Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod

The National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod named after N. I. Lobachevsky, usually called Lobachevsky University or UNN, is a public classical research university in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, and one of the country's largest classical universities.以罗巴切夫斯基命名的下诺夫哥罗德国立研究型大学（通称罗巴切夫斯基大学，简称 UNN）是俄罗斯下诺夫哥罗德的一所公立古典研究型大学，也是该国规模最大的古典大学之一。

It was founded in January 1916 as the Nizhny Novgorod People's University, became the first state university of Soviet Russia in 1918, bore the name Gorky State University from 1932 to 1990 and was designated a National Research University in 2009.该校于 1916 年 1 月以「下诺夫哥罗德人民大学」之名创办，1918 年成为苏俄第一所国立大学，1932 至 1990 年称高尔基国立大学，2009 年获评国家研究型大学。

It sits in the 1201-1400 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027 and the 1801-2000 band of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, while U.S. News placed it 1,922nd for 2026-2027 and OpenAlex records 18,826 works and 339,444 citations.该校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位于 1201-1400 区间，在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中位于 1801-2000 区间；U.S. News 的 2026-2027 年度榜单将其列为第 1,922 位，OpenAlex 记录其论文 18,826 篇、被引 339,444 次。

History

• The university opened on 17 January 1916 by the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, as the Nizhny Novgorod People's University, one of only three People's Universities in Russia and the first higher education institution in the city.该校于儒略历 1916 年 1 月 17 日以「下诺夫哥罗德人民大学」之名开学，是俄国仅有的三所人民大学之一，也是该市第一所高等教育机构。
• It belonged to the system of free universities that spread in late imperial Russia, institutions financed by public subscription rather than the state and open to students excluded from the classical universities.它属于帝俄晚期兴起的「自由大学」体系，这类学校依靠公众募捐而非国库维持，并向被古典大学拒之门外的学生开放。
• In 1918 the Emperor Nicholas II Polytechnic Institute of Warsaw was evacuated to Nizhny Novgorod, and its merger with the People's University and the Higher Agricultural Courses created the first institution in Soviet Russia to hold state university status.1918 年，华沙的尼古拉二世理工学院疏散至下诺夫哥罗德，与人民大学及高等农业课程合并，组成了苏俄第一所获得国立大学地位的院校。
• On 4 May 1921 the Soviet government resolved to abolish all history and philology faculties and replace them with social science faculties, a decision that stripped the university of its humanities core.1921 年 5 月 4 日，苏维埃政府决定撤销所有历史与语文学系，改设社会科学系，这一决定使大学失去了人文核心。
• The consequences were severe, and by 1922 the teaching staff had fallen from 239 to 156 as professors left or were dismissed during the reorganisation of higher education.后果十分严重，到 1922 年，随着教授在高等教育重组中离职或被解职，教学人员从 239 人减至 156 人。
• On 14 April 1930 the Soviet government dissolved the Nizhny Novgorod State University altogether, turning its faculties into six separate institutes of mechanical engineering, chemical technology, pedagogy, agronomy, civil engineering and medicine.1930 年 4 月 14 日，苏维埃政府将下诺夫哥罗德国立大学整体解散，把其各系改组为机械工程、化工、师范、农学、土木工程与医学六所独立学院。
• The university was re-established less than two years later, on 11 November 1931, with three faculties of physics and mathematics, biology and chemistry, and took over the building of the former theological seminary on Minin and Pozharsky Square.不到两年后，学校于 1931 年 11 月 11 日重建，设物理数学、生物与化学三个系，并接管米宁与波扎尔斯基广场上前神学院的大楼。
• By 1932 the restored university ran divisions of physics, mechanics, zoology, botany, chemistry and mathematics, and in the same year the Physics and Technology Research Institute was incorporated into it.到 1932 年，重建后的大学已设有物理、力学、动物学、植物学、化学与数学等部门，同年物理技术研究所并入该校。
• In 1932 the city was renamed Gorky after the writer Maxim Gorky, and the university accordingly became Gorky State University, a name it carried for nearly six decades until the city recovered its historic name.1932 年，该市以作家马克西姆·高尔基之名改称高尔基，大学也随之成为高尔基国立大学，这一名称沿用了近六十年，直至城市恢复旧名。
• In 1934 the mechanical engineering and chemical technology institutes that had been split off in 1930 were folded into the new Gorky Industrial Institute, separating engineering training from the university for decades.1934 年，1930 年分出的机械工程学院与化工学院并入新成立的高尔基工业学院，工程教育由此与大学分离数十年。
• In 1938 entrance examinations were instituted and Gorky State University held its first competitive admission of first year students, replacing the earlier system of directed enrolment.1938 年，学校实行入学考试并首次通过竞争性选拔录取一年级学生，取代了此前的定向招生制度。
• In 1944 the Research Institute of Chemistry was established within the university and contributed to the development of the national chemical and defence industries during and after the war.1944 年，化学研究所在校内成立，在战争期间及战后为国家的化学与国防工业发展作出了贡献。
• On 20 March 1956 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decreed that Gorky State University be named after Nikolai Lobachevsky, the mathematician who created non-Euclidean geometry at Kazan a century earlier.1956 年 3 月 20 日，苏联最高苏维埃主席团颁布法令，以尼古拉·罗巴切夫斯基之名命名高尔基国立大学，这位数学家一个世纪前在喀山创立了非欧几何。
• The same year saw the creation of the Radiophysics Research Institute, which built on the Gorky school of radiophysics and gave the university a research profile in radio engineering, astronomy and wave physics.同年，无线电物理研究所成立，它依托高尔基无线电物理学派，使大学在无线电工程、天文学与波动物理方面形成研究特色。
• In 1969 the university was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour for achievements in radiophysics, radio engineering and astronomy, the highest Soviet civilian decoration it received.1969 年，该校因在无线电物理、无线电工程与天文学方面的成就获颁劳动红旗勋章，这是它获得的最高苏联民用荣誉。
• In 1974 the Research Institute of Mechanics opened, extending the university's applied research into solid mechanics, machinery and the engineering needs of the Volga industrial region.1974 年，力学研究所成立，把大学的应用研究扩展到固体力学、机械以及伏尔加工业区的工程需求。
• In November 1990, after the city returned to the name Nizhny Novgorod, the university was renamed Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, closing the Gorky chapter of its history.1990 年 11 月，随着城市恢复下诺夫哥罗德之名，大学改称下诺夫哥罗德国立罗巴切夫斯基大学，为其高尔基时期画上句号。
• In 2009 it was granted the status of National Research University, a Russian government designation that brought additional federal funding for research and international recruitment.2009 年，该校获评国家研究型大学，这一俄罗斯政府认定为其带来用于科研与国际人才引进的额外联邦经费。
• In 2012 the Living Systems Research Institute was launched and in 2016 it was transformed into the Research Institute of Neuroscience, which studies brain activity and cognitive processes.2012 年，生命系统研究所成立，2016 年改组为神经科学研究所，研究大脑活动与认知过程。
• In 2014 the university commissioned the Lobachevsky supercomputer, whose peak performance of 570 teraflops made it the fourth most powerful supercomputer among Russian universities and placed it on the global list.2014 年，学校启用「罗巴切夫斯基」超级计算机，其峰值性能达 570 万亿次浮点运算，成为俄罗斯高校中第四强的超级计算机，并跻身全球榜单。
• In 2017, as a participant in the federal programme for the medical and pharmaceutical industry, the university opened the Centre for Innovation Development of Medical Instrumentation.2017 年，作为联邦医疗与制药工业发展计划的参与单位，学校设立了医疗器械创新发展中心。

Academics

• The university comprises 15 faculties and educational institutes, five research institutes and four regional branches, a structure that combines classical faculty teaching with institute based research.该校设有 15 个系与教育学院、5 个研究所和 4 个地区分校，形成古典院系教学与研究所科研相结合的架构。
• Teaching is organised through institutes of physics, chemistry, biology and biomedicine, information technology, mathematics and mechanics, economics and entrepreneurship, alongside faculties of law, philology, history and international relations.教学通过物理、化学、生物与生物医学、信息技术、数学与力学、经济与创业等学院组织，另设法学院、语文学院、历史学院与国际关系学院。
• As of 2023 the university enrolled about 30,000 students, including international students, together with more than 1,000 postgraduate and doctoral students.截至 2023 年，该校约有 30,000 名学生（含国际学生），另有 1,000 余名研究生与博士生。
• Its academic staff in 2023 numbered about 400 professors and 1,200 associate and assistant professors, a ratio of senior staff to students typical of Russian classical universities.2023 年，该校约有 400 名教授与 1,200 名副教授及助教，这一高级师资与学生比例是俄罗斯古典大学的典型特征。
• The five research institutes are Physics and Technology, Chemistry, Radiophysics, Mechanics and Neuroscience, each with its own laboratories and graduate training.五个研究所分别为物理技术、化学、无线电物理、力学与神经科学研究所，各所拥有独立实验室与研究生培养体系。
• The Physics and Technology Research Institute, incorporated in 1932, cooperates closely with Roscosmos and other public and private organisations on space instrumentation and materials.物理技术研究所于 1932 年并入，与俄罗斯航天国家集团及其他公私机构在航天仪器与材料方面密切合作。
• The Research Institute of Chemistry, founded in 1944, works on inorganic and organic synthesis, catalysis, medical materials and the chemistry of novel compounds.化学研究所成立于 1944 年，研究无机与有机合成、催化、医用材料以及新化合物的化学。
• The Research Institute of Neuroscience, created in 2016 from the Living Systems Institute of 2012, focuses on brain activity, neural interfaces and the modelling of cognitive functions.神经科学研究所于 2016 年由 2012 年设立的生命系统研究所改组而成，聚焦大脑活动、神经接口与认知功能建模。
• The Lobachevsky supercomputer, installed in 2014, supports computational physics, chemistry, biomedicine and machine learning across the university's institutes.2014 年安装的「罗巴切夫斯基」超级计算机支撑全校各研究所的计算物理、化学、生物医学与机器学习研究。
• In 2020 a university team won the final of the International Collegiate Programming Contest, beating 119 teams from around the world in a competition entered by 59,000 students from 3,406 universities in 104 countries.2020 年，该校代表队在国际大学生程序设计竞赛总决赛中夺冠，在来自 104 个国家、3,406 所高校的 59,000 名参赛学生中脱颖而出，击败了全球 119 支决赛队伍。
• Chemists at the university developed a fluorapatite based bone implant material in work begun in 2018 with Nanyang Technological University of Singapore and completed in 2021.该校化学家与新加坡南洋理工大学合作，于 2018 年启动、2021 年完成了一种基于氟磷灰石的骨植入材料研究。
• In that material calcium atoms are partly replaced by bismuth and sodium, the bismuth providing an antibacterial effect and the sodium improving biocompatibility with human bone tissue.在这种材料中，钙原子被铋与钠部分取代，铋提供抗菌作用，钠则改善其与人骨组织的生物相容性。
• In October 2016 university researchers reported ceramic materials for spacecraft able to withstand high temperatures and radiation, a step towards materials for interplanetary travel.2016 年 10 月，该校研究人员公布了能够承受高温与辐射的航天器陶瓷材料，向着可用于星际航行的材料迈出了一步。
• The Cyberheart project builds software that acquires, stores and analyses cardiac data, simulates electrical and mechanical effects and tests the effectiveness of medicines on a virtual heart.「网络心脏」项目开发可采集、存储与分析心脏数据的软件，模拟电学与力学效应，并在虚拟心脏上检验药物疗效。
• The Cybertrainer electromyographic optical system uses a suit with embedded muscle sensors and augmented reality glasses to monitor and correct an athlete's movement in real time.「网络教练」肌电光学系统使用嵌入肌肉传感器的训练服与增强现实眼镜，实时监测并纠正运动员的动作。
• In 2022 university scientists completed tests of an electro-optical method for detecting terahertz pulses, useful for non-destructive testing of materials and for airport luggage scanning.2022 年，该校科学家完成了一种太赫兹脉冲电光探测方法的测试，可用于材料无损检测与机场行李扫描。
• In the same year chemists and biophysicists at the university began developing dual action antitumour drugs that combine photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy in a single treatment.同年，该校化学家与生物物理学家着手研发双效抗肿瘤药物，把光动力疗法与化学疗法结合于同一治疗方案。
• Researchers at the Institute of Chemistry, working with the Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology and the Tula-TECH centre, also built a system for the automated synthesis of metal nanoparticles.化学研究所的研究人员还与门捷列夫俄罗斯化工技术大学及图拉-技术中心合作，研制出金属纳米颗粒的自动化合成系统。

Campus

• The university is based in Nizhny Novgorod, a city of over a million people where the Oka river joins the Volga, about 400 kilometres east of Moscow.该校位于下诺夫哥罗德，这座人口逾百万的城市地处奥卡河与伏尔加河交汇处，在莫斯科以东约 400 公里。
• Its historic main building is the former theological seminary on Minin and Pozharsky Square, which the re-established university occupied from 1931 and which faces the city's Kremlin.其历史主楼是米宁与波扎尔斯基广场上的前神学院建筑，重建后的大学自 1931 年起使用该楼，正对下诺夫哥罗德克里姆林宫。
• Teaching and research are spread across a series of buildings in the city rather than a single enclosed campus, with the research institutes occupying their own sites.教学与科研分布在该市的一系列建筑中，而非单一封闭校园，各研究所拥有独立院区。
• Four regional branches extend the university beyond Nizhny Novgorod into the wider Volga region, mainly for part time and continuing education.四个地区分校把大学的影响扩展到下诺夫哥罗德以外的伏尔加地区，主要承担在职与继续教育。
• The Lobachevsky supercomputer centre provides a shared facility for the science institutes and for external academic and industrial users.「罗巴切夫斯基」超级计算中心为各理科研究所及校外学术与工业用户提供共享设施。
• Nizhny Novgorod was closed to foreigners as the city of Gorky from 1932 to 1990 because of its defence plants and research institutes, a history that shaped the university's applied science profile.1932 至 1990 年，下诺夫哥罗德以高尔基之名对外国人封闭，原因在于其军工企业与研究所，这段历史塑造了该校应用科学的特色。
• The campus sits within walking distance of the Kremlin, the Chkalov Staircase and the Volga embankment, placing students in the historic core of the city.校园距克里姆林宫、奇卡洛夫阶梯与伏尔加河滨步道均在步行范围内，使学生置身城市的历史核心。
• Because the buildings are dispersed, students travel between the historic centre and the upper city by tram, trolleybus and the Nizhny Novgorod metro, which opened in 1985.由于校舍分散，学生在历史中心与上城之间搭乘有轨电车、无轨电车以及 1985 年开通的下诺夫哥罗德地铁往来。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Lobachevsky University is placed in the 1201-1400 band, and the same 2027 cycle of Times Higher Education puts it in the 1801-2000 band.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，罗巴切夫斯基大学位于 1201-1400 区间，2027 年泰晤士高等教育排名则将其列入 1801-2000 区间。
• U.S. News ranked it 1,922nd in its 2026-2027 global universities table, while the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities did not include it in the main list.U.S. News 的 2026-2027 年度全球大学榜单将其列为第 1,922 位，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名主榜则未收录该校。
• In the 2022-2023 U.S. News edition it stood 1,455th overall and 583rd in physics, showing a subject strength well above its overall position.在 2022-2023 年度 U.S. News 榜单中，该校综合排名第 1,455 位，物理学排名第 583 位，显示其学科实力明显高于综合位次。
• OpenAlex records 18,826 works and 339,444 citations for the university, with output concentrated in physics, chemistry, radiophysics and biomedicine.OpenAlex 记录该校论文 18,826 篇、被引 339,444 次，产出集中于物理、化学、无线电物理与生物医学。
• The 2020 ICPC world championship, won against 119 finalist teams, is the university's most visible international academic title of the past decade.2020 年国际大学生程序设计竞赛世界冠军是该校近十年最受瞩目的国际学术头衔，决赛中它击败了 119 支队伍。
• Its Order of the Red Banner of Labour, awarded in 1969, recognised decades of work in radiophysics, radio engineering and astronomy that made Gorky a centre of Soviet radio science.该校 1969 年获颁的劳动红旗勋章，表彰其在无线电物理、无线电工程与天文学领域数十年的工作，这些工作使高尔基成为苏联无线电科学中心。
• The Lobachevsky supercomputer, at 570 teraflops, ranked fourth among Russian university machines in 2014 and gave the university a national profile in high performance computing.「罗巴切夫斯基」超级计算机峰值 570 万亿次浮点运算，2014 年在俄罗斯高校中排名第四，使该校在高性能计算领域获得全国性声誉。
• National Research University status, granted in 2009, placed it among a select group of Russian universities receiving federal research funding and greater autonomy.2009 年获得的国家研究型大学地位，使其跻身获得联邦科研经费与更大自主权的一批俄罗斯高校之列。
• In the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023 it reached the top 550 worldwide in both mathematics and physics, a subject standing far higher than its overall band.在 2023 年 QS 世界大学学科排名中，该校的数学与物理学均进入全球前 550 名，学科位次远高于其综合区间。
• The Times Higher Education subject tables of 2023 listed it in physics, engineering, life sciences and computer science, and its 2022 Impact Rankings placed it among the top 1,000 universities for progress on the Sustainable Development Goals.2023 年泰晤士高等教育学科榜单将其列入物理、工程、生命科学与计算机科学，其 2022 年影响力排名则将其列入可持续发展目标进展的前 1,000 所大学。
• In Russian national rankings it stood 25th to 26th in the 2022 Interfax table and 35th in the RAEX Top 100, confirming its place among the country's leading classical universities.在俄罗斯国内排名中，该校 2022 年在国际文传电讯社榜单中列第 25 至 26 位，在 RAEX 百强榜中列第 35 位，确认其在国内领先古典大学中的地位。

Student life

• The university has no widely publicised Latin motto, and its public identity instead rests on the name of Nikolai Lobachevsky and on non-Euclidean geometry as a symbol of intellectual daring.该校没有广为人知的拉丁文校训，其公共形象转而依托尼古拉·罗巴切夫斯基之名，并以非欧几何作为思想勇气的象征。
• Russian Students' Day falls on Tatiana Day, 25 January, close to the university's founding in January 1916, and is marked with skits, concerts and a traditional honey mead toast.俄罗斯学生节为 1 月 25 日的塔季扬娜节，与该校 1916 年 1 月的建校日相近，学生以短剧、音乐会与传统的蜂蜜酒祝酒来庆祝。
• The ICPC victory of 2020 turned competitive programming into one of the university's proudest student traditions, with training teams drawn from the information technology institute.2020 年的国际大学生程序设计竞赛夺冠，使竞技编程成为该校最引以为傲的学生传统之一，训练队伍主要来自信息技术学院。
• Student scientific societies work alongside the research institutes on projects such as Cyberheart and Cybertrainer, giving undergraduates laboratory experience from their early years.学生科学社团与研究所在「网络心脏」「网络教练」等项目上合作，使本科生从低年级起便获得实验室经验。
• Sport is organised through the faculty of physical culture and sports, and university teams compete in volleyball, basketball, football and athletics within the Nizhny Novgorod student league.体育活动由体育学院组织，校队在排球、篮球、足球与田径等项目上参加下诺夫哥罗德高校联赛。
• Student creative groups stage plays, concerts and KVN comedy competitions, and the university's halls host poetry evenings devoted to the Silver Age poets of the Volga region.学生文艺团体演出话剧、音乐会与 KVN 喜剧比赛，校内礼堂还举办以伏尔加地区白银时代诗人为主题的诗歌晚会。
• The Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Kremlin and the Chkalov Staircase give students a civic stage, and the embankment becomes a gathering place during the city's summer festivals.米宁与波扎尔斯基广场、克里姆林宫与奇卡洛夫阶梯为学生提供了城市舞台，伏尔加河滨在夏季城市节庆时成为聚会场所。
• International students, recruited largely from Central Asia, China and Africa, have their own association and take Russian language courses before entering degree programmes.国际学生主要来自中亚、中国与非洲，他们拥有自己的协会，并在进入学位项目前修读俄语课程。

Notable people

• Nikolai Lobachevsky, whose name the university has borne since 1956, created non-Euclidean geometry while working at Kazan University, and he is its namesake rather than a member of its staff.尼古拉·罗巴切夫斯基自 1956 年起成为该校校名，他在喀山大学工作期间创立了非欧几何，是该校的命名者而非在校任职者。
• Boris Nemtsov, the physicist turned politician who served as governor of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and deputy prime minister of Russia, graduated from the university's radiophysics programme in 1981.由物理学家转为政治家的鲍里斯·涅姆佐夫曾任下诺夫哥罗德州州长与俄罗斯副总理，1981 年毕业于该校无线电物理专业。
• Valery Fokin, an organic chemist known for his work on click chemistry and catalysis, studied at the university and later became a professor at the University of Southern California.以点击化学与催化研究闻名的有机化学家瓦列里·福金曾在该校学习，后成为南加州大学教授。
• Olga Sadovskaya, a lawyer and human rights activist, is listed among the university's notable alumni for her legal defence work in Russian courts.律师与人权活动人士奥尔加·萨多夫斯卡娅因其在俄罗斯法院的辩护工作，被列为该校知名校友之一。
• Alexander Andronov, a physicist who founded the Gorky school of radiophysics, worked at the university and its research institutes and shaped its postwar strength in oscillations and radio engineering.物理学家亚历山大·安德罗诺夫创立了高尔基无线电物理学派，在该校及其研究所工作，塑造了其战后在振动与无线电工程方面的实力。
• Roman Strongin, a computer scientist who led the university as rector, is associated with its global optimisation school and with the management reforms that produced the National Research University status.计算机科学家罗曼·斯特龙金长期担任该校校长，与学校的全局优化学派以及促成国家研究型大学地位的管理改革密切相关。
• Maxim Gorky, the writer after whom the city and the university were named from 1932 to 1990, was born in Nizhny Novgorod and remains the city's most famous literary figure.作家马克西姆·高尔基 1932 至 1990 年间成为该市与该校之名，他生于下诺夫哥罗德，至今仍是这座城市最著名的文学人物。
• The university's physics graduates staffed the Gorky research institutes that worked on radio astronomy, semiconductor materials and defence electronics during the Soviet period.该校物理学科毕业生进入高尔基各研究所，在苏联时期从事射电天文学、半导体材料与国防电子研究。
• Its chemistry alumni contributed to the Soviet chemical industry through the Research Institute of Chemistry, and later to pharmaceutical and materials research in the Volga region.该校化学学科校友通过化学研究所为苏联化学工业作出贡献，后来又投身伏尔加地区的制药与材料研究。
• The university counts among its graduates civil servants, judges and journalists who staff the administration of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga federal district.该校毕业生中包括公务员、法官与记者，他们构成下诺夫哥罗德州与伏尔加联邦区行政机构的人员基础。