Nursing and obstetric students share the Hospital de Clínicas with medical students, and their clinical rotations cover maternity, paediatrics and community health.护理与助产专业学生与医学生共用临床医院，其临床轮转涵盖产科、儿科与社区健康。

Notable people

• Eusebio Ayala, president of Paraguay in the 1920s and 1930s, studied law at UNA and later taught there before entering national politics.欧塞维奥·阿亚拉是 1920 至 1930 年代的巴拉圭总统，曾在亚松森国立大学学习法律，后在该校任教并进入国家政坛。
• José Segundo Decoud Domecq drafted the project that became the university in 1889 and was one of the intellectual architects of post-war Paraguayan institutions.何塞·塞贡多·德库德·多梅克起草了 1889 年建校方案，是战后巴拉圭制度建设的知识界设计者之一。
• Ramón Zubizarreta served as the first rector from 1889 until 30 April 1891, when the initial faculties were still being organised.拉蒙·苏维萨雷塔自 1889 年起担任首任校长，直至 1891 年 4 月 30 日，当时各初创学院仍在组建之中。
• Patricio Escobar, president of Paraguay from 1886 to 1890, approved the founding law after Congress overrode his veto and is remembered as the political sponsor of the university.帕特里西奥·埃斯科瓦尔是 1886 至 1890 年的巴拉圭总统，在国会推翻其否决后批准建校法，被视为该校的政治推动者。
• Fátima Mereles, the botanist, is among the university's best-known scientific graduates for her work on the flora of the Paraguayan Chaco and the country's wetlands.植物学家法蒂玛·梅雷莱斯因研究巴拉圭查科地区与湿地植物区系而成为该校最著名的理科毕业生之一。
• Vicente Pistilli, an engineer and astronomer associated with UNA, helped develop astronomical teaching and public observatory work in Paraguay.文森特·皮斯蒂利是与该校有关的工程师与天文学家，推动了巴拉圭的天文教学与公共天文台工作。
• Martín Almada, the human rights lawyer who discovered the Archives of Terror in 1992, is a graduate of the university's law faculty.马丁·阿尔马达是 1992 年发现“恐怖档案”的人权律师，毕业于该校法学院。
• Zully Concepción Vera Galván, a professor and former dean, has served as rector since 2019 and led the university through the post-2015 governance reforms.苏莉·康塞普西翁·维拉·加尔万是教授、前院长，自 2019 年起任校长，带领学校推进 2015 年后的治理改革。