Maastricht University

Maastricht University (Dutch: Universiteit Maastricht, abbreviated UM) is a public research university in Maastricht, the capital of the Dutch province of Limburg, established in 1976 as the State University of Limburg and placed 254th in the QS World University Rankings 2027.马斯特里赫特大学（荷兰语：Universiteit Maastricht，缩写 UM）是荷兰林堡省首府马斯特里赫特的一所公立研究型大学，1976 年以林堡国立大学之名创立，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 254 名。

It is the second youngest of the fourteen research universities in the Netherlands and presents itself as the European university of the Netherlands. In 2025 it enrolled 22,933 students, 61 per cent of whom came from outside the Netherlands and who between them held 128 nationalities.该校是荷兰十四所研究型大学中第二年轻的一所，并以「欧洲的荷兰大学」自我定位；2025 年在读学生 22933 人，其中 61% 来自荷兰境外，共来自 128 个国家。

Teaching across its six faculties is built entirely on problem-based learning, and the university reported total revenue of 704 million euros in 2025 together with 437 PhD degrees awarded in the same year.全校六个学院的教学全部建立在问题导向学习之上；该校 2025 年总收入为 7.04 亿欧元，同年授予博士学位 437 个。

History

• The Dutch government decided in the late 1960s that a new public institution of higher education was needed to expand national medical training capacity in response to a shortage of medical professionals.荷兰政府在 20 世纪 60 年代后期决定新建一所公立高等院校，以扩大全国的医学培养能力，应对医务人员短缺。
• Political leaders in Limburg lobbied for the new medical school to be located in Maastricht, among them Sjeng Tans, chairman of the Labour Party and a former member of the Limburg provincial council and of the Maastricht city council.林堡省的政治领袖游说把这所新医学院设在马斯特里赫特，其中包括工党主席、前林堡省议会议员与马斯特里赫特市议员舍恩·坦斯。
• Advocates argued that a university would sustain the intellectual life of the city and the province and would support government restructuring after the collapse of the Limburg coal mining industry.支持者认为，一所大学能够维系这座城市与全省的知识生活，并在林堡煤矿业崩溃之后支撑政府的结构重组。
• Rather than wait for formal recognition, the school began teaching in September 1974 with a problem-based learning curriculum and roughly fifty students in its first academic year.该校没有等待正式承认，而是在 1974 年 9 月即开始授课，采用问题导向学习课程，首学年约有 50 名学生。
• The medical faculty created in 1974 was only the second in the world to adopt problem-based learning, a method designed for medical education that Maastricht later extended to every discipline.1974 年设立的医学院是世界上第二所采用问题导向学习的学院；这一方法本为医学教育设计，后来被马斯特里赫特推广到所有学科。
• At the end of 1975 the Dutch Parliament passed the statute that gave the institution access to national education funds and the right to award academic degrees.1975 年底，荷兰议会通过法令，使该校得以获得国家教育经费并拥有授予学位的权利。
• The university was formally established on 9 January 1976 as Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, when Queen Juliana signed its founding charter at a ceremony in the Basilica of Saint Servatius.1976 年 1 月 9 日，朱丽安娜女王在圣塞尔法斯圣殿的典礼上签署建校特许状，学校正式成立，定名林堡国立大学。
• Sjeng Tans became the first president of the university, which soon won political support to raise its funding and to expand from medicine into other academic fields.舍恩·坦斯出任学校首任校长；学校很快获得政治支持，得以增加经费并从医学拓展到其他学科领域。
• The Faculty of Law was created in 1981, followed by the faculty of economics in 1984, the faculty of arts and culture in 1994 and the faculty of psychology in 1995.1981 年设立法学院，1984 年设立经济学院，1994 年设立艺术与文化学院，1995 年设立心理学学院。
• The faculty of health sciences dated from 1980 and merged with the faculty of medicine in 2007 to form the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, while the Faculty of Humanities and Sciences opened in 2005.健康科学学院创办于 1980 年，2007 年与医学院合并为健康、医学与生命科学学院；人文与科学学院则于 2005 年开办。
• The institution was renamed Universiteit Maastricht in 1996 and adopted Maastricht University as its official English-language name in 2008.1996 年，学校更名为马斯特里赫特大学；2008 年正式采用英文校名 Maastricht University。
• From 2013 the university acquired several buildings on the site of the former Tapijn barracks beside the city park, and the main U-shaped blocks were refurbished with an underground atrium in 2019.自 2013 年起，学校陆续购入城市公园旁原塔派恩兵营场址上的多栋建筑；2019 年主 U 形楼完成改造并加建地下中庭。
• In 2019 the university bought an office building on Paul-Henri Spaaklaan in Randwyck which, after refurbishment, houses the Faculty of Science and Engineering and the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences.2019 年，学校买下兰德韦克保罗-亨利·斯帕克大道上的一栋办公楼，改造后用作科学与工程学院以及健康、医学与生命科学学院的教学楼。
• On 23 December 2019 a Clop ransomware attack encrypted almost all Windows systems at the university, locking students and staff out of online services over the Christmas break.2019 年 12 月 23 日，一次 Clop 勒索软件攻击加密了该校几乎所有 Windows 系统，使师生在圣诞假期无法使用在线服务。
• The university paid a ransom of 200,000 euros in Bitcoin to obtain decryption, and teaching resumed without delay on 6 January 2020.学校以比特币支付 20 万欧元赎金以换取解密，2020 年 1 月 6 日如期复课。
• In 2020 the public prosecution service seized the cryptocurrency account that had received the ransom, and the university eventually recovered about 500,000 euros, roughly twice the sum it had paid.2020 年，检察机关查封了收取赎金的加密货币账户，学校最终追回约 50 万欧元，约为其支付金额的两倍。
• University College Venlo, the satellite liberal arts college in northern Limburg, began teaching in September 2015 in the renovated Raad van Arbeid building on Nassaustraat.设在林堡省北部的卫星文理学院芬洛大学学院于 2015 年 9 月开课，校舍是纳绍大街上改造后的劳工委员会大楼。
• Rianne Letschert left the Executive Board in 2026 to become a minister in the new Dutch cabinet, and Pamela Habibović took over as chair of the Executive Board on 1 March 2026.里安妮·莱切特于 2026 年离开执行委员会，出任荷兰新内阁大臣；帕梅拉·哈比博维奇于 2026 年 3 月 1 日接任执行委员会主席。
• Jan Smits, professor of private law and dean of the Faculty of Law since 2017, was appointed rector magnificus at the same time, and the Supervisory Board extended both temporary appointments in July 2026.自 2017 年起担任法学院院长的私法学教授扬·斯米茨同时获任校长；2026 年 7 月，监理会延长了两人的临时任期。
• Maastricht University marked its fiftieth anniversary in 2026 under the banner UM50, opening the 2026/27 academic year on 31 August 2026 at the Theater aan het Vrijthof.2026 年，学校以 UM50 为主题庆祝建校五十周年，并于 2026 年 8 月 31 日在弗赖特霍夫剧院开启 2026 至 2027 学年。
• At that opening the Hustinx Prize for Science, worth 15,000 euros, went to Niels van Best, while the UM Student Prize went to Anaïs Hublet for a cervical cancer screening project in Malawi.在这次开学典礼上，奖金 1.5 万欧元的胡斯廷克斯科学奖授予尼尔斯·范贝斯特，马大学生奖则授予在马拉维开展宫颈癌筛查项目的阿娜伊丝·于布莱。

Academics

• The university is organised into six faculties: Arts and Social Sciences, Law, Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, Science and Engineering, and the School of Business and Economics.学校下设六个学院：艺术与社会科学学院、法学院、健康医学与生命科学学院、心理学与神经科学学院、科学与工程学院，以及商业与经济学院。
• In 2025 the university offered 26 bachelor's programmes and 97 master's programmes, awarded 437 PhD degrees and taught students drawn from 128 nationalities.2025 年，学校开设 26 个学士专业与 97 个硕士专业，授予博士学位 437 个，学生来自 128 个国家。
• Academic staff numbered 2,728 full-time equivalents in 2025, joined by 2,054 administrative and support staff, and international academics made up 48 per cent of the academic workforce.2025 年，学校有教学科研人员 2728 个全时当量岗位，另有行政与支撑人员 2054 个，其中外籍教学科研人员占 48%。
• Among professors counted in 2025 there were 165 men, 105 women and one non-binary professor, a breakdown the university publishes annually in its facts and figures.在 2025 年统计的教授中，男性 165 人、女性 105 人、非二元性别 1 人，这一构成由学校在年度数据中公布。
• Problem-based learning organises each course around tutorial groups of fourteen to sixteen students meeting once or twice a week under a tutor who monitors discussion and gives feedback rather than lecturing.问题导向学习把每门课组织为 14 至 16 人的学习小组，每周开会一至两次，由导师监督讨论并给予反馈，而不是讲授。
• A standard course runs for seven weeks of tutorials followed by a final examination, and students normally take only two or three courses at a time because the format is intensive.一门标准课程为期七周的小组讨论，随后举行期末考试；由于这一模式强度较高，学生通常一次只修两到三门课。
• The School of Business and Economics, founded in 1984, is the largest faculty by student numbers with about 4,200 students, more than 60 per cent of them from abroad.创办于 1984 年的商业与经济学院是规模最大的学院，约有 4200 名学生，其中六成以上来自国外。
• The school holds triple accreditation from EQUIS, AACSB and the Association of MBAs, a combination its own website says has been achieved by roughly one per cent of business schools worldwide.该学院同时获得 EQUIS、AACSB 与工商管理硕士协会三项认证；按其官网说法，全球只有约百分之一的商学院取得这一组合。
• The Faculty of Law, founded in 1981, teaches about 2,500 students with 150 staff and offers four bachelor's programmes, seven master's programmes and three advanced master's programmes.创办于 1981 年的法学院约有 2500 名学生与 150 名员工，开设 4 个学士专业、7 个硕士专业和 3 个高级硕士专业。
• Its English-language European Law School bachelor's programme, launched in 2007, was the first English-taught bachelor's degree in law in the Netherlands.该院 2007 年开设的英文授课欧洲法学院学士专业，是荷兰第一个英文授课的法学学士专业。
• The Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, founded in 1995, has around 1,500 students and 250 staff and specialises in cognitive psychology and biological psychology.创办于 1995 年的心理学与神经科学学院约有 1500 名学生与 250 名员工，专长为认知心理学与生物心理学。
• The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, founded in 1994, hosts roughly 2,000 students and 240 staff, with more than 70 per cent of students non-Dutch and every programme taught in English.创办于 1994 年的艺术与社会科学学院约有 2000 名学生与 240 名员工，七成以上学生非荷兰籍，所有专业均以英文授课。
• The Faculty of Science and Engineering brings together University College Maastricht, University College Venlo, the Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, the Maastricht Science Programme and a foundation year.科学与工程学院汇集了马斯特里赫特大学学院、芬洛大学学院、先进计算科学系、马斯特里赫特科学课程与预科项目。
• Research concentrates on three themes, quality of life, learning and innovation, and Europe in a globalising world, and is carried out through graduate schools including CARIM, GROW, NUTRIM and CAPHRI.科研集中于三大主题，即生活质量、学习与创新、以及全球化世界中的欧洲，并通过 CARIM、GROW、NUTRIM 与 CAPHRI 等研究生院开展。
• UNU-MERIT, the Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, operates on the campus as part of the United Nations University.联合国大学下属的马斯特里赫特创新与技术经济与社会研究所（UNU-MERIT）设在校园内。
• The Scannexus scanning laboratory at the Brightlands Maastricht Health Campus operates three ultra-high-field MRI scanners, including one of only a handful of 9.4 Tesla machines in the world.位于布赖特兰兹马斯特里赫特健康园区的 Scannexus 扫描实验室运行三台超高场磁共振设备，其中包括全球仅有的数台 9.4 特斯拉扫描仪之一。
• Doctoral candidates are employed by the university on full-time four-year contracts with entry-level salaries and benefits instead of paying tuition, which in 2025 stood at 2,771 euros for statutory bachelor's and master's students.博士生由学校以四年全职合同聘用，领取初级工资并享受员工福利，无需缴纳学费；2025 年法定学费为学士与硕士生每人每年 2771 欧元。

Campus

• The university occupies buildings in two parts of Maastricht, historic properties in the city centre west of the Meuse and the modern Randwyck campus on the outskirts of the city.学校分布在马斯特里赫特的两片区域，即马斯河西岸老城区的历史建筑，以及城市边缘现代化的兰德韦克校区。
• The first building acquired was the former Jesuit monastery and seminary at Tongersestraat, largely dating from the 1930s, where the medical school began in 1974 and which was extended in the 1990s with a restaurant and a lecture hall by Jo Coenen.学校取得的第一栋建筑是通厄伦街原耶稣会修道院与神学院，主体建于 20 世纪 30 年代，1974 年医学院在此开办，20 世纪 90 年代又由建筑师约·科嫩增建餐厅与大讲堂。
• The Faculty of Law occupies the Oud Gouvernement on Bouillonstraat, completed in 1935 as the provincial government building and acquired by the university in 1986.法学院使用布永街的老省政府大楼，该楼 1935 年建成时为省政府办公楼，1986 年由学校购入。
• Opposite it stands Slijpe Court, a seventeenth-century mansion refurbished in 2002 to house the Department of Knowledge Engineering.对面是斯莱佩宅邸，这座 17 世纪的宅院于 2002 年修缮后成为知识工程系的所在地。
• The administrative headquarters sits at Minderbroedersberg in a former Franciscan monastery of 1699 that later served as a court house and prison and was bought by the university in 1999.行政总部设在明德布鲁德山一座 1699 年的方济各会修道院内，该建筑后来曾作法院与监狱，1999 年由学校购入。
• The university library stands at Grote Looiersstraat in a building whose oldest part was built in 1755 as the city poor house and military hospital, and the library moved there in 2003.大学图书馆位于大制革匠街，其最古老部分建于 1755 年，曾作城市济贫院与军医院，图书馆于 2003 年迁至此地。
• University College Maastricht occupies the fifteenth-century béguinage Nieuwenhof at Zwingelput, while the Maastricht Science Programme has been housed since 2012 in the renovated Hustinx Mansion on Kapoenstraat.马斯特里赫特大学学院设在茨温格尔普特 15 世纪的贝居安会院新霍夫，马斯特里赫特科学课程则自 2012 年起入驻卡彭街修缮后的胡斯廷克斯宅邸。
• Randwyck developed from the 1970s as the centre for psychology, health, medicine and the life sciences around the academic hospital, which moved there in 1992 and became Maastricht UMC+ in 2008.兰德韦克自 20 世纪 70 年代起发展为心理学、健康、医学与生命科学的中枢，围绕 1992 年迁入的附属医院展开，并于 2008 年组成马斯特里赫特大学医学中心。
• Beyond Maastricht the university runs Campus Venlo and keeps offices in Brussels and Bangalore, and it uses the former Bonnefanten convent of 1627 as its Student Service Centre.除马斯特里赫特外，学校还设有芬洛校区，并在布鲁塞尔与班加罗尔设有办事处；1627 年的博讷方丹修道院则用作学生服务中心。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Maastricht University is placed 254th in the world.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，马斯特里赫特大学位列全球第 254 名。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place the university in joint 133rd position.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，该校位列并列第 133 名。
• U.S. News and World Report ranked the university 183rd in the world in its 2026-2027 Best Global Universities ranking, tenth in the Netherlands and 61st in Europe.在《美国新闻与世界报道》2026 至 2027 年度全球最佳大学排名中，该校位列全球第 183 名、荷兰第 10 名、欧洲第 61 名。
• The 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities places Maastricht in the 301-400 band.在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中，该校位于 301 至 400 名区间。
• In the 2021 Times Higher Education ranking of the hundred best universities under fifty years old Maastricht was sixth in the world, and it stood nineteenth in the QS Top 50 Under 50 of the same year.在 2021 年泰晤士高等教育世界年轻大学排名百强中，马斯特里赫特位列全球第六；同年它在 QS 五十岁以下大学五十强中排名第 19。
• Times Higher Education ranked the law programme 40th in the world in 2020 and placed clinical and health 64th and business and economics 72nd in its 2022 subject rankings.泰晤士高等教育在 2020 年将其法学专业列为全球第 40 名，2022 年学科排名中临床医学与健康列第 64 名、商业与经济列第 72 名。
• In the 2026-2027 U.S. News subject rankings the university reached twentieth place worldwide in radiology, nuclear medicine and medical imaging and joint twenty-eighth in cardiac and cardiovascular systems.在《美国新闻与世界报道》2026 至 2027 年度学科排名中，该校放射学、核医学与医学影像位列全球第 20 名，心脏与心血管系统并列第 28 名。
• The Financial Times placed the School of Business and Economics 60th in its 2016 European business school ranking.《金融时报》2016 年欧洲商学院排名将该校商业与经济学院列为第 60 名。
• QS placed the university 88th in its 2026 European ranking and 155th in its 2026 sustainability ranking.QS 2026 年欧洲大学排名将该校列为第 88 名，2026 年可持续发展排名列为第 155 名。
• OpenAlex attributes 120,968 works and 12,115,787 citations to the institution, which in 2025 reported 437 PhD degrees and 704 million euros of total revenue.OpenAlex 为该校记录论文 120968 篇、被引 12115787 次；该校 2025 年授予博士学位 437 个，总收入 7.04 亿欧元。

Student life

• New students are welcomed each August at INKOM, the general introduction week during which student associations, international associations and debating societies present themselves.每年八月，新生都会参加名为 INKOM 的迎新周，各学生社团、国际学生组织与辩论社在此期间亮相招新。
• Observant, the independent university newspaper, appears weekly in Dutch and English and is distributed across the campus.独立校报《观察家》每周出版，以荷兰语与英文双语发行，在校园内分发。
• Since 2012 the student television programme BreakingMaas has provided English-language news and entertainment on the local broadcaster RTV Maastricht and online.自 2012 年起，学生电视节目《BreakingMaas》通过当地电视台 RTV Maastricht 和网络平台提供英文新闻与娱乐内容。
• Studium Generale, based in the former Bonnefanten monastery, runs lectures and cultural events open both to the university community and to the general public.设在原博讷方丹修道院的公开讲座项目 Studium Generale 举办面向校内与市民开放的讲座与文化活动。
• Like most Dutch universities, UM does not provide regular student housing itself but mediates through a housing foundation offering about 2,700 rooms supplied by Woonpunt, Servatius and Maasvallei.与多数荷兰高校一样，该校本身不提供常规学生宿舍，而是通过住房基金会提供约 2700 间房源，由 Woonpunt、Servatius 与 Maasvallei 三家住房协会供给。
• Around 8,000 further units come from private landlords across the historic centre and adjoining neighbourhoods, while short-stay exchange students are concentrated at the UM Guesthouse in Annadal.另有约 8000 处房源由老城区及周边街区的私人房东提供，短期交换生则主要入住安纳达尔的马大招待所。
• Students at the business school are represented by SCOPE Maastricht, and the Student Service Centre provides financial, legal and practical advice to students.商学院学生由 SCOPE Maastricht 代表，学生服务中心则为学生提供财务、法律与实务方面的咨询。
• The university uses the motto Leading in Learning, and its 2026 anniversary programme invited residents and organisations of the Maastricht region to submit joint projects with university staff.该校以「Leading in Learning」为校训；2026 年的校庆活动邀请马斯特里赫特地区的居民与机构与学校员工共同申报合作项目。

Notable people

• Sjeng Tans, the Labour Party politician who led the campaign for a university in Maastricht, served as the institution's first president after its founding in 1976.为马斯特里赫特争取大学的工党政治人物舍恩·坦斯，在 1976 年建校后出任首任校长。
• Queen Juliana of the Netherlands gave the university its legal existence by signing the founding charter in the Basilica of Saint Servatius on 9 January 1976.朱丽安娜女王于 1976 年 1 月 9 日在圣塞尔法斯圣殿签署建校特许状，赋予该校法人地位。
• Geert Hofstede, emeritus professor of organizational anthropology and international management, founded the Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation and developed the cultural dimensions model.组织人类学与国际管理荣休教授海尔特·霍夫斯泰德创立了跨文化合作研究所，并提出文化维度模型。
• Theo van Boven, professor emeritus of international law, directed the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and served as UN Special Rapporteur on torture.国际法荣休教授特奥·范博芬曾主管联合国人权委员会，并担任联合国酷刑问题特别报告员。
• Mark Post, professor of vascular physiology, presented the world's first proof of concept for cultured meat in 2013.血管生理学教授马克·波斯特于 2013 年展示了全球首个培植肉的概念验证。
• Clemens van Blitterswijk, professor of regenerative medicine, moved his tissue regeneration group to Maastricht in February 2014 under the Kennis-As Limburg investment programme.再生医学教授克莱门斯·范布利特斯韦克于 2014 年 2 月把其组织再生研究团队迁至马斯特里赫特，属林堡知识轴投资计划的一部分。
• Rainer Goebel directs the Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre and has won several large international research grants for high-field brain imaging work.赖纳·戈贝尔主管马斯特里赫特脑成像中心，并多次获得高额国际科研资助，用于高场脑成像研究。
• Peter Peters leads the Institute of Nanoscopy, while Michel Dumontier holds a chair in data science at the university.彼得·彼得斯领导纳米显微研究所，米歇尔·迪蒙捷则在该校担任数据科学教授。
• Luc Soete, professor of general economics, directed UNU-MERIT and was a member of the group of key thinkers behind the Lisbon Strategy.普通经济学教授吕克·苏特曾主管 UNU-MERIT，并是里斯本战略核心智囊小组成员。
• Jan Smits, professor of European private law and a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, became rector magnificus of the university in 2026.欧洲私法教授、荷兰皇家艺术与科学院院士扬·斯米茨于 2026 年出任该校校长。
• Pamela Habibović has chaired the Executive Board since 1 March 2026, having previously served more than four years as rector magnificus.帕梅拉·哈比博维奇自 2026 年 3 月 1 日起主持执行委员会，此前已担任校长四年有余。
• Wiebe Bijker, professor of technology and society, founded the social construction of technology approach together with Trevor Pinch, and Cees van der Vleuten received the 2005 Hubbard Award for medical education research.技术与社会教授维贝·贝克与特雷弗·平奇共同开创了技术的社会建构理论；塞斯·范德弗勒滕则获得 2005 年医学教育研究哈伯德奖。