Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

The Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, usually shortened to MIPT and known colloquially as Phystech, is a public research university in Moscow Oblast, Russia, that trains specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related fields.莫斯科物理技术学院（英文缩写 MIPT，俗称「物理技术学院」）是俄罗斯莫斯科州的一所公立研究型大学，培养理论物理、应用物理、应用数学及相关领域的专门人才。

Its Russian name is Московский физико-технический институт, and its main campus sits in Dolgoprudny, a northern suburb of Moscow, while its aeromechanics department is based in Zhukovsky to the south-east.其俄语名为 Московский физико-технический институт，主校区位于莫斯科北郊的多尔戈普鲁德内，而其空气力学系则设在东南方的茹科夫斯基。

Founded in 1946 on ideas set out by the Nobel laureate Pyotr Kapitsa in a letter to Stalin, MIPT is often called the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Russia, and in the QS World University Rankings 2027 it stands 504th.该校 1946 年依据诺贝尔奖得主彼得·卡皮察致斯大林信件中的构想在莫斯科创立，常被称作「俄罗斯的 MIT」，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 504 位。

History

• In late 1945 and early 1946 a group of Soviet scientists, among them the future Nobel laureate Pyotr Kapitsa, lobbied the government to create a higher educational institution radically different from the established Soviet type.1945 年末至 1946 年初，包括后来获诺贝尔奖的彼得·卡皮察在内的一批苏联科学家游说政府，要求创办一所与既有苏联高教体制截然不同的高等学府。

• The design they proposed required applicants to be selected by challenging examinations and personal interviews, to be taught by leading scientists and to follow an individualised curriculum matching their own areas of interest.他们提出的方案要求申请者经由高难度考试与面谈选拔，由一流科学家授课，并依个人兴趣领域修读个别化课程。

• In a letter to Stalin in February 1946 Kapitsa argued for such a school, tentatively naming it the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and proposing that it be governed by a board drawn from the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences.1946 年 2 月，卡皮察在致斯大林的信中论证需要这样一所学校，并暂定其名为「莫斯科物理技术学院」，还提议由苏联科学院各主要研究所组成理事会加以治理。

• On March 10, 1946, the government issued a decree mandating the establishment of a College of Physics and Technology, giving Kapitsa's proposal a formal legal basis.1946 年 3 月 10 日，政府颁布法令，规定设立「物理技术学院」，为卡皮察的构想说提供了正式法律依据。

• For reasons that remain undocumented, the initial plan came to a halt in the summer of 1946, an outcome commonly attributed to Kapitsa's refusal to join the Soviet atomic bomb project and the official disfavour that followed.由于迄今无据可考的原因，最初的方案在 1946 年夏天中止，普遍认为这与卡皮察拒绝参与苏联原子弹工程以及随之而来的官方冷遇有关。

• Instead, a second government decree on November 25, 1946, established the new school as a Department of Physics and Technology within Moscow State University, and 25 November is still celebrated as MIPT's founding date.取而代之的是，1946 年 11 月 25 日的第二道政府法令把新学校设为莫斯科国立大学内的物理技术系，11 月 25 日至今仍被庆祝为该校的成立日。

• Kapitsa had foreseen that a new school inside a traditional university would meet bureaucratic obstacles, and the department was therefore granted considerable autonomy within Moscow State University.卡皮察早预见到在一所传统大学内部办学将遭遇官僚阻力，因此该系在莫斯科国立大学内部获得了相当的自治权。

• Its facilities stood in Dolgoprudny, away from the MSU campus, and the two buildings it occupied there remain part of the present-day MIPT site.其实验设施设在多尔戈普鲁德内，远离莫斯科国立大学本部，其使用的两栋建筑至今仍属当代莫斯科物理技术学院的校址。

• The department ran its own independent admissions and education system, different from the centrally mandated model, and was headed by a vice rector for special issues created specifically to shield it from university management.该系自设独立的招生与教学体系，不同于中央统一的模式，并由专门设立的主管特殊事务副校长领导，以把它与大学管理层隔开。

• The special status caused considerable resistance within Moscow State University, even as the new school gained an immediate following among talented young people drawn to work on classified, government-important science.这一特殊地位在莫斯科国立大学内部招致不小的抵触，同时新学府却迅速在才俊青年中赢得拥趸，他们被涉密而「事关国家」的科研工作所吸引。

• Kapitsa's growing disfavour with the government reached a point in 1950 when he was essentially under house arrest, and antisemitic repressions of the late 1940s made the school easy to attack as elitist.卡皮察与政府关系的恶化在 1950 年达到顶点，他几乎处于软禁状态；而 1940 年代末的反犹迫害也使该校容易被指为精英主义。

• In the summer of 1951 the Physics and Technology Department at Moscow State University was shut down, ending the first phase of the school's existence.1951 年夏天，莫斯科国立大学的物理技术系被撤销，学校存续的第一阶段就此结束。

• A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, secured Stalin's personal approval to restore the school, and on September 17, 1951, a decree re-established it as the independent Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.一批科学院院士在空军将军伊万·费多罗维奇·彼得罗夫支持下争取到斯大林的亲自批准，1951 年 9 月 17 日的法令把学校复建为独立的莫斯科物理技术学院。

• Among the prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed were Nobel laureates Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau, Alexandr Prokhorov and Vitaly Ginzburg.其后多年间在莫斯科物理技术学院任教的著名科学家中，包括诺贝尔奖得主尼古拉·谢苗诺夫、列夫·朗道、亚历山大·普罗霍罗夫与维塔利·金兹堡。

• Academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences who taught or shaped the institute included Sergey Khristianovich, Mikhail Lavrentiev, Mstislav Keldysh, Sergey Korolyov and Boris Rauschenbach.曾在该校任教或塑造其发展的苏联科学院院士包括谢尔盖·赫里斯蒂安诺维奇、米哈伊尔·拉夫连季耶夫、姆斯季斯拉夫·克尔德什、谢尔盖·科罗廖夫与鲍里斯·劳申巴赫。

• Its alumni later included Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, who shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of graphene.其校友后来包括安德烈·盖姆与康斯坦丁·诺沃肖洛夫，二人因发现石墨烯共享 2010 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Before 1998 students could graduate only after the full six-year curriculum and a defended thesis, receiving a specialist degree in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, from the early 1990s, a master's degree in Physics.1998 年以前，学生须完成六年完整课程并通过论文答辩方可毕业，获应用数学与物理的专家学位，并自 1990 年代初起另获物理学硕士学位。

• Since 1998 students have been awarded a bachelor's degree after four years and the defence of a bachelor's qualification work, a smaller version of the master's thesis.自 1998 年起，学生在四年学习并答辩一份本科资格论文后获学士学位，该论文相当于篇幅与深度较小的硕士论文。

• In 2016 MIPT carried out a large-scale reform, reorganising its former faculties into named Phystech Schools that group teaching and research around broad technological themes.2016 年，该校推行大规模改革，把原有的各系重组为具名的「物理技术学院」，围绕若干宏大技术主题组织教学与研究。

• As of 2005 MIPT counted 103 base organisations, the research institutes and companies at which its senior students carry out their specialised research work.截至 2005 年，莫斯科物理技术学院拥有 103 个「基地机构」，即其高年级学生开展专门研究工作的科研院所与企业。

• Kapitsa designed the institute in part on the model of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a borrowing that earned MIPT its enduring reputation as the MIT of Russia.卡皮察在设计该校时部分参照了麻省理工学院的模式，这一借鉴使莫斯科物理技术学院赢得并延续了「俄罗斯的 MIT」之名。

• On February 11, 2022, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education appointed Dmitry Livanov, a former national minister of education, as rector of MIPT for a five-year term.2022 年 2 月 11 日，俄罗斯科学与高等教育部任命前教育部长德米特里·利瓦诺夫为莫斯科物理技术学院院长，任期五年。

Academics

• MIPT is divided into Phystech Schools created from the former faculties in 2016, each combining teaching with research in a broad field of technology.莫斯科物理技术学院分为 2016 年由原各系组建的多个「物理技术学院」，每所都把一个宽广技术领域的教学与研究结合起来。

• The Phystech Schools include Radio Engineering and Computer Technology, the Landau School of Physics and Research and the School of Aerospace Technology.这些学院包括无线电工程与计算机技术学院、冠名朗道的物理与研究学院，以及航空航天技术学院。

• Further schools cover Electronics, Photonics and Molecular Physics, Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, and Biological and Medical Physics.其他学院涵盖电子学、光子学与分子物理，应用数学与计算机科学，以及生物与医学物理。

• The Kurchatov School of Nature-like, Plasma and Nuclear Technologies, the MIPT Business School and the Higher School of Software Engineering complete the present structure.库尔恰托夫自然仿生、等离子体与核技术学院、物理技术商学院以及高等软件工程学院构成现有的完整架构。

• The Phystech System, set out by Kapitsa in 1946, rests on rigorous selection, instruction by leading scientists, individualised study and education conducted in an atmosphere of research.卡皮察 1946 年提出的「物理技术系统」建立在严格选拔、一流科学家授课、个别化学习以及在研究氛围中施教等原则之上。

• MIPT has about 7,000 students, and its faculty includes more than 120 academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the highest such ratio per student in Russia.该校约有 7,000 名学生，其师资中包含 120 余名俄罗斯科学院院士与通讯院士，就「院士人均学生数」而言居俄罗斯高校之首。

• More than 80 research laboratories give students access to experimental infrastructure, and the institute reports more than 100 partner companies for research projects and internships.该校设有 80 多个研究实验室供学生使用实验设施，并报告有 100 多家合作企业参与科研项目与学生实习。

• A typical MIPT course takes six years to complete, and the curriculum of the first three years is almost entirely compulsory, with emphasis on mathematics, physics and English.该校完整的学业通常需六年完成，头三年的课程几乎全为必修，重点在数学、物理与英语。

• Study loads in the first two years can exceed 48 hours a week excluding homework, and classes run five days a week with a mix of lectures, seminars and laboratory work.头两年的学业负担（不含作业）每周可超过 48 小时，课程每周五天，包含讲授、习题研讨与实验等多种形式。

• From the third year students are assigned to a base organisation matching their interests, and in their final two years they spend four or five days a week at that base and only one day at MIPT.从三年级起，学生被分配到与其兴趣相符的基地机构；在最后两年，他们每周有四五天在基地、仅一天在学院。

• Base organisations are usually research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and named examples include the Kurchatov Institute, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics and the Lebedev Physical Institute.基地机构多为俄罗斯科学院的研究所，具名者包括库尔恰托夫研究所、朗道理论物理研究所以及列别捷夫物理研究所。

• Companies such as Yandex, Huawei, Intel and ABBYY also act as base organisations or research partners, giving students routes into industry.Yandex、华为、英特尔与 ABBYY 等企业也担任基地机构或科研伙伴，为学生提供进入产业的通道。

• Most applicants enter MIPT after secondary school at about eighteen, sitting written examinations in mathematics and physics, writing an essay and attending an interview.多数申请者在约十八岁中学毕业后进入该校，需参加数学与物理笔试、撰写一篇作文并接受面谈。

• The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions, and participants in the International Mathematical and Physics Olympiads, are admitted without entrance examinations subject only to interview.全国物理、数学竞赛中的佼佼者，以及国际数学、物理奥林匹克竞赛的参赛者，可免入学考试录取，仅须通过面谈。

• Education at MIPT is free for most students, and in 2025 scholarships ran from 70 to 90 dollars a month for bachelor's students and about 140 dollars for master's students, with cheap campus housing.该校对多数学生免学费，2025 年本科生奖学金为每月 70 至 90 美元、硕士生约 140 美元，并配有廉价的校内住宿。

• MIPT reports more than 36,000 alumni worldwide and about 120 academicians among its professors, a density of senior scholars unusual for a specialised technical institute.该校报告全球校友逾 36,000 人，其教授中约有 120 位院士，这种资深学者密度对一所专门的工科学院而言并不寻常。

• International students form about 12 per cent of the student body, and OpenAlex records 35,935 works and 984,929 citations for the institution.国际学生约占该校学生总数的 12%，OpenAlex 记录该校文献 35,935 篇、被引 984,929 次。

• Students and teachers frequently keep the pre-2016 faculty names, so students of the Landau school are still called fopfs, after the former Department of General and Applied Physics.师生常沿用 2016 年之前的旧系名，因此朗道学院的学生仍被称作「fopfs」，此名来自原普通与应用物理系。

Campus

• The main campus stands at 9 Institutskiy Pereulok in Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, postal code 141700, on the northern edge of the Moscow conurbation.主校区位于莫斯科州多尔戈普鲁德内的学院巷 9 号，邮政编码 141700，地处莫斯科大都市区的北缘。

• Dolgoprudny lies about twenty minutes from the centre of the Russian capital, making the campus a suburban research cluster rather than an inner-city site.多尔戈普鲁德内距俄罗斯首都中心约二十分钟车程，因此该校更似一处郊区科研园区，而非市中心的校区。

• The aeromechanics department is based separately in Zhukovsky, a town south-east of Moscow associated with the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.其空气力学系单独设在莫斯科东南的茹科夫斯基，该镇与中央空气流体动力学研究所相关联。

• The two buildings the Department of Physics and Technology occupied in Dolgoprudny in 1946 still form part of the modern campus, tying the present site to the founding years.1946 年物理技术系在多尔戈普鲁德内占用的两栋建筑至今仍是现代校园的一部分，把现址与建校岁月联结起来。

• Its academic complex has grown around more than 80 laboratories, lecture halls and student residences arranged on a compact suburban site.其学术建筑群围绕 80 多个实验室、讲堂与学生宿舍，在紧凑的郊区地块上发展起来。

• The university sits at coordinates 55.94958 degrees north and 37.50183 degrees east, in the Moscow Region north of the capital.该校坐标为北纬 55.94958 度、东经 37.50183 度，位于首都以北的莫斯科州。

• Campus housing is deliberately inexpensive, reported in 2025 at between 17 and 33 dollars a month depending on location and comfort.校内住宿有意定价低廉，2025 年按位置与舒适度报告为每月 17 至 33 美元。

• The campus is a frequent venue for international conferences, meetings and workshops, reflecting the institute's role in the global scientific community.该校园常作为国际会议、会谈与研讨会的举办地，体现该校在全球科学界中的角色。

• Its Dolgoprudny site concentrates teaching, housing and much of the institute's experimental infrastructure within one northern suburban cluster.其多尔戈普鲁德内校址把教学、住宿与学院大部分实验设施集中在一个北部郊区集群内。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 MIPT is placed 504th in the world, the position the university cites in its current profile.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，莫斯科物理技术学院位列世界第 504 位，这是该校当前简介所引用的名次。

• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place MIPT in the 401-450 band, and the 2026 Shanghai Ranking (ARWU) places it in the 701-800 band.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名把该校置于 401-450 区间，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名则把它置于 701-800 区间。

• In the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings the institute stands 573rd in the world, its strongest placing among the four main global tables that year.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，该校位列世界第 573 位，是该年度四大全球主榜中其最好的名次。

• Earlier cycles record sharper peaks, including a world rank of 201 in the Times Higher Education ranking of 2020 and 2021 and 290th in the QS ranking of 2022.更早的周期记录了更高的峰值，包括 2020 与 2021 年泰晤士高等教育排名的世界第 201 位，以及 2022 年 QS 排名的第 290 位。

• Its subject standings are notably stronger than its overall rank, with the Times Higher Education tables placing Physical Sciences 71st and Computer Science 72nd in the world.单科表现明显强于综合名次：泰晤士高等教育的榜单把该校物理科学列为世界第 71 位、计算机科学第 72 位。

• The QS subject ranking places its Physics and Astronomy programme in the world's top 50, and U.S. News ranks its Physics programme 40th in the world.QS 单科排名把该校物理与天文学置于世界前 50，US News 则把其物理学科列为世界第 40 位。

• Within Russia the institute is consistently ranked among the leaders, standing second in the Expert RA ranking, third in the Interfax and Forbes Russia rankings and first in the HSE and Yandex ranking.在俄罗斯国内，该校长期位居前列：在 Expert RA 排名中第二、在 Interfax 与 Forbes Russia 排名中第三、在 HSE 与 Yandex 排名中第一。

• OpenAlex attributes 35,935 works to MIPT with 984,929 citations, a high citation intensity for an institute of its size.OpenAlex 记录该校文献 35,935 篇、被引 984,929 次，对一所规模不大的学院而言，其被引强度颇高。

• The institute counts ten Nobel laureates among its professors and alumni, and its applicants traditionally have the highest average examination score in Russia.该校教授与校友中共有十位诺贝尔奖得主，其申请者的平均考试成绩历来居俄罗斯之首。

• Its reputation rests on physics, mathematics and computer science, the fields in which its subject tables rank highest and from which most of its Nobel-linked work has come.其声誉建立在物理、数学与计算机科学之上，这些正是其单科榜单名次最高、多数与诺奖相关成果产出的领域。

• ShanghaiRanking places the institute's physics discipline in the world's top 200, and the QS subject tables rank its physics and astronomy programme second in Russia, behind only Moscow State University.软科把该校物理学科列入世界前 200，QS 单科榜单则把其物理与天文学项目列为俄罗斯第二、仅次于莫斯科国立大学。

Student life

• November 25 is observed as the institute's founding day, marking the 1946 decree that first established the school within Moscow State University.11 月 25 日被定为该校的成立日，纪念 1946 年首次把学校设于莫斯科国立大学之内的那道法令。

• The Phystech System shapes student life, with tight-knit teaching groups, personal research advisors and a culture that treats science itself as the central social activity.「物理技术系统」塑造着学生生活：小规模教学集体、个人科研导师，以及一种把科学本身当作核心社交活动的文化。

• An annual twenty-four-hour soccer match that brings together students, professors and famous graduates has become an identifying tradition of the campus.一场把学生、教授与知名毕业生聚在一起的年度二十四小时足球赛，已成为该校辨识度极高的传统。

• Support for talented students is organised through tuition-fee waivers on English-taught programmes, special scholarships and access to laboratory projects, conferences and international events.对优秀学生的支持通过英语授课项目的学费减免、专项奖学金，以及参与实验项目、会议与国际活动的机会来实现。

• Students can choose to study abroad in more than fifty countries, and the institute reports partner arrangements with over fifty universities.学生可在 50 多个国家选择海外学习，该校报告其与 50 多所大学建立了合作安排。

• The Phystech.International olympiad for talented students draws more than 10,000 participants from over 100 countries each year.面向优秀学生的 Phystech.International 奥林匹克竞赛，每年吸引来自 100 多个国家的 10,000 多名参赛者。

• Relaunched in 2017, the Phystech.Start business accelerator supports student-initiated projects built on the institute's laboratory infrastructure.2017 年重新启动的 Phystech.Start 创业加速器，支持依托学院实验室设施的学生自主项目。

• The institute's alumni community spans more than 150 countries and includes ten members listed among Russia's richest individuals.该校校友群体遍布 150 多个国家，其中十人被列入俄罗斯富豪榜。

• Because it has no formally adopted motto, MIPT's identity is carried instead by the name Phystech and by the principles of its Phystech System.由于该校没有正式确立的校训，其身份认同改由「Phystech」之名与「物理技术系统」的原则来承载。

Notable people

• Pyotr Kapitsa, the institute's founder, discovered superfluidity and received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on low-temperature physics.该校创办人彼得·卡皮察发现超流动性，并因其低温物理研究获得 1978 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Nikolay Semyonov, a founding figure who taught at the institute, won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on chain reactions.曾在该校任教的创办期人物尼古拉·谢苗诺夫因链式反应研究获得 1956 年诺贝尔化学奖。

• Lev Landau, whose name now marks a Phystech School, received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium.名字如今冠于一所物理技术学院的列夫·朗道，因其凝聚态理论特别是液氦研究获得 1962 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Alexandr Prokhorov, a co-inventor of the laser, shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics and taught at the institute.激光的共同发明人亚历山大·普罗霍罗夫共享 1964 年诺贝尔物理学奖，并曾在该校任教。

• Vitaly Ginzburg, another teaching scientist, shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics and had been a co-developer of the Soviet hydrogen bomb.另一位任教科学家维塔利·金兹堡共享 2003 年诺贝尔物理学奖，并曾是苏联氢弹的共同研制者。

• Andrei Sakharov, a nuclear physicist associated with the institute, was a dissident and human-rights activist who received the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize.与该校相关的核物理学家安德烈·萨哈罗夫是异见人士与人权活动家，曾获 1975 年诺贝尔和平奖。

• Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both alumni, shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for isolating graphene.同为校友的安德烈·盖姆与康斯坦丁·诺沃肖洛夫因分离出石墨烯共享 2010 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Sergey Korolyov, the Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer of the space race, was among the academicians who shaped the institute.太空竞赛时期苏联火箭工程师与航天器设计师谢尔盖·科罗廖夫，是塑造该校的院士之一。

• Mstislav Keldysh, a mathematician who worked on the Soviet space programme, was known in scientific circles as the Chief Theoretician.参与苏联航天计划的数学家姆斯季斯拉夫·克尔德什，在科学界被称为「首席理论家」。

• Boris Rauschenbach, a rocket scientist in control engineering, was responsible for the first photographs of the far side of the Moon in 1959.控制工程领域的火箭科学家鲍里斯·劳申巴赫，负责拍摄了 1959 年月球背面的首批照片。

• Arkady Volozh, an alumnus, co-founded the search company Yandex, and Nikolay Storonsky, another graduate, founded the financial-technology firm Revolut.校友阿尔卡季·沃洛日共同创办了搜索引擎公司 Yandex，另一位毕业生尼古拉·斯托龙斯基创办了金融科技公司 Revolut。