Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich, or the University of Munich) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, and is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operation, founded in Ingolstadt in 1472.慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学（德文：Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München，简称慕尼黑大学或 LMU）是德国巴伐利亚州慕尼黑的一所公立研究型大学，1472 年创办于因戈尔施塔特，是德国连续办学历史第六悠久的大学。

Its Latin name is Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis, honouring its two founders, Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut and Elector Maximilian I Joseph, and it moved to its present home in Munich in 1826 under King Ludwig I.其拉丁文校名为 Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis，纪念两位创建者——巴伐利亚-兰茨胡特公爵路德维希九世与选帝侯马克西米利安一世·约瑟夫；1826 年在国王路德维希一世治下迁至现址慕尼黑。

LMU is organised into 18 faculties and enrolled 54,616 students in the 2024-25 winter semester, and it is placed 61st in the QS World University Rankings 2027 and 50th in the U.S. News Best Global Universities of 2026-2027.慕尼黑大学下设 18 个学院，2024 至 2025 年冬季学期在校学生 54,616 人；在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 61 位，在 2026 至 2027 年版美国新闻最佳全球大学排名中位列第 50 位。

History

• The university was founded on 26 June 1472 with papal approval as the University of Ingolstadt by Duke Ludwig IX the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut, the first university in Bavaria, with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology.该校于 1472 年 6 月 26 日经教宗批准、由巴伐利亚-兰茨胡特公爵「富者」路德维希九世在因戈尔施塔特创办，是巴伐利亚的第一所大学，初设哲学、医学、法学与神学四个学院。
• Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who later became Bishop of Chiemsee, and during the period of German humanism its scholars included Conrad Celtis and Petrus Apianus.其首任校长为克里斯托弗·门德尔·冯·施泰因费尔斯，他后来出任希姆湖主教；在德国人文主义时期，该校学者包括康拉德·凯尔蒂斯与彼得鲁斯·阿皮亚努斯。
• In 1494 Duke George the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut established the Georgianum as a foundation for poor students of theology, and the house still supports students today.1494 年，巴伐利亚-兰茨胡特公爵「富者」格奥尔格设立 Georgianum，作为资助贫寒神学学生的基金会，该机构至今仍在资助学生。
• In 1610 the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner taught mathematics and Hebrew at Ingolstadt, and in 1776 the town became the birthplace of the radical Enlightenment secret society of the Illuminati.1610 年，耶稣会士克里斯托夫·沙伊纳在因戈尔施塔特教授数学与希伯来语；1776 年，这座城镇又成为激进启蒙秘密团体「光照会」的诞生地。
• The theologian Johann Eck, appointed in 1510, became one of the most prominent opponents of Martin Luther, and from 1549 to 1773 the university was strongly influenced by the Jesuits.1510 年获聘的神学家约翰·埃克成为马丁·路德最重要的对手之一；1549 至 1773 年间，该校深受耶稣会影响。
• Under the Jesuits the university became a centre of the Counter-Reformation, and the Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as its rector before the Enlightenment brought a stronger emphasis on the natural sciences.在耶稣会主持下，该校成为反宗教改革的中心，耶稣会士彼得鲁斯·卡尼修斯曾任校长；直到启蒙运动使学校转向更重视自然科学。
• In 1800, with Ingolstadt threatened during the Napoleonic Wars, Elector Maximilian IV Joseph moved the university to Landshut, where it was housed in the former Dominican monastery.1800 年，因戈尔施塔特在拿破仑战争中受到威胁，选帝侯马克西米利安四世·约瑟夫把大学迁往兰茨胡特，校舍设于旧多明我会修道院内。
• In 1802 the university was renamed Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in honour of its two founders, and the education minister Maximilian von Montgelas introduced reforms to modernise the Jesuit-influenced institution.1802 年，为纪念两位创建者，大学更名为「路德维希-马克西米利安大学」；教育大臣马克西米利安·冯·蒙特格拉斯推行改革，使这所受耶稣会影响的学府走向现代化。
• King Ludwig I of Bavaria transferred the university to Munich in 1826, and it initially occupied the Old Academy until a new building on the Ludwigstraße was completed.1826 年，巴伐利亚国王路德维希一世将大学迁至慕尼黑，最初暂借旧学院（Old Academy）办学，直到路德维希大街上的新楼落成。
• In 1827 Joseph Görres and the philosopher Friedrich Schelling were appointed, adding intellectual weight to the university, and in 1830 the annual Stiftungsfest was introduced to mark the foundation.1827 年，约瑟夫·格雷斯与哲学家弗里德里希·谢林获聘，增强了学校的学术分量；1830 年又设立了年度建校庆典 Stiftungsfest，以纪念创校。
• After student protests in 1830 King Ludwig I briefly closed the university, and in 1840 a new main building was designed by Friedrich von Gärtner at the king's wish.1830 年学生抗议之后，国王路德维希一世曾一度关闭大学；1840 年，应国王之意，弗里德里希·冯·格特纳设计了新的主楼。
• Max von Pettenkofer was appointed in 1847 and established the university's first Hygiene Institute, laying the groundwork for Munich's reputation in public health.马克斯·冯·佩滕科弗于 1847 年获聘，并创建了该校第一个卫生学研究所，为慕尼黑在公共卫生领域的声誉奠定基础。
• In 1865 the natural sciences became an independent section of the Faculty of Science, reflecting the university's growing emphasis on scientific research.1865 年，自然科学成为理学院下属的一个独立部门，反映出该校对科学研究日益增长的重视。
• In 1900 the first women at the university received doctoral degrees, an early step towards the admission of women to full academic study in Bavaria.1900 年，该校首批女性获得博士学位，这是巴伐利亚女性进入完整学术研究道路的早期一步。
• In 1913 the Veterinary Medical School became a faculty of the university, at a time when LMU had about five thousand students.1913 年，兽医学校升格为大学的一个学院，当时全校约有五千名学生。
• In 1918 the first student representative body in a German university was created at Munich, an early expression of democratic student self-government.1918 年，德国高校中首个学生代表机构在慕尼黑诞生，是学生民主自治的早期体现。
• In 1925 the Nobel chemistry laureate Richard Willstätter resigned his professorship in protest against rising antisemitism, an act remembered as a defence of academic integrity.1925 年，诺贝尔化学奖得主里夏德·维尔施泰特为抗议日益高涨的反犹主义而辞去教授职位，此举被视为捍卫学术操守的义举。
• During the Third Reich a small resistance group, the White Rose, formed around Professor Kurt Huber, and its members including the Scholl siblings distributed leaflets against the Nazi regime before being executed in 1943.第三帝国时期，以库尔特·胡贝尔教授为核心形成了小规模抵抗团体「白玫瑰」，其成员包括朔尔兄妹，散发反对纳粹政权的传单，于 1943 年被处死。
• In 1945 the authorities closed the university and appointed an interim president, and it formally reopened on 23 July 1946, rebuilding from wartime destruction.1945 年，当局关闭大学并任命临时校长；学校于 1946 年 7 月 23 日正式重新开学，在战争破坏中重建。
• Enrolment surged in the post-war decades and reached almost seventy thousand students by 1999, making LMU one of the largest universities in Germany.战后数十年间入学人数激增，到 1999 年已接近七万人，使慕尼黑大学成为德国规模最大的大学之一。
• In 2006 LMU was one of the first three institutions selected under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, receiving about 180 million euros, and it retained the title in the 2012 and 2019 rounds.2006 年，慕尼黑大学成为德国「精英大学计划」首批入选的三所高校之一，获得约 1.8 亿欧元资助，并在 2012 年与 2019 年两轮评选中蝉联该称号。

Academics

• The university comprises 18 faculties, among them Catholic and Protestant theology, law, business administration, economics, medicine, veterinary medicine, history and the arts, philosophy, psychology, cultural studies, languages, social sciences, mathematics and computer science, physics, chemistry and pharmacy, biology and geosciences.该校设有 18 个学院，包括天主教与新教神学、法学、工商管理、经济学、医学、兽医学、历史与艺术、哲学、心理学、文化研究、语言文学、社会科学、数学与计算机科学、物理、化学与药学、生物学以及地球科学等。
• In the 2024-25 winter semester LMU enrolled 54,616 students, of whom 10,642 were first-year students and 11,415, about twenty-one per cent, came from abroad.在 2024 至 2025 年冬季学期，慕尼黑大学在校学生 54,616 人，其中新生 10,642 人，国际学生 11,415 人，约占百分之二十一。
• In 2024 the university and its hospital counted 840 professors, and its third-party research funding reached 330 million euros that year.2024 年，该校及其附属医院共有教授 840 人，当年第三方研究经费达 3.3 亿欧元。
• The university budget was 802.8 million euros in 2023 excluding the hospital, rising to about 2.23 billion euros when the university hospital is included.该校 2023 年预算在不计附属医院时约为 8.028 亿欧元，计入附属医院后约达 22.3 亿欧元。
• LMU offers more than 300 courses and a wider range of subjects than almost any other German university, from Assyriology to zoology, across the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.该校开设 300 多门课程，学科门类之广几乎冠绝德国高校，从亚述学到动物学，涵盖人文学、社会科学与自然科学。
• Its research strengths lie in physics, chemistry, medicine, the life sciences, mathematics and the humanities, fields in which it has produced many leading scholars.其研究强项在于物理学、化学、医学、生命科学、数学与人文学科，这些领域孕育了大批杰出学者。
• The University Library and its affiliated libraries provide more than 6.5 million books and journals, supporting teaching and research across the disciplines.大学图书馆及其附属分馆藏书与期刊逾 650 万册，为各学科的教学与研究提供支撑。
• The LMU Klinikum, the university hospital in Großhadern and downtown Munich, is one of the largest medical centres in Germany and the clinical base of the Faculty of Medicine.位于大哈德恩与慕尼黑市中心的大学医院（LMU Klinikum）是德国最大的医学中心之一，也是医学院的临床基地。
• The university hosts several research clusters and graduate schools funded under the German Excellence Strategy, and it participates in the One Munich Strategy Forum with the Technical University of Munich.该校设有若干由德国「卓越战略」资助的研究集群与研究生院，并与慕尼黑工业大学共同参与「同一个慕尼黑战略论坛」。
• As of 2023 LMU has been associated with 44 Nobel laureates among its alumni, faculty and researchers, spanning physics, chemistry, medicine and literature.截至 2023 年，慕尼黑大学的校友、教师与研究人员中已有 44 位与诺贝尔奖相关，涵盖物理学、化学、医学与文学。
• The Munich International Summer University, continuing a tradition begun in 1927, draws about a thousand students from some ninety countries each year for short-term courses.延续 1927 年创办传统的慕尼黑国际暑期大学，每年吸引来自约九十个国家的一千名学生参加短期课程。
• The university maintains exchange agreements and strategic partnerships with leading institutions worldwide, and its international students come from more than a hundred countries.该校与全球顶尖院校保持交换协议与战略伙伴关系，其国际学生来自一百多个国家。
• Medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, philosophy, economics and law are among the disciplines in which LMU is especially well regarded within Germany and internationally.医学、物理、化学、生物学、哲学、经济学与法学等学科是慕尼黑大学在德国及国际上尤为受推崇的领域。
• LMU is one of the few German universities with faculties of both Catholic and Protestant theology, alongside a full range of medicine, law, economics and the natural sciences.慕尼黑大学是德国少数同时设有天主教与新教神学学院的大学之一，此外还拥有医学、法学、经济学与自然科学等完整学科。
• In the same QS subject tables of 2024 the university placed 23rd in Communication and Media Studies, 32nd in Physics and Astronomy and 27th in History, showing strength across very different fields.在 2024 年同一份 QS 学科榜单中，该校的传播与媒体研究位列第 23、物理与天文学位列第 32、历史位列第 27，显示出在不同领域皆有实力。

Campus

• The historic main building stands on the Ludwigstraße at Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 in central Munich, and students and staff call the surrounding neighbourhood simply the university district.历史性的主楼位于慕尼黑市中心路德维希大街的朔尔兄妹广场 1 号，师生常把周边街区直接称作「大学区」。
• The main building, designed by Friedrich von Gärtner in the neo-Renaissance style and completed in 1840, has a fountain before it and bears the Latin name carved on its stone walls.主楼由弗里德里希·冯·格特纳以新文艺复兴风格设计，1840 年落成，门前有喷泉，石墙上镌刻着拉丁文校名。
• On the square in front of the main building brass plaques reproduce the leaflets of the White Rose, a memorial to the student resistance of 1942 and 1943.主楼前广场的地面上嵌有复制「白玫瑰」传单的铜牌，以纪念 1942 与 1943 年的学生抵抗运动。
• The campus is centred at latitude 48.13743 and longitude 11.57549, and the university spreads across about five sites in and around Munich.校园中心位于北纬 48.13743 度、东经 11.57549 度，学校分布于慕尼黑市区及近郊的约五个校区。
• Beyond the central site, the university's scientific and medical facilities cluster at Großhadern and Martinsried, where the HighTechCampus brings together biomedical and life science research.在市中心校区之外，学校的科学与医学设施集中在大哈德恩与马丁斯里德，其高科技园区汇集了生物医学与生命科学研究。
• The university library and its branch libraries are distributed across the sites, and the historic library on the Ludwigstraße is one of the largest academic collections in Germany.大学图书馆及其分馆分布于各校区，路德维希大街上的历史图书馆是德国规模最大的学术馆藏之一。
• Student housing is largely provided by the Studierendenwerk München Oberbayern, whose furnished single rooms and shared flats supplement the private rental market in the city.学生住宿主要由慕尼黑上巴伐利亚大学生服务中心提供，其带家具的单人间与合租公寓补充了市内的私人租赁市场。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 LMU is placed 61st in the world, after ranking 54th in 2024, 59th in 2025 and 58th in 2026.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，慕尼黑大学位列世界第 61 位，此前的 2024、2025 与 2026 年分别位列第 54、59 与 58 位。
• The U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026-2027 ranks LMU 50th in the world, among the highest positions of any German university.2026 至 2027 年版美国新闻最佳全球大学排名将慕尼黑大学列为世界第 50 位，位居德国高校最高名次之列。
• In the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024 LMU ranked sixth in the world for Philosophy, eighth for Classics and Ancient History, and twenty-sixth for Biological Sciences.在 2024 年 QS 世界大学学科排名中，慕尼黑大学的哲学位列世界第 6 位、古典与古代史位列第 8 位、生物科学位列第 26 位。
• The same subject tables placed LMU in the global top fifty in Medicine, Psychology, Veterinary Science, History and Law, underlining its breadth across the arts, sciences and professions.同一学科排名还把该校的医学、心理学、兽医学、历史与法学列入全球前 50，凸显其在人文、自然科学与专业学科上的广度。
• The OpenAlex database attributes 328,989 works to the university with 33,752,907 citations, reflecting a very large and heavily cited research output.OpenAlex 数据库为该校收录 328,989 篇成果，被引用 33,752,907 次，反映其规模庞大且被高度引用的科研产出。
• LMU is associated with 44 Nobel laureates as of 2023, including Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn and Thomas Mann.截至 2023 年，慕尼黑大学与 44 位诺贝尔奖得主相关联，其中包括威廉·伦琴、马克斯·普朗克、维尔纳·海森堡、奥托·哈恩与托马斯·曼。
• The university is a member of the German U15 group of research-intensive universities, the League of European Research Universities and the Europaeum, and it holds the title of University of Excellence.该校是德国研究密集型大学联盟 U15、欧洲研究型大学联盟与 Europaeum 的成员，并持有「精英大学」称号。
• The German U15 group, founded in 2012, brings LMU together with fourteen other research universities, including Heidelberg University, Goethe University Frankfurt and Leipzig University.德国 U15 联盟成立于 2012 年，把慕尼黑大学与其他十四所研究型大学联结在一起，其中包括海德堡大学、法兰克福歌德大学与莱比锡大学。
• With about 54,000 students LMU is the second-largest university in Germany by enrolment, and its academic reputation score in the QS rankings is among the highest of any German institution.慕尼黑大学在校学生约 5.4 万人，按规模是德国第二大高校，其在 QS 排名中的学术声誉得分在德国院校中位居前列。

Student life

• The university has no formal motto, but its Latin title, Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis, records both the place and its two royal founders.该校没有正式校训，但其拉丁文校名 Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis 同时记录了校址所在与两位王室创建者。
• The Stiftungsfest, introduced in 1830, is celebrated each year to recall the founding of the university and is one of its oldest continuing traditions.始设于 1830 年的建校庆典 Stiftungsfest 每年举行，以纪念大学的创立，是该校延续最久的传统之一。
• The White Rose is commemorated in the university's public life, and the Geschwister-Scholl-Platz in front of the main building is named for the executed student resisters.「白玫瑰」在大学的公共生活中受到纪念，主楼前的地段被命名为「朔尔兄妹广场」，以纪念被处死的学生抵抗者。
• Students are organised in departmental student councils known as Fachschaften, which represent them in academic affairs and run orientation and social activities.学生按系组成名为 Fachschaften 的学生自治会，在学术事务中代表学生，并举办迎新与社交活动。
• The university's location in central Munich places its students close to the city's museums, libraries, theatres and the Englischer Garten, and the city's cultural life is closely bound up with the institution.学校地处慕尼黑市中心，使学生得以靠近城市的博物馆、图书馆、剧院与英国花园，慕尼黑的文化生活与这所大学紧密相连。
• Public lectures, exhibitions and the university's own museums, including its art and geology collections, are open to students and to the wider Munich public.公开讲座、展览以及该校自有的博物馆（包括艺术与地质收藏）面向学生与更广大的慕尼黑公众开放。
• The Munich International Summer University mixes German language classes with subject-specific summer and winter schools, giving visiting students an intensive taste of campus life.慕尼黑国际暑期大学把德语课程与各学科的暑期、冬季学校相结合，让来访学生得以深入体验校园生活。

Notable people

• Duke Ludwig IX the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut founded the University of Ingolstadt in 1472, the institution from which LMU directly descends.巴伐利亚-兰茨胡特公爵「富者」路德维希九世于 1472 年创办因戈尔施塔特大学，即慕尼黑大学的直接前身。
• Elector Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria moved the university to Landshut in 1800 and gave it the name Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in 1802, and King Ludwig I brought it to Munich in 1826.巴伐利亚选帝侯马克西米利安一世·约瑟夫于 1800 年将大学迁至兰茨胡特，并于 1802 年赋予其「路德维希-马克西米利安大学」之名；国王路德维希一世则于 1826 年把大学迁到慕尼黑。
• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for the discovery of X-rays, was associated with the university as a professor.因发现 X 射线而获得 1901 年首届诺贝尔物理学奖的威廉·康拉德·伦琴，曾在该校任教授。
• Max Planck, the founder of quantum theory and Nobel laureate in Physics in 1918, was an alumnus of the university, and Werner Heisenberg, a founder of quantum mechanics, won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics.量子理论奠基人、1918 年诺贝尔物理学奖得主马克斯·普朗克是该校校友；量子力学奠基人之一维尔纳·海森堡获得 1932 年诺贝尔物理学奖。
• Otto Hahn, awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission, and Thomas Mann, who won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature, both studied or taught at the university.因发现核裂变而获得 1944 年诺贝尔化学奖的奥托·哈恩，以及获得 1929 年诺贝尔文学奖的托马斯·曼，都曾在该校求学或任教。
• The behaviourist Konrad Lorenz shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the physicist Ferenc Krausz received the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on attosecond pulses.行为学家康拉德·洛伦兹共同获得 1973 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖；物理学家费伦茨·克劳斯因在阿秒脉冲方面的研究获得 2023 年诺贝尔物理学奖。
• Konrad Adenauer, who studied at the university, served as the first Chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963 and was a principal architect of the post-war order.曾在该校就读的康拉德·阿登纳于 1949 至 1963 年出任西德首任总理，是战后秩序的主要奠基者之一。
• Pope Benedict XVI, the theologian Joseph Ratzinger, taught and studied at LMU, and the sociologist Max Weber was a professor there.神学家约瑟夫·拉青格（即教宗本笃十六世）曾在该校求学与任教，社会学家马克斯·韦伯也曾在该校任教授。
• Bertolt Brecht, one of the most influential playwrights of the twentieth century, studied medicine and philosophy at the university before turning to the theatre.二十世纪最具影响力的剧作家之一贝托尔德·布莱希特，在转向戏剧之前曾在该校攻读医学与哲学。
• Kurt Huber, a professor of psychology and musicology, was a leader of the White Rose resistance group, and the students Hans and Sophie Scholl were executed in 1943 for distributing its leaflets.心理学与音乐学教授库尔特·胡贝尔是「白玫瑰」抵抗团体的领导人之一，学生汉斯·朔尔与索菲·朔尔因散发传单于 1943 年被处死。
• Bei Shizhang, a founder of Chinese biophysics and cell biology, studied natural sciences at the university in the early 1920s before completing his doctorate in Germany and returning to China.中国生物物理学与细胞学的奠基人之一贝时璋，于二十世纪二十年代初在该校攻读自然科学，随后在德国取得博士学位并返回中国。
• Ernst von Siemens, the German industrialist and head of the Siemens electrical firm, was among the university's alumni who shaped German industry and philanthropy.德国实业家、西门子电气公司掌门人恩斯特·冯·西门子是该校校友之一，对德国工业与慈善事业影响深远。