Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, in German Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg and generally known as MLU, is a public research university serving the two German cities of Halle and Wittenberg, and it is both the largest and the oldest institution of higher education in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.哈雷-维滕贝格马丁路德大学通常简称 MLU，是服务哈雷与维滕贝格两城的德国公立研究型大学，同时也是萨克森-安哈尔特州规模最大、历史最悠久的高等学府。

The university was created in 1817 by merging the University of Wittenberg, which had been founded in 1502, with the University of Halle, founded in 1694, and it takes its present name from the Protestant reformer Martin Luther, who once held a chair at Wittenberg.该校于 1817 年由 1502 年创建的维滕贝格大学与 1694 年创建的哈雷大学合并而成，其现名取自曾在维滕贝格执教的新教宗教改革家马丁·路德。

It runs German-taught and English-taught programmes leading to bachelor, master, doctoral and habilitation degrees, and it belongs to the Central German University Alliance linking Halle with Jena and Leipzig.学校开设德语与英语授课项目，授予学士、硕士、博士与高校任教资格等学位，并是连接哈雷、耶拿与莱比锡的德国中部大学联盟成员。

History

• The University of Wittenberg was founded in 1502 by Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, with the declared aim of propagating the principles of Renaissance humanism across his territories.维滕贝格大学于 1502 年由萨克森选侯智者腓特烈创建，其公开宗旨是在其领地内传播文艺复兴人文主义的理念。

• That foundation of the year 1502 attracted sharp criticism once Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses reached Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, to whose church province Saxony was ecclesiastically subordinate.这座创于 1502 年的学府曾招致猛烈抨击，马丁·路德的《九十五条论纲》传抵美因茨大主教阿尔布雷希特·冯·勃兰登堡之后尤其如此，因为萨克森在教会体系上正隶属于他的教省。

• Archbishop Albert publicly rebuked the elector for tolerating Luther and his followers, treating the university he had founded in 1502 as a breeding ground for heretical ideas that threatened the established church order.大主教阿尔布雷希特公开谴责选侯纵容路德及其追随者，把他于 1502 年创办的这所大学视为威胁既有教会秩序的异端思想温床。

• Under the influence of Philipp Melanchthon, who built on the theological work of Martin Luther, Wittenberg developed into one of the leading intellectual centres of the Protestant Reformation.在腓力·墨兰希通于路德神学事业基础上推进工作的影响下，维滕贝格发展为新教宗教改革最重要的思想中心之一。

• At one stage the university even incorporated the Lutherhaus, Martin Luther's own house in Wittenberg, into its campus holdings, a link the institution still emphasises today.该校一度把马丁·路德在维滕贝格的故居路德堂并入校园资产，这一关联至今仍被校方着重强调。

• The University of Halle was founded in 1694 by Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg, the same ruler who ascended the throne as Frederick I, King in Prussia, in 1701.哈雷大学于 1694 年由勃兰登堡选侯腓特烈三世创建，此人正是 1701 年加冕为普鲁士国王的腓特烈一世。

• In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, some decades after its foundation of 1694, Halle grew into a centre of Pietism within Prussia, a current associated with the Francke Foundations in the city.在 1694 年创校之后数十年的十七世纪末至十八世纪初，哈雷发展为普鲁士境内虔敬主义的中心，此风潮与城中的弗兰克基金会相关联。

• Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries both universities functioned as centres of the German Enlightenment and of the rationalist school of philosophy that accompanied it.整个十七与十八世纪，两所大学都是德意志启蒙运动以及与之并行的理性主义哲学学派的中心。

• Christian Wolff elaborated a systematic rationalism at Halle that influenced a whole generation of German scholars, among them Immanuel Kant, who acknowledged the debt in his own writings.克里斯蒂安·沃尔夫在哈雷建构起体系化的理性主义，影响了整整一代德国学者，伊曼努尔·康德即在其著作中承认受惠于此。

• Christian Thomasius became the first philosopher in Germany to hold his lectures in German rather than Latin, arguing for reason and common sense against the unquestioned superiority of aristocracy and theology.克里斯蒂安·托马修斯成为德国第一位以德语而非拉丁语授课的哲学家，他主张以理性和常识反对贵族与神学不容置疑的优越地位。

• The institutionalisation of German as the language of instruction, the explicit priority of rationalism over religious orthodoxy, new teaching methods and the ceding of control over research to the professors themselves made Halle be called the first modern university.把德语确立为教学语言、明确以理性主义优先于宗教正统、采用新的教学方法、并把研究主导权交还教授自身，使哈雷被誉为第一所现代大学。

• That liberalism was adopted by the University of Göttingen about a generation later and subsequently spread to other German universities and then to most universities of North America.这种自由主义办学传统约在一代人之后被哥廷根大学采纳，其后传播至其他德国大学，进而影响了绝大多数北美大学。

• The University of Wittenberg was closed in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars, an interruption that ended more than three centuries of teaching in the small Elbe town.维滕贝格大学于 1813 年拿破仑战争期间被关闭，这一中断结束了这座易北小城三个多世纪的办学传统。

• By the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the town of Wittenberg was granted to Prussia, and in 1817 its university was formally merged with the Prussian University of Halle into a single institution.依据 1815 年维也纳会议，维滕贝格城被划归普鲁士，其大学遂于 1817 年与普鲁士的哈雷大学正式合并为一校。

• The merged institution carried the earlier Friedrichs-Universität designation associated with Halle for more than a century before it took its present name, Martin Luther University, on 10 November 1933.这所合并后的学校沿用与哈雷相关的弗里德里希大学旧称长达一个多世纪，直至 1933 年 11 月 10 日改取现名「马丁路德大学」。

• Under the Nazi regime that followed the renaming of 1933, the university lost more than a dozen of its professors to expulsion, a rupture with the academic staff it had assembled over the preceding decades.在 1933 年改名之后的纳粹统治下，该校十余位教授被逐出，与它在先前数十年间积累起来的教师队伍决裂。

• At the same time scholars were transferred into Halle-Wittenberg from universities then regarded as better, which led the institution to be nicknamed an academic Vorkuta after a Gulag camp centre in European Russia.与此同时，学者被从当时公认更优的大学调入哈雷-维滕贝格，使该校得了「学术沃库塔」的绰号，暗指欧洲俄国的一座劳改营中心。

• The university's botanical garden was founded in 1698 and thus ranks among the oldest botanical gardens attached to a university in Germany, continuing in use for teaching and research.校内植物园创建于 1698 年，是德国历史最悠久的大学植物园之一，至今仍在教学与科研中使用。

• Its historical observatory on the Halle campus was built in 1788 by Carl Gotthard Langhans, who as a young man had studied law at the University of Halle between 1753 and 1757.校内哈雷校区的历史天文台于 1788 年由卡尔·戈特哈德·朗汉斯建造，此人年轻时曾在 1753 至 1757 年间于哈雷大学攻读法律。

• The university marked the three-hundredth anniversary of the Halle foundation in 1994 and then the five-hundredth anniversary of the Wittenberg foundation in 2002, the latter celebrated jointly by both successor towns.该校于 1994 年庆祝哈雷创校三百周年，又于 2002 年庆祝维滕贝格创校五百周年，后者由两座继承城市共同纪念。

• Wittenberg's notable alumni include Georg Joachim Rheticus and George Müller, both named in the record of the old university, while fiction made the town the alma mater of Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet and of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus.维滕贝格大学的著名校友包括格奥尔格·约阿希姆·雷提库斯与乔治·穆勒，二者均见于这所旧大学的记载，文学作品中它又是莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特王子与马洛笔下浮士德博士的母校。

• Today the university remains a member of the Central German University Alliance and works closely with external research institutes and industry on the Weinberg Campus in Halle.如今该校仍是德国中部大学联盟成员，并在哈雷的温伯格园区与外部科研机构和产业界保持密切合作。

Academics

• Following the continental European academic tradition rather than the Anglo-Saxon collegiate model, MLU organises its staff and students into nine faculties defined by field of study.该校沿袭欧洲大陆学术传统而非盎格鲁-撒克逊的学院制，按学科领域把教师与学生编入九个学院。

• Those faculties include the Faculty of Theology, the Faculty of Law and Economics, and the Faculty of Medicine, the last of which operates together with the university hospital in Halle.这九个学院包括神学院、法律与经济学院以及医学院，其中医学院与哈雷的大学附属医院共同运作。

• The Faculty of Philosophy I covers the social and cultural studies, history, archaeology and art history that form the humanistic core of the curriculum.第一哲学学院涵盖社会与文化研究、历史学、考古学与艺术史，构成课程的人文核心。

• The Faculty of Philosophy II brings together ancient and modern languages, communication studies and music, while the Faculty of Philosophy III is devoted to pedagogy and the science of education.第二哲学学院集合古今语言、传播学与音乐，第三哲学学院则专攻教育学。

• The Faculty of Natural Sciences I unites the study of biochemistry, biology and pharmacy, three fields in which the university documents a particular research strength.第一自然科学学院整合生物化学、生物学与药学三门学科，这些都是校方记载具有研究优势的领域。

• The Faculty of Natural Sciences II covers physics, chemistry and mathematics, while the Faculty of Natural Sciences III covers agriculture, geology and computer science.第二自然科学学院涵盖物理学、化学与数学，第三自然科学学院则涵盖农学、地质学与计算机科学。

• Undergraduate and graduate courses are offered in German and, for international students, in English, leading to degrees recorded as the BA, BSc, MA and MSc.本科与研究生课程以德语授课，并为国际学生开设英语课程，授予记载为文学学士、理学学士、文学硕士与理学硕士的学位。

• The same faculties award doctoral degrees and the habilitation, the senior post-doctoral qualification that in Germany is traditionally required for holding a full university professorship.这些学院同样授予博士学位与高校任教资格，后者在德国传统上是担任大学正教授所必需的博士后资历。

• Its designated humanities research profiles are the core areas Enlightenment-Religion-Knowledge and Social and Cultural Transformations, the second organised around mobility, experiment and institution.人文领域的既定研究方向为核心领域「启蒙-宗教-知识」与「变迁中的社会与文化」，后者围绕流动、实验与制度组织。

• Its natural-science core profiles are materials science, concentrating on nanostructured materials, and biological sciences, concentrating on the structure and mechanisms of biological information processing.自然科学核心方向为聚焦纳米结构材料的材料科学，以及聚焦生物信息处理结构与机制的生物科学。

• Agricultural science plays a leading role in the profile, and MLU holds full responsibility across the state of Saxony-Anhalt for developing that academic field.农学在其学科格局中居于主导，该校对全萨克森-安哈尔特州这一学科的发展负全责。

• The medical faculty concentrates its research on epidemiology, on health and nursing studies and on signal-transduction research, with nursing scientists working as peers alongside physicians.医学院的研究聚焦流行病学、健康与护理研究以及信号传导研究，护理科学家与医生平等地共同从事研究。

• The Dorothea Erxleben Learning Centre, named after Germany's first female physician, is recorded as one of the largest teaching clinics serving future medical professionals.以德国首位女医生命名的多罗特娅·埃克斯莱本学习中心，被记载为服务未来医学从业者的大型教学诊所之一。

• An Engineering Science Centre operated as a faculty-level unit of the university for many years until it was formally dissolved on 30 September 2016.工程技术科学中心曾作为学院级单位在该校运行多年，直至 2016 年 9 月 30 日被正式撤销。

• Beyond its own faculties the university keeps an international partner network that reaches Waseda University, the University of Ottawa, the University of Florida and Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, among many others.除自有学院外，该校维持庞大的国际伙伴网络，合作方众多，包括早稻田大学、渥太华大学、佛罗里达大学与波兹南的亚当·密茨凯维奇大学等。

• Teaching across these fields rests on research institutes organised inside the faculties, on a system of minor subjects, and on close ties with the cooperating research institutions in Halle.上述各领域的教学依托学院内部建制的研究所、辅修科目体系，以及与哈雷各合作研究机构的紧密联系。

• A series of supplementary subjects is documented as available at only one institution in the German university landscape, namely at MLU itself.一批辅修科目被记载为全德国高校体系中仅此一校开设，也就是在本校。

• Among the institutions standing beside the university in Halle is the joint university and state library of Saxony-Anhalt, listed among the bodies closely related to its teaching and research.在哈雷与该校并立的相关机构中包括萨克森-安哈尔特州大学与州立图书馆，材料将其列为与校内教学研究关系密切的机构之一。

Campus

• The teaching campus of the university lies in Halle, while the Leucorea Foundation in Wittenberg serves as MLU's convention centre and hosts its conference business.大学的教学校园位于哈雷，而维滕贝格的勒科雷亚基金会充当该校会议接待中心，承办其学术会议事务。

• The Universitätsplatz in the centre of Halle is described as one of the most beautiful university squares in Europe and remains a standing landmark of the city.哈雷市中心的大学广场被誉为欧洲最美丽的大学广场之一，至今仍是该城长盛不衰的地标。

• All of the natural-science institutes of the university are concentrated at the Weinberg Campus, described in the local record as the second-largest science and technology park in eastern Germany.该校全部自然科学研究所集中在温伯格园区，地方记载称其为德国东部第二大的科技园区。

• Institutions devoted to the humanities and the social sciences occupy the newer Steintor district, while theologians and educators teach, study and research within the historic Francke Foundations.人文与社会科学机构设于较新的施泰因托尔区，神学家与教育家则在历史悠久的弗兰克基金会内教学、研习与从事研究。

• The main entrance of the university stands directly on the Martin-Luther-Strasse in central Halle, and many of its institutions work either in old town mansions or in newly rebuilt and renovated buildings.大学正门就坐落在哈雷市中心的马丁·路德大街上，其众多机构或设于老城宅邸，或设于新建与整修后的楼宇之中。

• Cooperating research institutions surrounding the university include the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Halle Institute for Economic Research and the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials.环绕该校的合作研究机构包括德国科学院利奥波第那、哈雷经济研究所以及弗劳恩霍夫材料力学研究所。

• Further partners in the Halle research landscape include the Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe and the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry.哈雷科研版图中的其他伙伴还包括中东欧农业发展莱布尼茨研究所与植物生物化学莱布尼茨研究所。

• The Max Planck Society is represented by the Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, while the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research also cooperates with the university.马克斯·普朗克学会由蛋白质折叠酶学研究单元、社会人类学马克斯·普朗克研究所与微观结构物理马克斯·普朗克研究所代表，亥姆霍兹环境研究中心亦与该校合作。

• The botanical garden founded in 1698 and the observatory built in 1788 remain inside the campus as working sites for teaching, research and university meetings.创建于 1698 年的植物园与建于 1788 年的天文台仍保留在校园之内，作为教学、科研与校际聚会的活动场所。

• Geographically the university stayed close to the city of Halle over the long term, expanding slowly through inner districts and outward into suburban ones, with its institutes distributed across that growing urban footprint.就地理而言，该校长期与哈雷城紧密相依，先在城内各街区缓慢扩张，再向外延及城郊街区，其研究所散布在这一不断扩大的城市版图之上。

Reputation

• This entry lists Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in the 801-850 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027, the position on which its inclusion here rests.本条目将哈雷-维滕贝格马丁路德大学收入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名第 801-850 档，其收录即依据这一档位。

• For this edition the university does not appear in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings table consulted here, so its THE standing is recorded as not entered on the 2027 list and should be settled by the official Times Higher Education ranking rather than by any earlier position.就本届而言，该校未出现在本文所依据的 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名表中，故记为未进入 THE 2027 榜单，其名次应以泰晤士官方榜单为准，不得以往年名次顶替。

• By way of historical context rather than as a substitute, the 2024 QS World University Rankings placed MLU in the 611-620 band worldwide and ranked it 36th nationally, a figure belonging to that edition and not to 2027.作为历史参照而非替代，2024 年 QS 世界大学排名曾把该校列于全球第 611-620 档、全国第 36 位，此数字属于当年版本而非 2027 年版。

• Likewise the 2023 edition of the Academic Ranking of World Universities positioned the university within the 601-700 range globally and between 37th and 40th at national level, again an earlier result recorded separately.同样地，2023 年版软科世界大学学术排名曾把该校置于全球 601-700 区间、全国第 37 至 40 名之间，这是另记的较早结果。

• The current Shanghai Ranking position is given by the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, which places Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in the 401-500 band worldwide.其当前软科名次见 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名，该榜将哈雷-维滕贝格马丁路德大学列于全球第 401-500 档。

• In the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking the university is listed at position 629 in the world, the numerical standing carried in the table used for this entry.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中该校列世界第 629 位，即本条目所依据榜单表中的数字名次。

• As a measure of academic scale, and in the absence of a paper and citation count in the material available, the university reports about 20,000 enrolled students and 355 professors distributed over nine faculties.作为办学规模的衡量，在可得材料缺少论文与引用计数的情况下，该校自报在校生约两万名、教授 355 名，分设于九个学院。

• No single subject-band placement for the university appears in the material used here, so its disciplinary standing is documented instead through its designated profiles in materials science, biological sciences and agricultural science, the last being a field the university leads for the whole state.本文依据的材料未见其单一学科档位，故改以材料科学、生物科学与农学等既定学科方向说明其学科地位，其中农学是该校为全州牵头的领域。

• Its hard honour count rests on four Nobel laureates associated with the institution, Emil Adolf von Behring, Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Hermann Staudinger and Karl Ziegler, a tally not matched by any other university in Saxony-Anhalt.其硬性荣誉计数依托于与该机构相关的四位诺贝尔奖得主——埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林、古斯塔夫·路德维希·赫兹、赫尔曼·施陶丁格与卡尔·齐格勒——这一数目为萨克森-安哈尔特州任何别的大学所不及。

Student life

• Although MLU is a research-oriented academic institution rather than an academy of music or a conservatory, it maintains an academic orchestra that was founded in 1779.尽管该校是研究型学术机构而非音乐学院或音乐专科院校，却保有一支创建于 1779 年的大学管弦乐团。

• Alongside that orchestra the university keeps a choir of considerable prestige founded in 1950, and the two ensembles together constitute what the university calls its Collegium musicum.与乐团并立的还有创建于 1950 年、颇具声望的大学合唱团，两个乐团合在一起构成校方所称的音乐社团。

• Its membership consists mainly of gifted students drawn from every one of the nine faculties, but academic staff and former students also take part in its performances.其成员主要来自九个学院中有天赋的学生，教职人员与校友亦参与其演出。

• The university choir performs regularly at the international Handel Festival held in Halle, the birthplace of George Frideric Handel, who had himself enrolled at the university to study law in 1702.大学合唱团常年亮相于哈雷举办的国际亨德尔音乐节，该城正是乔治·弗里德里希·亨德尔的出生地，而他本人也曾于 1702 年入学攻读法律。

• Postgraduate life centres on doctoral study and on the habilitation, the qualification that in Germany has traditionally opened the way to a full professorship.研究生生活以博士攻读与高校任教资格考核为核心，后者在德国传统上是通往正教授职位的资历。

• Student exchange rests on the partner-university network of the institution, which in Asia reaches Waseda University and Keio University in Tokyo and in the Americas the University of Ottawa and the University of Florida.学生交流依托该校的伙伴大学网络，在亚洲可及东京的早稻田大学与庆应义塾大学，在美洲则及渥太华大学与佛罗里达大学。

• Within the city the Francke Foundations give the communities of theology and education their teaching rooms and study space, the setting the university names for those two faculties in its own account of its campuses.在城内，弗兰克基金会为神学与教育学两个群体提供教室与自修空间，校方叙述自身校区时正是把这两所学院的教学与研习之地指于此。

• Daily campus life moves between historic mansions in the old town centre and the natural-science institutes gathered on the Weinberg Campus, the two settings marking the humanistic and technical halves of the student experience.日常校园生活在老城的历史宅邸与温伯格园区的自然科学研究所之间往返，这两种场景标示出学生体验中人文与技术两半的分野。

Notable people

• The university takes its name from Martin Luther, the Protestant reformer who served as a professor at Wittenberg and whose Ninety-five Theses reshaped the religious history of Europe.校名取自马丁·路德，这位新教宗教改革家曾任教维滕贝格，其《九十五条论纲》重塑了欧洲的宗教史。

• Philipp Melanchthon, working on the theological foundations that Martin Luther had laid, turned the Wittenberg faculty into a lasting intellectual centre of the Protestant Reformation.腓力·墨兰希通在路德奠定的神学基础上从事工作，把维滕贝格的教师队伍经营为新教宗教改革持久的思想中心。

• Emil Adolf von Behring, associated with the university, was awarded in 1901 the very first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ever given.与该校有关的埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林于 1901 年获颁历史上首届诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

• Gustav Ludwig Hertz, a physicist connected with Halle and counted among the pioneers of quantum mechanics, was awarded the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics.与哈雷有关、被视为量子力学先驱之一的物理学家古斯塔夫·路德维希·赫兹获颁 1925 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Hermann Staudinger, the founder of polymer chemistry, received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Karl Ziegler shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on polymerisation catalysts.高分子化学奠基人赫尔曼·施陶丁格获 1953 年诺贝尔化学奖，卡尔·齐格勒则因聚合催化剂研究与人分享 1963 年诺贝尔化学奖。

• Georg Cantor, the mathematician who created set theory and the theory of infinity, worked in Halle, as did Hermann Ebbinghaus, the psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory.创立集合论与无穷理论的数学家格奥尔格·康托尔曾在哈雷工作，开创记忆实验研究的心理学家赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯亦然。

• Dorothea Erxleben, a graduate of Halle, became the first woman to hold the medical doctorate in Germany, and Anton Wilhelm Amo is recorded as the first sub-Saharan African known to attend a European university.哈雷毕业生多罗特娅·埃克斯莱本成为德国第一位获医学博士学位的女性，安东·威廉·阿莫则被记载为已知第一位就读欧洲大学的撒哈拉以南非洲人。

• Hans-Dietrich Genscher, who studied law at Halle, served as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of the Federal Republic and is remembered as Germany's longest-continuously-serving holder of that office.在哈雷攻读法律的汉斯-迪特里希·根舍尔曾任德意志联邦共和国外交部长兼副总理，被铭记为德国连续任职最久的该职担任者。

• Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, regarded as the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America, studied at Halle, as did his son Frederick Muhlenberg, who became the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.被视为美国路德宗奠基人的亨利·梅尔基奥尔·穆伦伯格曾在哈雷求学，其子弗雷德里克·穆伦伯格亦然，后者成为美国众议院第一任议长。

• George Frideric Handel matriculated at Halle in 1702 to read law before a career as a composer took him to England, where he spent the rest of his life.乔治·弗里德里希·亨德尔于 1702 年在哈雷注册入学攻读法律，其后作曲家的生涯将他带往英格兰并终老于此。