Karolinska Institute

The Karolinska Institute (Karolinska Institutet) is a research-led medical university in Solna, within the Stockholm urban area of Sweden, and one of the foremost medical research institutions in the world.卡罗林斯卡学院（Karolinska Institutet）是位于瑞典斯德哥尔摩都市区索尔纳的以研究为主导的医科大学，也是全球最重要的医学研究机构之一。

It was founded in 1810 on the island of Kungsholmen and moved its main campus to Solna decades later, with a second campus established at Flemingsberg in Huddinge south of Stockholm.该校 1810 年创办于斯德哥尔摩西侧的国王岛，数十年后把主校区迁至索尔纳，其后又在斯德哥尔摩以南胡丁厄的弗莱明斯贝里建立了第二校区。

The institute placed 41st in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026, 55th in the Times Higher Education ranking for 2027 and 57th in the U.S. News global ranking for 2026-2027, while remaining outside the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中位列第 41 名，在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中位列第 55 名，在 2026 至 2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学排名中位列第 57 名，但未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名。

History

• The institute began in 1810 as a surgical training centre for the Swedish army, and its Swedish name refers to the Caroleans, the soldiers who served King Charles XII.该校 1810 年以瑞典陆军外科训练中心的身份起步，其瑞典语校名所指的正是为国王卡尔十二世作战的「卡洛林军」。
• It was first called the Medical Surgical Institute, was renamed the Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute in 1871 and took its present name, Karolinska Institutet, in 1922.学校最初名为「医学外科学院」，1871 年改称「卡罗琳医学外科学院」，1922 年才定名为沿用至今的卡罗林斯卡学院。
• It is the third oldest medical school in Sweden, after Uppsala University, founded in 1477, and Lund University, founded in 1666.它是瑞典第三古老的医学院，仅晚于 1477 年建校的乌普萨拉大学和 1666 年建校的隆德大学。
• The institute accounts for about 30 percent of medical training in Sweden and more than 40 percent of all academic medical and life-science research conducted in the country.该校承担了瑞典约 30% 的医学训练，以及全国 40% 以上的学术医学与生命科学研究。
• It receives roughly one third of Sweden's public funding for medical research, a share that makes it the country's dominant biomedical research institution.它获得的经费约占瑞典医学研究公共投入的三分之一，这一比例使其成为该国占主导地位的生物医学研究机构。
• The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute, made up of fifty professors in medical subjects, decides the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.卡罗林斯卡学院的诺贝尔大会由五十名医学学科教授组成，负责评选诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
• The assembly is formally a private organisation that is not part of the institute, and its five-member Nobel Committee, appointed for three-year terms, only recommends laureates while the assembly itself takes the final decision.该大会在形式上是不隶属于学院的私人机构，其五人诺贝尔委员会按三年任期任命，只负责推荐获奖者，最终决定权属于大会本身。
• In the early years of the prize, first awarded in 1901, the whole faculty of the institute decided the laureates.在 1901 年首次颁奖的早期，获奖者由学院全体教师共同决定。
• The private assembly was created because the institute is a state-run university subject to Swedish freedom-of-information law, so moving the decision into a private body allowed the fifty-year confidentiality required by the Nobel Foundation and removed the possibility of appeals to administrative courts.设立私人大会的原因是该校为国立大学，须受瑞典信息公开法约束；把评奖决定移入私人机构，既能满足诺贝尔基金会要求的五十年保密期，也排除了向行政法院申诉的可能。
• In February 2015 the institute announced a record 50 million dollar donation from Lau Ming-wai, chairman of the Hong Kong property developer Chinese Estates Holdings.2015 年 2 月，学院宣布收到香港地产商华人置业集团主席刘鸣炜创纪录的 5000 万美元捐赠。
• The gift established the Ming Wai Lau Centre for Regenerative Medicine in Hong Kong, the institute's first research centre outside Sweden, working on heart failure, liver disease and neurodegenerative disease.这笔捐款用于在香港设立「刘鸣炜再生医学中心」，这是学院在瑞典以外设立的首个研究中心，主攻心力衰竭、肝病与神经退行性疾病。
• The donation drew scrutiny after Next Magazine reported that Leung Chuen-yan, son of Hong Kong chief executive CY Leung, had been awarded a fellowship at the institute, and the Democratic Party asked the ICAC to investigate.捐赠随后引发质疑：《壹周刊》报道香港行政长官梁振英之子梁传昕获该校研究员职位，民主党并要求廉政公署调查。
• The chief executive's office denied any quid pro quo, saying the son's admission was an independent decision by the institute, and the affair became a persistent example of the institute's exposure to political controversy.行政长官办公室否认存在任何利益交换，称其子的录取是学院的独立决定；此事也成为该校易受政治争议牵连的一个持久案例。
• In 2014 four former colleagues accused the star surgeon Paolo Macchiarini of falsifying claims in his research on synthetic trachea implants, operations after which seven patients died.2014 年，四名旧同事指控明星外科医生保罗·马基亚里尼在人工气管植入研究中伪造数据，接受手术的七名患者此后死亡。
• An external review by Bengt Gerdin, released in May 2015, found research misconduct in seven of seven papers, including missing ethical approval and misrepresented surgical results.本特·耶丁主持的外部审查于 2015 年 5 月公布，认定七篇论文全部存在科研不端，包括未获伦理批准与虚报手术结果。
• Vice-Chancellor Anders Hamsten concluded in August 2015 that Macchiarini had acted without due care but had not committed misconduct, a finding reversed after Swedish television broadcast the three-part documentary Experimenten in January 2016.校长安德斯·哈姆斯滕 2015 年 8 月认定马基亚里尼「未尽审慎义务」但不构成不端；2016 年 1 月瑞典电视台播出三集纪录片《实验》后，这一结论被推翻。
• The institute reviewed his CV in February 2016, terminated his contract in March 2016, and Sweden's national scientific review board concluded in October 2017 that all six papers it examined showed misconduct and should be retracted.学院于 2016 年 2 月复核其履历，2016 年 3 月解除合同；瑞典国家科研审查委员会 2017 年 10 月认定其受审的六篇论文均属不端并应撤稿。
• In September 2019 Vice-President Karin Dahlman-Wright resigned after an investigation by the University of Gothenburg found serious errors in her scientific publications, though she kept her professorship in molecular endocrinology.2019 年 9 月，副校长卡琳·达尔曼-赖特因哥德堡大学调查认定其科学论文存在「严重错误」而辞职，但仍保留分子内分泌学教授职位。
• Annika Östman Wernerson took office as vice-chancellor in March 2023, leading an institute that had spent the previous decade rebuilding its research-integrity procedures.安妮卡·厄斯特曼·韦内松于 2023 年 3 月就任校长，接手的是一所在过去十年间重建科研诚信程序的学院。
• In 2015 the New Karolinska Solna University Hospital opened beside the Solna campus, replacing older hospital buildings and giving the institute a newly built teaching and research hospital at its doorstep.2015 年，新的卡罗林斯卡索尔纳大学医院在索尔纳校区旁启用，取代了老院建筑，使学院在咫尺之内拥有一座新建的教学与研究医院。
• The institute marked its bicentenary in 2010, two hundred years after its founding on Kungsholmen, by which time it had become Sweden's dominant medical research institution.学院于 2010 年迎来建校两百周年，此时距其创办于国王岛已过去两百年，它也已成长为瑞典占主导地位的医学研究机构。
• The institute does not translate its name in writing and calls itself Karolinska Institutet in English, a name that refers to the Caroleans rather than to a person named Karolina.学院在书写中不翻译校名，英文场合同样自称 Karolinska Institutet；这一名称指向「卡洛林军」，而非某位名叫卡罗琳娜的人物。

Academics

• The Nobel Assembly draws its fifty members from various medical disciplines at the institute, so the body that chooses the medicine laureate is composed of the university's own professors.诺贝尔大会的五十名成员来自学院不同的医学学科，因此负责遴选医学奖得主的机构正是由该校自己的教授组成。
• The institute offers the widest range of medical education under one roof in Sweden, and many of its programmes include clinical training inside the healthcare system.该校在瑞典单一机构中提供门类最广的医学教育，许多项目都包含在医疗系统内完成的临床训练。
• About 6,000 full-time students take educational and single-subject courses at bachelor's and master's level.约有 6000 名全日制学生在本科与硕士阶段修读学位课程和单科课程。
• Each year 20 upper-secondary students from across Sweden are selected for a seven-week biomedical summer research school that is informally known as SoFo.每年从瑞典各地选拔 20 名高中生参加为期七周的生物医学暑期研究学校，校内俗称 SoFo。
• Most medical programmes are taught in Swedish, while the bulk of doctoral projects are conducted in English.多数医学专业以瑞典语授课，而博士研究项目大多以英语进行。
• Teaching is organised through departments spread over the Solna and Huddinge campuses, covering cell and molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics, environmental medicine, neuroscience and physiology and pharmacology.教学由分布于索尔纳与胡丁厄两校区的各系承担，涵盖细胞与分子生物学、基因组学与生物信息学、环境医学、神经科学以及生理学与药理学。
• The Huddinge side hosts departments of biosciences, clinical science, laboratory medicine, medical nutrition, microbiology, pathology and immunology, nursing and dentistry, together with the NEUROTEC centre.胡丁厄校区设有生物科学、临床科学、实验医学、医学营养学、微生物学、病理学与免疫学、护理与牙科等系，以及 NEUROTEC 神经科技中心。
• Doctoral education and research are grouped also around clinical departments at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna and Huddinge, including clinical neuroscience, molecular medicine, oncology and pathology, public health and women's and children's health.博士教育与研究还围绕索尔纳与胡丁厄的卡罗林斯卡大学医院临床各系组织，包括临床神经科学、分子医学、肿瘤与病理学、公共卫生以及妇女与儿童健康。
• The Karolinska University Hospital, with its two sites, forms an academic health science centre with the institute and serves as its main research and teaching hospital.拥有两个院区的卡罗林斯卡大学医院与学院共同构成一个学术健康科学中心，并作为其主要的研究与教学医院。
• In the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2020, medicine at the institute was ranked first in Sweden, third in Europe and fifth in the world.在 2020 年 QS 世界大学学科排名中，该校医学位居瑞典第一、欧洲第三、世界第五。
• QS ranked its Department of Dental Medicine first in the world in 2015.QS 在 2015 年把该校牙医学系列为世界第一。
• The Times Higher Education ranking for 2021 placed it 10th in the world and fifth in Europe in clinical, pre-clinical and health subjects.2021 年泰晤士高等教育排名将其临床、临床前与健康学科列为世界第 10、欧洲第 5。
• U.S. News placed the institute 11th in the world in psychiatry and psychology in its 2021 global ranking.在 2021 年 U.S. News 全球排名中，该校精神病学与心理学位居世界第 11。
• In the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities subject tables it stood fourth in the world in pharmacy, fifth in public health, sixth in nursing and 21st in clinical medicine.在 2019 年软科世界大学学术排名学科榜中，该校药学居世界第 4、公共卫生第 5、护理第 6、临床医学第 21。
• The institute was a founding member of the League of European Research Universities, the network of research-intensive universities to which it still belongs.该校是欧洲研究型大学联盟的创始成员，至今仍是这一研究密集型大学网络的成员。
• It receives about a third of Sweden's public medical research funding and accounts for more than 40 percent of the country's academic medical and life-science research.它获得瑞典约三分之一的公共医学研究经费，并承担全国 40% 以上的学术医学与生命科学研究。
• Its research strength is concentrated in cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection and immunology, neuroscience, stem cells and regenerative medicine, and metabolic disease.该校的研究优势集中在肿瘤、心血管疾病、感染与免疫、神经科学、干细胞与再生医学以及代谢性疾病等领域。

Campus

• The main campus lies in Solna, just outside the Stockholm city centre, beside the Karolinska University Hospital.主校区位于斯德哥尔摩市中心近郊的索尔纳，紧邻卡罗林斯卡大学医院。
• The original site was on Kungsholmen, the island on the western side of central Stockholm where the institute was founded in 1810.最早的校址在国王岛，即斯德哥尔摩市中心西侧的那座岛屿，学院 1810 年正是在那里创办。
• A second campus in Flemingsberg, Huddinge, south of Stockholm, houses bioscience, nursing and dentistry departments and works with the local university hospital.位于斯德哥尔摩以南胡丁厄弗莱明斯贝里的第二校区容纳生物科学、护理与牙科等系，并与当地大学医院合作。
• Karolinska University Hospital operates the Solna and Huddinge sites that serve as the institute's teaching hospitals.卡罗林斯卡大学医院在索尔纳与胡丁厄设有院区，作为学院的教学医院。
• The New Karolinska Solna University Hospital opened in 2015 as a replacement hospital beside the Solna campus.新的卡罗林斯卡索尔纳大学医院于 2015 年启用，作为索尔纳校区旁的老院替代设施。
• Teaching and clinical training also take place at Danderyd Hospital and Södersjukhuset, the Söder Hospital in Stockholm, which appear in the institute's departmental map.教学与临床训练还在丹德吕德医院和斯德哥尔摩南城医院（瑟德医院）进行，这两家医院都出现在学院的系统设置图中。
• The two-campus arrangement places basic science at Solna and Huddinge and clinical departments mainly in the university hospital and the affiliated Stockholm hospitals.两校区格局把基础科学放在索尔纳与胡丁厄，临床各系则主要设在大学医院及斯德哥尔摩的附属医院。
• The institute sits within the Stockholm urban area, and its campuses are connected to the city by commuter rail and metro lines serving Solna and Huddinge.学院位于斯德哥尔摩都市区之内，两个校区通过通往索尔纳与胡丁厄的通勤铁路和地铁与市区相连。

Reputation

• The Karolinska Institute placed 41st in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026.卡罗林斯卡学院在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中位列第 41 名。
• It ranked 55th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 and 57th in the U.S. News global ranking for 2026-2027.该校在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中位列第 55 名，在 2026 至 2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学排名中位列第 57 名。
• It does not appear in the QS World University Rankings 2027 because that table ranks only multi-faculty universities, and the institute is a single-faculty medical university.该校未出现在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，因为该榜只收录多学科大学，而它是一所单一学科的医科大学。
• QS nevertheless ranks it by subject, placing its medicine fifth in the world, third in Europe and first in Sweden in 2020.尽管如此，QS 仍按学科为其排名，2020 年把该校医学列为世界第 5、欧洲第 3、瑞典第 1。
• Its dentistry department was ranked first in the world by QS in 2015, and its clinical and health subjects stood 10th in the world in the 2021 Times Higher Education subject ranking.其牙医学系在 2015 年被 QS 列为世界第一，临床与健康学科在 2021 年泰晤士高等教育学科排名中位居世界第 10。
• The 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities subject tables placed it fourth in pharmacy, fifth in public health, sixth in nursing and 21st in clinical medicine.2019 年软科世界大学学术排名学科榜把该校药学列为第 4、公共卫生第 5、护理第 6、临床医学第 21。
• Five of its professors won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine between 1955 and 1982, beginning with Hugo Theorell in 1955.1955 至 1982 年间，该校有五位教授获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，首位是 1955 年获奖的雨果·泰奥雷尔。
• Tomas Lindahl, a cancer researcher at the institute, shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.该校肿瘤研究者托马斯·林达尔因 DNA 修复机制研究分享 2015 年诺贝尔化学奖。
• The institute's reputation rests on its share of Swedish medical research and on the Nobel Assembly, whose fifty professors make the final choice of the medicine laureate each October.该校的声望既建立在它在瑞典医学研究中的份额上，也建立在诺贝尔大会之上——每年十月由五十名教授最终决定医学奖得主。

Student life

• About 6,000 full-time students study at the institute, most of them in medical, dental, nursing, biomedicine and public-health programmes.该校约有 6000 名全日制学生，多数就读于医学、牙科、护理、生物医学与公共卫生等专业。
• Clinical training takes place in the healthcare system, and the proximity of the Karolinska University Hospital and other Stockholm teaching hospitals is central to it.临床训练在医疗系统内完成，卡罗林斯卡大学医院及斯德哥尔摩其他教学医院近在咫尺，是这一安排的关键。
• Because most medical programmes are taught in Swedish, international students cluster in the English-taught master's and doctoral programmes.由于多数医学专业以瑞典语授课，国际学生主要集中在英语授课的硕士与博士项目中。
• The biomedical summer research school SoFo brings 20 upper-secondary pupils from across Sweden to the institute for seven weeks each year.生物医学暑期研究学校 SoFo 每年把瑞典各地 20 名高中生带到学院，进行为期七周的学习。
• Doctoral students work in departments on both campuses and in the clinical departments of the university hospital.博士生在两校区的学系以及大学医院的临床各系开展研究。
• The institute's two campuses are served by Stockholm commuter rail and metro, placing student housing and clinical placements within a single metropolitan labour market.学院的两个校区都有斯德哥尔摩通勤铁路与地铁覆盖，使学生住宿与临床轮转处于同一个大都市就业市场之内。
• Student life is shaped by the institute's single-faculty character: there is no broad undergraduate campus, and social activity is organised around the medical, dental and nursing programmes.学生生活带有明显的单一学科特征：这里没有综合性本科校园，社交活动围绕医学、牙科与护理专业组织。
• Because doctoral projects are conducted in English, doctoral students from abroad can complete their research training in English even though medical students must learn Swedish for clinical work.由于博士项目以英语进行，来自海外的博士生可以用英语完成全部研究训练，而医学生则必须掌握瑞典语才能开展临床工作。

Notable people

• Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a professor at the institute, devised modern chemical notation and discovered silicon, selenium, thorium and cerium.学院教授永斯·雅各布·贝采利乌斯创立了现代化学符号体系，并发现了硅、硒、钍与铈。
• Carl Gustaf Mosander, Berzelius's student and successor in 1836, discovered the elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium.贝采利乌斯的学生卡尔·古斯塔夫·莫桑德于 1836 年接任其教席，发现了镧、铒与铽三种元素。
• Axel Key, a pathologist and rector from 1886 to 1897, founded what became the Journal of Internal Medicine.病理学家阿克塞尔·凯 1886 至 1897 年任校长，创办了后来成为《内科学杂志》的刊物。
• Karl Oskar Medin, professor of paediatrics from 1883 to 1914, is known for his study of poliomyelitis, and his pupil Ivar Wickman became a leading polio expert.卡尔·奥斯卡·梅丁 1883 至 1914 年任儿科学教授，以小儿麻痹症研究著称，其学生伊瓦尔·维克曼后来成为脊髓灰质炎领域的权威。
• Nanna Svartz became the first female professor at the institute and, as a result, the first woman appointed professor at a Swedish public university.南娜·斯瓦茨成为该校首位女教授，并因此成为瑞典公立大学中第一位被任命为教授的女性。
• Hugo Theorell won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes, the institute's first Nobel laureate.雨果·泰奥雷尔因阐明氧化酶的性质与作用方式获得 1955 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，是该校首位诺贝尔奖得主。
• Ragnar Granit won the 1967 prize for analysing retinal function and how optic nerve cells respond to light, colour and frequency.拉格纳·格拉尼特因分析视网膜功能以及视神经细胞对光、颜色与频率的反应而获得 1967 年该奖。
• Ulf von Euler won the 1970 prize for discoveries on humoral transmitters in nerve terminals and their storage, release and inactivation.乌尔夫·冯·奥伊勒因发现神经末梢的体液递质及其储存、释放与失活机制而获得 1970 年该奖。
• Torsten Wiesel shared the 1981 prize for discoveries on information processing in the visual system, and Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson shared the 1982 prize for prostaglandins.托尔斯滕·维泽尔因视觉系统信息处理的研究分享 1981 年该奖，苏内·贝里斯特伦与本特·萨穆埃尔松则因前列腺素研究分享 1982 年该奖。
• Lars Leksell invented radiosurgery and the Gamma Knife, and Sven Ivar Seldinger devised the Seldinger technique for catheter insertion.拉尔斯·莱克塞尔发明了放射外科与伽玛刀，斯文·伊瓦尔·塞尔丁格则创立了经皮穿刺置管的塞尔丁格技术。
• Pehr Edman developed the Edman degradation for sequencing proteins, and Carl-Gustav Groth was a pioneer of organ transplantation.佩尔·埃德曼开发了用于蛋白质测序的埃德曼降解法，卡尔-古斯塔夫·格罗特则是器官移植领域的先驱。
• Tomas Lindahl shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Johan Harmenberg, an Olympic champion in épée fencing, also trained at the institute.托马斯·林达尔分享 2015 年诺贝尔化学奖，奥运会重剑冠军约翰·哈门贝里同样出自该校。
• Herbert Olivecrona founded Swedish neurosurgery and trained a generation of neurosurgeons at the Serafimer Hospital in Stockholm.赫伯特·奥利韦克罗纳创立了瑞典神经外科，并在斯德哥尔摩塞拉菲默医院培养了一代神经外科医生。
• Lennart Nilsson, a photographer and documentarian, produced the first images of a human fetus in the womb and won an Emmy for his film work.摄影师与纪录片制作人伦纳特·尼尔松首次拍摄到子宫内的人类胎儿影像，并因影视作品获得艾美奖。