Medical University of Vienna

The Medical University of Vienna (MedUni Wien, German: Medizinische Universität Wien) is a public medical university in Vienna, Austria, and the direct successor to the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, which was founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria.维也纳医科大学（德文：Medizinische Universität Wien）是奥地利维也纳的一所公立医科大学，直接承继 1365 年由奥地利公爵鲁道夫四世创办的维也纳大学医学院。

It is the oldest medical school in the German-speaking countries and was the second medical faculty in the Holy Roman Empire, after Charles University in Prague.它是德语国家历史最悠久的医学院，也是神圣罗马帝国境内继布拉格查理大学之后的第二个医学院。

It became an independent university in 2004, is the largest medical organisation in Austria and supplies all medical staff to the Vienna General Hospital, one of Europe's largest hospitals.学校于 2004 年成为独立大学，是奥地利最大的医学机构，并为欧洲最大的医院之一维也纳总医院提供全部医务人员。

History

• The medical faculty was a founding member of Vienna University, established in 1365, and was already recognised in medieval times as an authority in medicine.医学院是 1365 年建立的维也纳大学的创始成员，在中世纪便已被视为医学权威。
• Faculty records from as far back as 1399 document its mediation in disputes between barber surgeons, midwives and local landowners.早至 1399 年的学院档案记录了它在理发外科医生、助产士与当地地主之间的纠纷中进行调解。
• During the reign of Maria Theresia, Viennese medicine first attained international significance when the Habsburg monarch summoned the Dutch physician Gerard van Swieten to Vienna.在玛丽亚·特蕾西亚统治时期，哈布斯堡君主将荷兰医生格拉德·范·斯维滕召至维也纳，维也纳医学由此首次获得国际影响。
• Van Swieten laid the foundation for the Vienna Medical School and paved the way for figures such as Anton de Haen, Maximilian Stoll, Lorenz Gasser, Anton von Störck and Leopold Auenbrugger, the discoverer of percussion.范·斯维滕奠定了维也纳医学派的基础，并为安东·德·哈恩、马克西米利安·施托尔、洛伦茨·加瑟、安东·冯·施特尔克以及叩诊法的发现者利奥波德·奥恩布鲁格等人开辟了道路。
• Van Swieten arrived in Vienna in 1745 at the invitation of Maria Theresia and reorganised the faculty along Enlightenment lines, strengthening clinical instruction at the bedside.范·斯维滕 1745 年应玛丽亚·特蕾西亚之邀来到维也纳，按照启蒙思想重组学院，加强了床边临床教学。
• Bedside teaching became the paradigmatic educational method during this period, building on long-standing traditions of clinical instruction at the Viennese faculty.这一时期，床边教学在维也纳医学院悠久的临床教学传统基础上成为范式性的教育方法。
• When the Vienna General Hospital opened in 1784, physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into the most important research centre of the Habsburg monarchy.维也纳总医院于 1784 年启用后，医生们获得了新的设施，它逐渐发展成为哈布斯堡君主国最重要的研究中心。
• During the 19th century the Second Viennese Medical School emerged through physicians such as Karl Rokitansky, Josef Skoda, Ferdinand von Hebra and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis.19 世纪，卡尔·罗基坦斯基、约瑟夫·斯科达、费迪南德·冯·赫布拉与伊格纳兹·菲利普·塞麦尔维斯等医生推动了第二维也纳医学派的兴起。
• Basic medical science expanded and specialisation advanced in this period, and the world's first dermatology, eye and otolaryngology clinics were founded in Vienna.这一时期基础医学不断扩展、专科化程度提高，世界上最早的皮肤科、眼科与耳鼻咽喉科门诊都在维也纳建立。
• At the beginning of the 20th century Viennese medicine belonged to the international first class, with Clemens von Pirquet defining the concepts of allergy and serum sickness and Ernst Peter Pick conducting significant experiments on the chemical specificity of immunological reactions.20 世纪初，维也纳医学处于国际第一流水平，克莱门斯·冯·皮尔凯定义了过敏与血清病的概念，恩斯特·彼得·皮克就免疫反应的化学特异性开展了重要实验。
• The Vienna School of Dentistry, founded by Bernhard Gotlieb, reached its zenith in the 1920s, and the Medical Association of Vienna organised well-received postgraduate courses for doctors from around the world into the 1930s.由伯恩哈德·戈特利布创立的维也纳牙科学校在 1920 年代达到顶峰，维也纳医学会则一直至 1930 年代都为世界各地的医生开设广受好评的进修课程。
• All four Nobel Prizes granted to former Viennese physicians in the following decades, Robert Bárány in 1914, Julius Wagner-Jauregg in 1927, Karl Landsteiner in 1930 and Otto Loewi in 1936, resulted from work undertaken in this period.此后数十年间授予维也纳出身医生的四项诺贝尔奖，即 1914 年的罗伯特·巴拉尼、1927 年的尤利乌斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格、1930 年的卡尔·兰德施泰纳与 1936 年的奥托·勒维，都源自这一时期的研究工作。
• With the annexation of Austria by National Socialist Germany on 13 March 1938, the darkest phase in Viennese medicine began.1938 年 3 月 13 日奥地利被纳粹德国吞并，维也纳医学史上最黑暗的阶段由此开始。
• More than half of the university's medical instructors, mostly those of Jewish descent, and 65 per cent of Viennese physicians were dismissed, and many renowned researchers, physicians and students were forced to emigrate or died in concentration camps.大学医学院半数以上的教师主要是犹太裔被解职，65% 的维也纳医生被清除，许多著名研究者、医生与学生被迫流亡或在集中营中遇难。
• In 1945, in the aftermath of the Second World War, 75 per cent of all university medical instructors had to be dismissed because of moderate to heavy involvement with the National Socialist regime, and they were gradually replaced by a newly trained generation.1945 年第二次世界大战结束后，75% 的大学医学教师因与纳粹政权有中度至重度牵连而遭解职，随后由新培养的一代人逐步接替。
• This double rupture within a few years, first the removal of Jewish and dissident staff and then the purge of Nazi collaborators, caused repercussions that lasted long after the war.短短数年内的双重断裂，先是犹太裔与异见教师被清除，随后是纳粹合作者被清洗，造成了战后长期难以平复的影响。
• The medical faculty became an independent institution in 2004 as the Medical University of Vienna, allowing the new pure medical university to reposition itself in international research and regain recognition.医学院于 2004 年成为独立机构维也纳医科大学，这所全新的纯医学大学得以在国际研究中重新定位并恢复声誉。
• In the field of bionic reconstruction, a British soldier who lost an arm during the Afghanistan war received a bionic reconstruction at the department of surgery of the Vienna General Hospital.在仿生重建领域，一名在阿富汗战争中失去手臂的英国士兵在维也纳总医院外科接受了仿生重建手术。
• The Vienna General Hospital and the Medical University of Vienna form the largest lung transplantation centre in Europe and the second-largest worldwide after the University of Pittsburgh, with more than 1,000 transplants performed by 2009 and about 100 carried out each year.维也纳总医院与维也纳医科大学共同构成欧洲最大的肺移植中心，规模仅次于匹兹堡大学居世界第二，截至 2009 年已完成 1000 多例移植，目前每年约进行 100 例。
• The High Field MR Centre was founded in 2003 and serves as a core research facility combining basic research and method development with applications in neuroscience, musculoskeletal research, oncology and metabolism.高场磁共振中心成立于 2003 年，作为核心研究设施把基础研究与方法开发同神经科学、肌肉骨骼研究、肿瘤学与代谢领域的应用结合起来。
• The Medical University of Vienna is the reference centre of Siemens for the seven Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner MAGNETOM 7T, with the declared goal of validating ultra-high-field MRI in clinical applications.维也纳医科大学是西门子七特斯拉磁共振扫描仪 MAGNETOM 7T 的参考中心，其明确目标是验证超高场磁共振在临床应用中的潜力。
• The Josephinum was designed and built between 1783 and 1785 to house the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy and includes a six-room collection of 1,192 wax anatomical and obstetrical models made in Florence by Clemente Susini under the supervision of Paolo Mascagni between 1784 and 1788.约瑟夫学院于 1783 年至 1785 年间设计建造，原为帝国医学外科学院，内设六个展厅，收藏 1192 具克莱门特·苏西尼在保罗·马斯卡尼指导下于 1784 年至 1788 年在佛罗伦萨制作的解剖与产科蜡像。
• The early-classicistic Josephinum was built in 1785 under Joseph II and now houses the museum for anatomical wax models and, along with the Florentine Library, is among the largest collections of its kind in Europe.这座早期古典主义风格的约瑟夫学院建于 1785 年约瑟夫二世时期，如今设有解剖蜡像博物馆，并与佛罗伦萨图书馆一起跻身欧洲同类收藏规模最大之列。

Academics

• The university consists of 31 university clinics and clinical institutes and 12 medical-theoretical departments, which together perform around 48,000 operations each year.学校由 31 个大学门诊与临床研究所和 12 个医学理论系组成，每年合计实施约 4.8 万例手术。
• The Vienna General Hospital treats about 100,000 inpatients and 605,000 outpatients each year, providing the clinical base for teaching and research.维也纳总医院每年收治约 10 万名住院患者和 60.5 万名门诊患者，为教学与研究提供临床基础。
• As the largest medical organisation in Austria, the university supplies all of the medical staff of the Vienna General Hospital, which is Europe's fifth largest hospital.作为奥地利最大的医学机构，学校为欧洲第五大医院之一的维也纳总医院提供全部医务人员。
• Admission to medicine and dentistry is based on ranking in the MedAT admissions test, which is held every summer in conjunction with the medical schools of Graz and Innsbruck and the medical faculty at Johannes Kepler University Linz.医学与牙医学的录取依据 MedAT 入学测试排名，该考试每年夏季与格拉茨、因斯布鲁克两所医科大学以及林茨约翰内斯·开普勒大学医学院联合举行。
• In 2019 there were 8,217 applicants for 660 places in medicine proper and 80 places in dentistry, an admission rate of about 9.01 per cent.2019 年共有 8217 人申请 660 个医学专业名额和 80 个牙医学名额，录取率约为 9.01%。
• Clinical teaching takes place across the 31 university clinics and institutes, where students rotate through specialities ranging from internal medicine and surgery to dermatology, ophthalmology and otolaryngology.临床教学在 31 个大学门诊与研究所中开展，学生在内科、外科、皮肤科、眼科与耳鼻咽喉科等专科之间轮转。
• The university's research profile includes bionic reconstruction, lung transplantation, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, oncology, neuroscience, musculoskeletal research and metabolism.学校的研究特色包括仿生重建、肺移植、高场磁共振成像、肿瘤学、神经科学、肌肉骨骼研究与代谢。
• The department of surgery at the Vienna General Hospital carried out a bionic reconstruction for a British soldier who lost an arm in Afghanistan, an example of its translational work.维也纳总医院外科为一名在阿富汗失去手臂的英国士兵实施了仿生重建，这是其转化研究的一个例证。
• Its lung transplantation programme is the largest in Europe and the second-largest in the world after the University of Pittsburgh, with about 100 procedures a year.其肺移植项目在欧洲规模最大，在世界范围内仅次于匹兹堡大学位居第二，每年实施约 100 例手术。
• The High Field MR Centre, founded in 2003, is a core facility that develops imaging methods and applies ultra-high-field MRI to clinical questions.高场磁共振中心成立于 2003 年，是开发成像方法并将超高场磁共振应用于临床问题的核心设施。
• As Siemens' reference centre for the MAGNETOM 7T scanner, the university tests the clinical potential of seven Tesla imaging in neuroscience, musculoskeletal research, oncology and metabolism.作为西门子 MAGNETOM 7T 扫描仪的参考中心，学校在神经科学、肌肉骨骼研究、肿瘤学与代谢领域检验七特斯拉成像的临床潜力。
• Seven Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with the medical faculty, and fifteen with the University of Vienna as a whole, a record that underpins its research reputation.共有七位诺贝尔奖得主与医学院有关联，十五位与整个维也纳大学有关联，这一纪录支撑了其研究声誉。
• The 1,192 wax anatomical and obstetrical models in the Josephinum, made in Florence between 1784 and 1788, formed one of the earliest systematic teaching collections in European medicine.约瑟夫学院内 1192 具 1784 年至 1788 年间在佛罗伦萨制作的解剖与产科蜡像，构成了欧洲医学最早的系统性教学收藏之一。
• The medical-theoretical departments cover the basic sciences that underpin clinical training, from anatomy and physiology to pathology and pharmacology.医学理论系涵盖支撑临床教学的基础科学，从解剖学、生理学到病理学与药理学。
• Independence in 2004 gave the university control over its own appointments, curricula and research strategy, which it used to rebuild its international profile.2004 年的独立使学校得以自主决定聘任、课程与研究战略，并借此重建国际形象。
• The university museum, housed mainly in the Josephinum, preserves the faculty's historical instruments, models and records alongside the Florentine Library.大学博物馆主要设于约瑟夫学院，与佛罗伦萨图书馆一同保存学院的历史器械、模型与档案。

Campus

• The Medical University of Vienna is based in Vienna's ninth district, around the Vienna General Hospital, the large acute-care hospital that anchors its clinical campus.维也纳医科大学位于维也纳第九区，围绕维也纳总医院分布，这座大型急症护理医院构成其临床校园的核心。
• The Vienna General Hospital is described as Europe's fifth largest hospital, with about 100,000 inpatients and 605,000 outpatients a year.维也纳总医院被称为欧洲第五大医院，每年约有 10 万名住院患者和 60.5 万名门诊患者。
• The 31 university clinics and clinical institutes are distributed across the hospital complex and adjoin the 12 medical-theoretical departments that teach the basic sciences.31 个大学门诊与临床研究所分布在医院建筑群中，并与承担基础科学教学的 12 个医学理论系相邻。
• The Josephinum, designed and built between 1783 and 1785, is an early-classicistic building constructed under Joseph II to house the medical-surgical academy.约瑟夫学院设计并建造于 1783 年至 1785 年，是约瑟夫二世时期为医学外科学院建造的早期古典主义建筑。
• Its six-room collection contains 1,192 wax anatomical and obstetrical models made in Florence by Clemente Susini under the supervision of Paolo Mascagni between 1784 and 1788.其六个展厅收藏 1192 具解剖与产科蜡像，由克莱门特·苏西尼在保罗·马斯卡尼指导下于 1784 年至 1788 年在佛罗伦萨制作。
• The Josephinum also houses the Florentine Library, which ranks among the largest collections of its kind in Europe.约瑟夫学院还设有佛罗伦萨图书馆，其规模在欧洲同类收藏中位居前列。
• The High Field MR Centre operates as a core research facility on the campus, hosting the Siemens MAGNETOM 7T scanner used for ultra-high-field imaging studies.高场磁共振中心作为校园内的核心研究设施运行，配备用于超高场成像研究的西门子 MAGNETOM 7T 扫描仪。
• The Museum of the Medical University, mainly housed in the Josephinum, presents the institution's anatomical collections and the history of Viennese medicine.维也纳医科大学博物馆主要设于约瑟夫学院，展示学校的解剖收藏与维也纳医学史。

Reputation

• In the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Medical University of Vienna is placed in the 201-300 band.在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中，维也纳医科大学位列第 201 至 300 名区间。
• It is ranked joint 180th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027.学校在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中并列第 180 位。
• The university placed 213th in the U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings for 2026-2027.学校在 2026 至 2027 年度 U.S. News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 213 位。
• It did not enter the QS World University Rankings 2027.学校未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名。
• In the 2014-15 Times Higher Education rankings, it was listed among the top 15 medical schools in Europe and 49th in the world for clinical, pre-clinical and health subjects.在 2014 至 2015 年度泰晤士高等教育排名中，学校跻身欧洲前 15 所医学院，并在临床、临床前与健康学科领域位列世界第 49 位。
• Seven Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with the medical faculty, including Robert Bárány, Julius Wagner-Jauregg and Karl Landsteiner.七位诺贝尔奖得主与医学院有关联，包括罗伯特·巴拉尼、尤利乌斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格与卡尔·兰德施泰纳。
• Its lung transplantation centre is the largest in Europe and the second-largest worldwide after the University of Pittsburgh.其肺移植中心在欧洲规模最大，在世界范围内仅次于匹兹堡大学位居第二。
• With 8,217 applicants for 740 places in medicine and dentistry in 2019, the university is among the most selective medical schools in Europe, with an admission rate of about 9.01 per cent.2019 年医学与牙医学共 740 个名额吸引 8217 人申请，录取率约为 9.01%，学校是欧洲选拔最严格的医学院之一。
• The Vienna General Hospital's roughly 48,000 operations and 605,000 outpatient visits a year give the university a clinical volume that few European medical schools match.维也纳总医院每年约 4.8 万例手术与 60.5 万人次门诊，使学校拥有欧洲少数医学院才能比拟的临床规模。

Student life

• In 2019, 8,217 candidates competed for 660 places in medicine and 80 in dentistry, an admission rate of about 9.01 per cent.2019 年共有 8217 名考生竞争 660 个医学名额与 80 个牙医学名额，录取率约为 9.01%。
• Selection is based on the MedAT test, held every summer jointly with the medical schools of Graz and Innsbruck and the medical faculty at Johannes Kepler University Linz.选拔依据每年夏季与格拉茨、因斯布鲁克医科大学以及林茨约翰内斯·开普勒大学医学院联合举行的 MedAT 测试。
• Students spend much of their clinical training in the Vienna General Hospital, which treats about 100,000 inpatients and 605,000 outpatients a year.学生的临床训练大部分在维也纳总医院完成，该院每年收治约 10 万名住院患者和 60.5 万名门诊患者。
• Bedside teaching, established in the Maria Theresia era, remains the paradigmatic method of clinical instruction at the university.玛丽亚·特蕾西亚时代确立的床边教学，至今仍是学校临床教学的范式方法。
• Students rotate through 31 university clinics and clinical institutes and take basic science courses in the 12 medical-theoretical departments.学生在 31 个大学门诊与临床研究所轮转，并在 12 个医学理论系修读基础科学课程。
• The Josephinum's 1,192 wax models, made in Florence between 1784 and 1788, remain part of the institutional heritage that students encounter in Vienna.约瑟夫学院 1192 具 1784 年至 1788 年间在佛罗伦萨制作的蜡像，仍是学生在维也纳接触到的机构遗产的一部分。
• The university is located in Vienna, a city with a long medical tradition and home to the Vienna General Hospital and the Josephinum.学校位于维也纳，这座拥有悠久医学传统的城市也是维也纳总医院与约瑟夫学院的所在地。
• Postgraduate courses for doctors from around the world, organised under the Medical Association of Vienna, were a feature of the faculty's educational offer into the 1930s.由维也纳医学会组织、面向世界各地医生的进修课程，一直是该学院直至 1930 年代的教育特色。

Notable people

• Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system and the Rhesus factor and received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.卡尔·兰德施泰纳发现了 ABO 血型系统与恒河猴因子，并获得 1930 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
• Robert Bárány received the 1914 Nobel Prize for work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.罗伯特·巴拉尼因前庭器官生理学与病理学研究获得 1914 年诺贝尔奖。
• Julius Wagner-Jauregg received the 1927 Nobel Prize for malaria therapy in the treatment of dementia paralytica.尤利乌斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格因用疟疾疗法治疗麻痹性痴呆获得 1927 年诺贝尔奖。
• Otto Loewi received the 1936 Nobel Prize for discoveries on chemical synaptic transmission.奥托·勒维因化学突触传递方面的发现获得 1936 年诺贝尔奖。
• Sigmund Freud qualified as a doctor at the medical faculty and worked as a doctor and lecturer at the General Hospital, researching cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy.西格蒙德·弗洛伊德在医学院取得医生资格，并在总医院行医与任教，研究脑性瘫痪、失语症与显微神经解剖学。
• Gerard van Swieten, summoned to Vienna by Maria Theresia, laid the foundation of the Vienna Medical School.受玛丽亚·特蕾西亚召请来到维也纳的格拉德·范·斯维滕奠定了维也纳医学派的基础。
• Leopold Auenbrugger discovered percussion as a diagnostic technique and taught at the imperial city's medical school.利奥波德·奥恩布鲁格发现了作为诊断技术的叩诊法，并在维也纳医学院任教。
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, a member of the Second Viennese Medical School, became known for his work on puerperal fever and hand hygiene.第二维也纳医学派的伊格纳兹·菲利普·塞麦尔维斯以产褥热与手部卫生方面的研究著称。
• Karl Rokitansky and Josef Skoda were leading figures of the Second Viennese Medical School in pathology and internal medicine.卡尔·罗基坦斯基与约瑟夫·斯科达是第二维也纳医学派在病理学与内科学领域的领军人物。
• Ferdinand von Hebra founded the Vienna school of dermatology, and the world's first dermatology clinic was established in Vienna.费迪南德·冯·赫布拉创立了维也纳皮肤学派，世界上第一个皮肤科门诊也在维也纳建立。
• Clemens von Pirquet defined allergy and serum sickness, and Ernst Peter Pick studied the chemical specificity of immunological reactions.克莱门斯·冯·皮尔凯定义了过敏与血清病，恩斯特·彼得·皮克研究了免疫反应的化学特异性。
• Bernhard Gotlieb founded the Vienna School of Dentistry, which reached its zenith in the 1920s.伯恩哈德·戈特利布创立了维也纳牙科学校，该校在 1920 年代达到顶峰。