National Research Nuclear University MEPhI

National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) (Russian: Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет "МИФИ") is a public technical university in Moscow, Russia, specialising in nuclear physics, engineering and applied science.国家核研究大学（MEPhI，即莫斯科工程物理学院，俄语：Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет "МИФИ"）是位于俄罗斯莫斯科的一所公立技术大学，专长于核物理、核工程与应用科学。

Founded on 23 November 1942 as the Moscow Mechanical Institute of Munitions to train specialists for the Soviet military and atomic project, it was renamed the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute in 1953 and given its present status in 2009.该校于 1942 年 11 月 23 日以「莫斯科机械兵工学院」之名创办，为苏联军事与原子计划培养专业人才，1953 年更名为莫斯科工程物理学院，2009 年获得现行地位。

About 7,200 students study at its Moscow campus with a staff of 800, while its wider network of 15 campuses in 12 cities enrols some 16,200 students, and in the QS World University Rankings 2027 it is placed 626th.其莫斯科校区约有 7200 名学生、800 名教学人员，而在 12 座城市共有 15 个校区的更大网络则招收了约 16200 名学生；在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校位列世界第 626 位。

History

• On 23 November 1942 the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR signed the decree establishing the Moscow Mechanical Institute of Munitions, known from 1945 as the Moscow Mechanical Institute.1942 年 11 月 23 日，苏联人民委员会签署法令，成立「莫斯科机械兵工学院」，该校自 1945 年起称为「莫斯科机械学院」。
• The institute was created in the middle of the Second World War, and its original charter was to train people for the nuclear industry that had just begun to develop.该校创立于第二次世界大战正酣之际，其最初的使命是为刚刚起步的核工业培养人才。
• Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov, head of the Soviet nuclear project and known as the father of the Soviet atomic bomb, was one of the legendary founders of the university.领导苏联核计划、被誉为苏联原子弹之父的伊戈尔·瓦西里耶维奇·库尔恰托夫，是这所大学的传奇创办者之一。
• The institution received the name Moscow Engineering Physics Institute in 1953, a name it kept until 2009 and which is still used in its English title.该校于 1953 年获得「莫斯科工程物理学院」之名，此名沿用至 2009 年，至今仍出现在其英文校名之中。
• By the 1960s MEPhI had become the leading higher education institution in Russia providing education and training for peaceful uses of nuclear energy.到 20 世纪 60 年代，该校已成为俄罗斯为和平利用核能提供教育与培训的领先高等学府。
• Over the course of its history six Nobel Prize winners have worked at MEPhI, including Nikolay Basov, who was also a graduate of the university, along with Andrei Sakharov, Nikolay Semyonov, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank and Pavel Cherenkov.在其历史上共有六位诺贝尔奖得主在该校工作，包括身为毕业生的尼古拉·巴索夫，以及安德烈·萨哈罗夫、尼古拉·谢苗诺夫、伊戈尔·塔姆、伊利亚·弗兰克与帕维尔·切伦科夫。
• The university was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, a Soviet decoration recognising its contribution to national science and industry.该校曾获颁「劳动红旗勋章」，这是苏联为表彰其对国家科学与工业所作贡献而授予的荣誉。
• On 7 October 2008 a decree of the President of Russia, No. 1448, launched a pilot project to create national research universities, changing the framework in which MEPhI would evolve.2008 年 10 月 7 日，俄罗斯总统第 1448 号令启动了创建国家研究型大学的试点计划，改变了该校发展的制度框架。
• By government order No. 480-r of 8 April 2009 MEPhI was granted the status of a national research university, one of only two schools in Russia so recognised at the time.依据 2009 年 4 月 8 日的第 480-r 号政府令，该校获得国家研究型大学地位，当时全俄仅有两所院校获此认定。
• In the same year, 2009, the university was reorganised and renamed the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, the title it carries today.同年即 2009 年，该校完成重组并更名为「国家核研究大学（MEPhI）」，这一校名沿用至今。
• In July 2013 MEPhI was shortlisted in the governmental Competitiveness Enhancement Programme, known as the 5 into 100 project, which aims to place leading Russian universities in the world top 100.2013 年 7 月，该校入选政府「竞争力提升计划」（即「5-100 计划」）名单，该计划旨在把俄罗斯领先大学送入世界前 100 名。
• In 2018 MEPhI was ranked top-1 among the national research universities of Russia, consolidating its position in the national research system.2018 年，该校在俄罗斯国家研究型大学排名中位列第一，巩固了其在国家科研体系中的地位。
• Between 2016 and 2018 the university expanded its presence on online learning platforms including Coursera, edX, Universarium and CLP4NET, offering 43 courses by the end of 2018.2016 至 2018 年间，该校扩大了在 Coursera、edX、Universarium 与 CLP4NET 等在线教育平台上的布局，到 2018 年底共提供 43 门课程。
• In 2018 the number of learners who joined MEPhI's online courses reached about 160,000 people from 150 countries, an early example of its digital outreach.2018 年，参加该校在线课程的学习者约达 16 万人，来自 150 个国家，是其数字化外展的早期范例。
• In 2021 MEPhI became a winner of the research track of the state programme Project Priority 2030, the successor scheme to the 5 into 100 programme.2021 年，该校成为国家「优先 2030 计划」研究轨道的入选单位，该计划是「5-100 计划」的后续方案。
• In July 2018 the Institute of Cyber-Physical Systems was established at the initiative of the Moscow-based state corporation ROSATOM, adding a new unit to the university.2018 年 7 月，在莫斯科国有企业俄罗斯国家原子能公司（ROSATOM）的倡议下，该校设立了网络物理系统研究所，增添了新的学术单位。
• Beyond Moscow the university has built a network of campuses in the Russian regions, an expansion that turned a single institute into a nationwide nuclear education system.在莫斯科之外，该校在俄罗斯各地区建立起校区网络，这一扩张把一所单一学院变成了覆盖全国的核教育体系。
• The institute kept its nuclear teaching intact through the turbulent post-Soviet years, and by 2009 it had regained a leading national role as one of Russia's first national research universities.该校在苏联解体后动荡的岁月里保持核教学的完整，到 2009 年作为俄罗斯首批国家研究型大学之一重新取得全国性的领先地位。
• The university's English name still carries the words Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, a reminder of its 1953 identity even though the institution has been a university since the year 2009.该校英文校名仍保留「莫斯科工程物理学院」字样，尽管它自 2009 年起已是大学，这一称谓仍是其 1953 年身份的印记。
• In 2022 the university was placed 308th in the world by QS and 401st by Times Higher Education, and in 2023 U.S. News ranked it 483rd, a trajectory that shows the volatility of its global standing.2022 年，该校在 QS 排名中位列世界第 308 位、在泰晤士高等教育排名中位列第 401 位，2023 年《美国新闻与世界报道》又将其列为第 483 位，这一轨迹显示出其全球名次波动较大。

Academics

• MEPhI has eleven main departments, faculties and institutes, covering nuclear physics and engineering, laser and plasma technologies, and biomedical engineering physics.该校设有十一个主要的系、学院与研究所，涵盖核物理与核工程、激光与等离子体技术以及生物医学工程物理。
• Its units include the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, the Institute for Laser and Plasma Technologies, and the Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine.其属下机构包括核物理与工程研究所、激光与等离子体技术研究所以及生物医学工程物理研究所。
• Other units are the Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, the Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, and the Institute of Financial Technology and Economic Security.其他单位还有电子学、自旋电子学与光子学纳米工程研究所、网络智能系统研究所以及金融技术与经济安全研究所。
• It also runs an Institute of International Relations, an Institute of Cyber-Physical Systems, an Institute of General Professional Competencies and a Faculty of Business Informatics and Complex Systems Management.该校还设有国际关系研究所、网络物理系统研究所、通用专业能力研究所以及商业信息学与复杂系统管理系。
• The MEPhI Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering and the Higher Engineering School are among the university's flagship teaching units for nuclear specialists.核物理与工程研究所以及高等工程学校是该校培养核领域专业人才的旗舰教学单位。
• The university offers bachelor's, specialist, master's and postgraduate degrees in physics, mathematics, computer science, information security and related areas.该校在物理学、数学、计算机科学、信息安全及相关领域授予学士、专家、硕士与研究生学位。
• MEPhI facilities include a 2.5 megawatt thermal pool-type research reactor, on which students gain direct experience of nuclear engineering.该校设施包括一座热功率 2.5 兆瓦的池式研究反应堆，学生可借此直接接触核工程实践。
• The university also operates NEVOD, a neutrino water detector used in astroparticle physics research and in the training of physicists.该校还运行 NEVOD 中微子水探测器，用于天体粒子物理研究以及物理学家的培养。
• The Moscow branch has 7,200 students and 800 academic staff, a faculty-to-student ratio of about ten to one that is unusually favourable for a Russian technical university.莫斯科校区有 7200 名学生与 800 名教学人员，师生比约为十比一，这对俄罗斯技术大学而言相当优越。
• The wider MEPhI network in the regions combines twelve higher education institutions and three colleges, together enrolling 16,200 students and employing over 1,500 professors.该校在各地区的更大网络整合了十二所高等院校与三所专科学校，合计招收 16200 名学生，聘用 1500 多名教授。
• The curriculum of the first two years consists exclusively of required courses, with emphasis on mathematics, physics, experimental work and English.头两年的课程全部为必修课，侧重数学、物理学、实验工作与英语。
• After those two years students specialise on a competitive basis in branches of physics, computer science, information security and mathematics, and normally take four to five and a half years to graduate.两年之后，学生以竞争方式在物理学、计算机科学、信息安全与数学等方向中选择专业，通常需四到五年半毕业。
• The Moscow campus has around 7,500 students in older figures, including more than 1,300 foreign students, reflecting the university's international recruitment.按较早的数据，莫斯科校区约有 7500 名学生，其中包括 1300 多名外国学生，体现出该校的国际化招生。
• The Institute of Cyber-Physical Systems, created in 2018, employs a faculty of 50 and teaches more than 400 students in its young programmes.成立于 2018 年的网络物理系统研究所拥有 50 名教师，并在其新兴项目中培养 400 多名学生。
• MEPhI cooperates with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and with the Kurchatov Institute, and its researchers draw on funding from the Russian Science Foundation.该校与杜布纳联合核子研究所及库尔恰托夫研究所合作，其研究人员还获得俄罗斯科学基金的资助。
• Online education is a distinctive part of its teaching, with 43 courses on international platforms by 2018 and learners from some 150 countries.在线教育是该校教学的一大特色，到 2018 年已在国际平台上开设 43 门课程，学员来自约 150 个国家。
• MEPhI also offers specialist degrees, a Russian qualification of five to six years that combines bachelor's and master's study in a single integrated programme.该校还授予「专家」学位，这是俄罗斯一种五至六年的资格，把学士与硕士课程整合为一个统一培养项目。
• Its research centres work on neutron and reactor physics, plasma technologies, nanoelectronics and information security, matching the priorities of the Russian atomic industry.其研究中心从事中子与反应堆物理、等离子体技术、纳米电子学与信息安全研究，与俄罗斯原子能工业的重点方向相契合。
• Students who complete the two-year core continue into the university's institutes, where research projects and laboratory work dominate the later years of study.完成两年基础课程的学生进入该校各研究所，在此后阶段，研究项目与实验工作占据主导地位。

Campus

• The Moscow campus is located on Kashira Highway, about a fifteen-minute walk or a five-minute bus ride from the Kashirskaya station of the Zamoskvoretskaya Line of the Moscow Metro.莫斯科校区位于卡希拉公路，距莫斯科地铁扎莫斯科沃列茨卡亚线卡希尔站步行约十五分钟或乘公交约五分钟。
• The site lies at approximately 55.75 degrees north and 37.62 degrees east, in the southern part of the Russian capital.该校址约位于北纬 55.75 度、东经 37.62 度，处在俄罗斯首都的南部。
• Beyond Moscow there are 15 campuses in 12 cities across Russia, which together form the university's regional teaching and research network.在莫斯科之外，俄罗斯 12 座城市共有 15 个校区，共同构成该校的地区教学与研究网络。
• That regional network combines twelve higher education institutions and three colleges, giving MEPhI a reach that no other Russian nuclear university possesses.这一地区网络整合了十二所高等院校与三所专科学校，使该校拥有其他俄罗斯核类大学所不具备的覆盖范围。
• The Moscow campus itself holds the university's research reactor and the NEVOD neutrino detector, its two most distinctive research facilities.莫斯科校区本身拥有该校的研究反应堆与 NEVOD 中微子探测器，这是其最具特色的两座研究设施。
• A new large campus project near Obninsk, known as ObninskTech, is planned to host around 5,000 permanent students with some 10,000 more attending short courses and conferences.在奥布宁斯克附近规划的名为「奥布宁斯克科技」的大型新校区，计划容纳约 5000 名长期学生，另有约 1 万人参加短期课程与会议。
• The campus is embedded in the Kashiraya district of southern Moscow, served by the metro and by the city's road network, between the city centre and its outlying residential districts.校园嵌入莫斯科南部的卡希拉区，由地铁与城市路网提供服务，位于市中心与其外围住宅区之间。
• Students in the regional campuses study closer to Russia's nuclear industry sites, an arrangement that links the university's teaching to the country's atomic energy sector.各地方校区的学生可以在更靠近俄罗斯核工业基地之处就读，这一安排把该校的教学与本国原子能产业联系起来。
• The university's buildings in Moscow cluster around a compact site in the Kashira district, with lecture halls, laboratories and student residences within a short distance of one another.该校在莫斯科的建筑集中在卡希拉区一处紧凑的地块上，讲厅、实验室与学生宿舍彼此相距不远。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 MEPhI is placed 626th in the world, among the leading technical universities of Russia.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，该校位列世界第 626 位，属于俄罗斯领先的技术大学之列。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it in the 801 to 1000 band, after an appearance in the 601 to 800 group in 2026.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列于世界第 801 至 1000 区间，其 2026 年则位于第 601 至 800 区间。 ^[1]
• The U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking for 2026 to 2027 places the university 770th in the world.2026 至 2027 年版《美国新闻与世界报道》最佳全球大学排名将该校列为世界第 770 位。
• It is not included in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by ShanghaiRanking.该校未进入上海软科发布的 2026 年世界大学学术排名。
• OpenAlex attributes 33,775 works and 2,768,361 citations to MEPhI, a very high citation count explained in part by its research in high-energy physics.OpenAlex 数据库为该校收录 33775 篇成果、被引用 2768361 次，被引数极高，部分原因在于其高能物理领域的研究。
• Six Nobel Prize winners have worked at MEPhI, a concentration of honours rarely matched by a specialised technical university.共有六位诺贝尔奖得主曾在 MEPhI 工作，对一所专业性的技术大学而言，这样的荣誉密度十分罕见。
• In 2018 the university was ranked top-1 among Russia's national research universities, and in 2021 it won the research track of Project Priority 2030.2018 年该校在俄罗斯国家研究型大学中排名第一，2021 年又入选「优先 2030 计划」研究轨道。
• MEPhI is widely regarded as the leading institution of Russia's nuclear education system, supplying specialists to the state atomic energy corporation and to research centres.该校被普遍视为俄罗斯核教育体系的领头机构，为国家原子能公司及各类研究中心输送专业人才。
• Its work on peaceful nuclear energy, plasma physics and cyber-physical systems has kept it prominent in national research programmes since the 1960s.它在和平利用核能、等离子体物理与网络物理系统方面的研究，使其自 20 世纪 60 年代以来一直活跃于国家科研计划之中。
• Research collaboration with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and with the Kurchatov Institute keeps MEPhI output at the frontier of high-energy and reactor physics.与杜布纳联合核子研究所及库尔恰托夫研究所的研究合作，使该校的成果保持在高能与反应堆物理的前沿。

Student life

• The university has no single official motto in common use, its identity being bound up instead with nuclear engineering and the figure of Igor Kurchatov.该校并无广为使用的单一正式校训，其身份认同更多地与核工程以及伊戈尔·库尔恰托夫这一人物相连。
• The student body was predominantly male during the early decades, as women were not admitted in the first years after the university's foundation, a ban lifted in recent decades.在建校后的最初几十年里，学生以男性为主，早期并不录取女性，这一禁令在近数十年间才被取消。
• The blue glow of Cherenkov radiation, discovered by a co-founder of the university, has become a visual emblem of nuclear study and of MEPhI student culture.由该校一位创办者发现的切伦科夫辐射「蓝辉」，已成为核学习乃至该校学生文化的视觉象征。
• MEPhI organises the Rosatom Olympiad, in which more than 14,000 students from 61 regions of Russia take part each year, feeding talent into its programmes.该校举办「俄罗斯原子能奥林匹克竞赛」，每年有来自俄罗斯 61 个地区的 14000 多名学生参加，为其课程输送人才。
• Its Network School, a single educational system for schools working to MEPhI standards, reaches schoolchildren in 56 regions of the Russian Federation.该校的「网络学校」是面向以其标准办学的中学的统一教育体系，覆盖俄罗斯联邦 56 个地区的中小学生。
• Online courses on Coursera, edX and other platforms let Russian and foreign learners study MEPhI subjects, with around 160,000 participants by 2018.在 Coursera、edX 等平台上的在线课程让俄罗斯与外国学习者修读该校课程，到 2018 年已有约 16 万名参与者。
• Specialisation after the second year is decided by competition, so campus culture centres on examinations, olympiads and the study of mathematics and physics.第二学年后的专业分流以竞争方式决定，因此校园文化的核心是考试、学科竞赛以及数学与物理的学习。
• Because the Moscow campus stands near the Kashirskaya metro station on the southern edge of the city, student life mixes academic intensity with the daily life of the surrounding district.由于莫斯科校区位于城市南缘的卡希尔地铁站附近，学生生活把高强度的学业与周边城区的日常生活交织在一起。

Notable people

• Igor Kurchatov, head of the Soviet nuclear project and a founding figure of the university, is remembered as the father of the Soviet atomic bomb.苏联核计划负责人、该校创办人物伊戈尔·库尔恰托夫被誉为苏联原子弹之父。
• Nikolay Basov, a graduate of the university, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 for work that led to the laser and the maser.该校毕业生尼古拉·巴索夫因奠定激光与微波激射器基础的研究，于 1964 年共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。
• Andrei Sakharov, who worked at MEPhI, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975 for his defence of human rights and disarmament.曾在 MEPhI 工作的安德烈·萨哈罗夫，因捍卫人权与裁军于 1975 年获得诺贝尔和平奖。
• Nikolay Semyonov, associated with the university, shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1956 for research on chemical chain reactions.与该校相关的尼古拉·谢苗诺夫因链式化学反应研究于 1956 年共同获得诺贝尔化学奖。
• Igor Tamm, Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, all linked to the university, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 for the Cherenkov effect.与该校有关的伊戈尔·塔姆、帕维尔·切伦科夫与伊利亚·弗兰克，因切伦科夫效应于 1958 年共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。
• Lev Artsimovich, who worked at MEPhI, is known as the father of the Tokamak, the device that became the basis of controlled nuclear fusion research.曾在 MEPhI 工作的列夫·阿尔齐莫维奇被称为托卡马克之父，这一装置后来成为受控核聚变研究的基础。
• Sergei Avdeyev, an engineer and cosmonaut educated at the university, held the record for total time spent in space with 747.59 days.在该校受教育的工程师与航天员谢尔盖·阿夫杰耶夫曾以累计 747.59 天保持太空停留时间的世界纪录。
• Yuri Oganessian, a scientist linked with the university, is honoured in the name of element 118 of the periodic table, oganesson.与该校有关的科学家尤里·奥加涅相，其名字被用于命名元素周期表中的第 118 号元素「奥加涅相元素」。
• Igor Irodov, a professor at the university, wrote a series of famous handbooks on general physics used by students in Russia and abroad.该校教授伊戈尔·伊罗多夫撰写了一系列著名的普通物理学手册，在俄罗斯国内外被学生广泛使用。
• Dmitry Kholodov, a graduate who became a journalist investigating corruption in the military, was assassinated on 17 October 1994.毕业生德米特里·霍洛多夫成为调查军队腐败问题的记者，于 1994 年 10 月 17 日遇刺身亡。