Jagiellonian University

Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland, founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great and is the oldest university in Poland.雅盖隆大学（波兰语：Uniwersytet Jagielloński，缩写 UJ）是位于波兰克拉科夫的一所公立研究型大学，由国王卡齐米日三世于 1364 年创立，是波兰历史最悠久的大学。

Its historic grounds form part of the Kraków Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it counts among the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world.其历史建筑群构成克拉科夫老城的一部分，后者为联合国教科文组织世界遗产，该校也是世界上持续办学最古老的大学之一。

It is placed 329th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, in the 551-600 band of the 2027 Times Higher Education ranking, 394th in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking and in the 501-600 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities.该校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 329，在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育排名中处于 551 至 600 区间，在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 394，并在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中处于 501 至 600 区间。

History

• King Casimir III the Great obtained permission from Pope Urban V to found a university in Kraków, and a royal charter of foundation issued on 12 May 1364 created the Studium Generale.国王卡齐米日三世获教皇乌尔班五世准许在克拉科夫创办大学，1364 年 5 月 12 日颁发的建校特许状建立了克拉科夫学园。

• Because Kraków was not permitted an independent faculty of theology at first, the young university taught law, medicine and the liberal arts and leaned on the needs of a state short of trained lawyers and administrators.由于克拉科夫最初未获准设立独立的神学院，这所年轻的大学以法律、医学与博雅教育为主，依托于一个急需训练有素的律师和官吏的国家。

• Development stalled after the death of Casimir III in 1370, and lectures were held in professors' houses, in churches and in the cathedral school on Wawel Hill.1370 年卡齐米日三世去世后学校发展停滞，讲座只好在教授住宅、教堂和瓦维尔山上的主教座堂学校中进行。

• The institution was restored in the 1390s by Queen Jadwiga, who donated her personal jewellery and so allowed the enrolment of 203 students, and a building on Żydowska Street was acquired in 1399.该校于 1390 年代由女王雅德维加复兴，她捐出个人珠宝，使学校得以录取 203 名学生，1399 年又购得日多夫斯卡街的一栋建筑。

• In 1400 her husband Władysław II Jagiełło reformed the university on the model of the Sorbonne and established the Faculty of Theology, with Piotr Wysz as its first chancellor.1400 年其夫瓦迪斯瓦夫二世雅盖沃按索邦大学的模式改革该校并设立神学院，皮奥特·维什出任首任校长。

• In 1401 the Lithuanian duke Jonas Vaidutis, a grandson of the grand duke Kęstutis, was elected the university's second rector.1401 年立陶宛公爵约纳斯·瓦伊杜蒂斯，即大公凯斯图蒂斯的孙子，当选该校第二任校长。

• The faculties of astronomy, law and theology drew eminent scholars such as Albert Brudzewski, who taught Nicolaus Copernicus between 1491 and 1495.天文学、法学与神学院吸引来阿尔伯特·布鲁泽夫斯基等杰出学者，他在 1491 至 1495 年间教授过尼古拉·哥白尼。

• Kraków was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in mathematics and astronomy, and the building known today as the Collegium Maius, with its arcaded quadrangle, arose in the early 15th century.克拉科夫是欧洲第一所设立独立的数学与天文学讲席的大学，如今被称为大学院的建筑连同其拱廊内院也在 15 世纪初落成。

• During the golden age of the Polish Renaissance between 1500 and 1535 the university counted 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and the foundations of the Jagiellonian Library were laid.在 1500 至 1535 年波兰文艺复兴的黄金时期，该校在 16 世纪第一个十年有 3,215 名学生，雅盖隆图书馆的基础也在此期间奠定。

• The Collegium Iuridicum and the Collegium Minus were built in this era, and by 1520 Greek philology was introduced while Hebrew was also taught.法学馆与小馆建于这一时期，到 1520 年该校引入希腊语文学，同时讲授希伯来语。

• The Collegium Maius held seven reading rooms, six of them named after Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galen, Ptolemy and Pythagoras, and by 1500 it was the centre of learning in Central Europe.大学院设有七间阅览室，其中六间分别以亚里士多德、苏格拉底、柏拉图、盖伦、托勒密和毕达哥拉斯命名，到 1500 年它已成为中欧的学术中心。

• Student numbers fell in the following centuries, and the record set in the early 16th century was not surpassed until the late 18th century.此后数百年间学生人数下降，16 世纪初创下的纪录直到 18 世纪后期才被超越。

• After the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the Kraków Uprising of 1846, the city and its university passed under the rule of the Austrian Empire.1795 年波兰第三次被瓜分、1846 年克拉科夫起义之后，这座城市及其大学落入奥地利帝国统治之下。

• The Austrians stripped furnishings from the Auditorium Maximum of the Collegium Maius to turn it into a grain store, but a decree of Emperor Ferdinand I preserved the university from closure.奥地利人拆走大学院大礼堂的陈设改作粮仓，但皇帝斐迪南一世的敕令使该校免于关闭。

• By the 1870s the university's fortunes had improved and scholars returned, and in 1883 Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski successfully liquefied nitrogen and oxygen.到 1870 年代该校境况好转、学者回归，1883 年齐格蒙特·弗鲁布莱夫斯基与卡罗尔·奥尔谢夫斯基成功液化了氮和氧。

• The neo-Gothic Collegium Novum, funded by the Austrian authorities, opened in 1887 and became the seat of the university's administration.由奥地利当局出资的新哥特式新馆于 1887 年启用，成为该校行政机构的所在地。

• In 1918 Polish students removed and destroyed a painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph I from the Collegium Novum as they pressed for the re-establishment of an independent Polish state.1918 年波兰学生从新馆中取下并毁掉了皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世的画像，以声援波兰独立国家的重建。

• By the late 1930s student numbers had risen to almost 6,000, and construction of the monumental building of the Jagiellonian Library began in 1931.到 1930 年代后期学生人数增至近 6,000，雅盖隆图书馆的宏伟馆舍于 1931 年动工。

• On 6 November 1939 the German operation Sonderaktion Krakau arrested 184 professors and deported them to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and the university stayed closed for the rest of the Second World War.1939 年 11 月 6 日德军的克拉科夫特别行动逮捕了 184 名教授并将他们押往萨克森豪森集中营，该校在二战余下岁月里一直关闭。

• After reopening in 1945 the faculty was suppressed by the Communist authorities in 1954, and from 1957 the state began investing in new facilities near Jordan Park.1945 年复校后，1954 年教职员遭共产党当局压制，自 1957 年起国家开始投资于约旦公园附近的新设施。

• The Collegium Paderevianum was built with funds from the legacy of the pianist and statesman Ignacy Paderewski.帕德雷夫斯基馆是以钢琴家兼政治家伊格纳齐·帕德雷夫斯基遗产中的资金建成的。

• After the fall of the Communist government in 1989 the university bought its first building plot in Pychowice, and from 2000 it built the Third Campus, officially the 600th Anniversary Campus, together with the LifeScience Park at a cost of 946.5 million zlotys.1989 年共产党政府倒台后，该校在皮霍维采购得第一块建校用地，自 2000 年起又兴建第三校区，即正式命名的六百周年纪念校区，连同生命科学园共耗资 9.465 亿兹罗提。

• Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 brought a large increase in funding from both the central government and European authorities, allowing new departments and research centres to be developed.2004 年波兰加入欧盟后，来自中央政府与欧盟的资金大幅增加，使新院系与研究中心得以建立。

• The history of the name runs from the Akademia Krakowska and the Szkoła Główna through the Uniwersytet Krakowski until 1817, when the university took the name Jagiellonian from the dynasty of its reformer.其校名沿革由克拉科夫学院、总学校、克拉科夫大学一路走来，至 1817 年采用其改革者所属王朝之名，定名雅盖隆。

• In 2019 the new University Hospital opened at Prokocim after more than 1.2 billion zlotys of investment, becoming the largest supra-regional public hospital in Poland with 37 clinical departments.2019 年新的大学医院在普罗科齐姆启用，投资逾 12 亿兹罗提，拥有 37 个临床科室，成为波兰最大的跨区域公立医院。

Academics

• The university is organised into thirteen main faculties, besides the three faculties that make up the Collegium Medicum, and employs roughly 4,000 academics.该校下设十三个主要学院，此外还有构成医学院的三个学院，并拥有约 4,000 名教师。

• It educates more than 35,000 students in 166 fields, with Polish as the main language of instruction and around thirty degrees offered in English and some in German.该校在 166 个专业方向培养三万五千余名学生，以波兰语为主要教学语言，另有约三十个专业以英语授课、少数以德语授课。

• Among the faculties are Law and Administration, Philosophy, History, Philology, Polish Language and Literature, Physics Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Mathematics and Computer Science, Chemistry, Biology and Earth Sciences.其学院包括法律与行政、哲学、历史、語文学、波兰语言文学、物理天文与应用计算机科学、数学与计算机科学、化学、生物以及地球科学。

• Further units include Management and Social Communication, International and Political Studies, Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, and the University Centre of Veterinary Medicine run jointly with the Agricultural University of Kraków.其他单位还有管理与社交传播、国际与政治研究、生物化学生物物理与生物技术，以及与克拉科夫农业大学合办的大学兽医中心。

• The Collegium Medicum owns the University Hospital in Kraków-Prokocim, the Children's University Hospital in Kraków, the University Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane and a dental university clinic.医学院拥有克拉科夫普罗科齐姆大学医院、克拉科夫儿童大学医院、扎科帕内骨科与康复大学医院以及一所大学牙科诊所。

• The main library, the Jagiellonian Library, holds almost 6.5 million volumes and has been a legal deposit library since 1932, keeping Copernicus's De Revolutionibus, the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka collection.主馆雅盖隆图书馆藏书近 650 万册，自 1932 年起为法定送存图书馆，收藏有哥白尼《天体运行论》、巴尔塔萨·贝海姆手抄本与柏林藏品。

• The library also holds an extensive collection of underground political literature, the so-called drugi obieg or samizdat, printed in Poland between 1945 and 1989.该馆还藏有大量地下政治刊物，即所谓第二流通或萨米兹达特，印刷于 1945 至 1989 年间的波兰。

• The National Centre for Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS, an off-departmental facility of the university, gives its researchers access to a synchrotron light source.国家同步辐射中心 SOLARIS 是该校的跨院系设施，为其研究人员提供同步辐射光源。

• Its astronomers take part in major international projects including the H.E.S.S. gamma-ray observatory and the VIPERS galaxy survey.该校天文学家参与包括 H.E.S.S. 伽马射线天文台与 VIPERS 星系巡天在内的多项国际重大项目。

• Researchers in the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneering studies in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, with findings published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine.医学院研究者在外科心脏手术、泌尿学与神经学方面开展先驱性研究，成果发表于《柳叶刀》与《新英格兰医学杂志》。

• In the English-speaking world the university partners with the University of Cambridge, the University of Melbourne, the University of Chicago, the University of California, Los Angeles and the London School of Economics.在英语世界，该校与剑桥大学、墨尔本大学、芝加哥大学、洛杉矶的加利福尼亚大学以及伦敦政治经济学院建立了合作关系。

• It also partners with the University of Rochester, the University of California, Irvine and Case Western Reserve University, and in the French-speaking world with the Sorbonne and the University of Montpellier.它还与罗切斯特大学、加利福尼亚大学欧文分校以及凯斯西储大学合作，并在法语世界与索邦大学和蒙彼利埃大学合作。

• Strong ties with Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest university, support specialisations in German law offered together with Heidelberg and the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.该校与德国最古老的大学海德堡大学联系紧密，并同海德堡大学和约翰内斯·古腾堡美因茨大学合办德国法方向的专修。

• Further cooperation agreements exist with Charles University in Prague, the University of Vienna, the University of Tokyo, Saint Petersburg State University, the Technical University of Munich and the Free University of Berlin.其他合作协议还包括布拉格查理大学、维也纳大学、东京大学、圣彼得堡国立大学、慕尼黑工业大学与柏林自由大学。

• The university is a member of the European University Association, the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network, and takes part in European exchange programmes.该校是欧洲大学协会、科英布拉集团与乌德勒支网络成员，并参与欧洲交流计划。

• Its institutes host the Research Centre for the History of the Mediterranean and the Institute of European Studies, while the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians drives work in core mathematics.其研究机构设有地中海历史研究中心与欧洲研究所，而扎伦巴数学会推动着核心数学方面的研究。

Campus

• The campus is centrally located within the city of Kraków, and the university grounds form part of the Kraków Old Town inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.校园位于克拉科夫市中心，其建筑群构成列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录的克拉科夫老城的一部分。

• The Collegium Maius, the oldest surviving university building in Poland, retains its arcaded quadrangle and is now a museum of the university's history.大学院是波兰现存最古老的高校建筑，保留着拱廊内院，如今是展示该校历史的博物馆。

• The neo-Gothic Collegium Novum, opened in 1887, is the administrative heart of the university and stands in the Old Town near the Planty park ring.新哥特式的新馆于 1887 年启用，是该校的行政中心，坐落在老城植物园环形绿地附近。

• A monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius for the university's 500th anniversary and was moved in 1953 to stand outside the Collegium Witkowskiego.哥白尼纪念碑曾为该校五百周年纪念立于大学院内院，1953 年迁至维特科夫斯基馆外。

• Among the surviving historic buildings are the Collegium Iuridicum, the Collegium Minus and the Collegium Paderevianum, each tied to a stage of the university's expansion.现存的历史建筑还包括法学馆、小馆与帕德雷夫斯基馆，每一座都对应学校扩张的一个阶段。

• The Collegium Medicum was relocated in the early 20th century to a site just east of the centre and grew with a cluster of modern teaching hospitals that remains the university's medical campus.医学院在 20 世纪初迁至市中心以东的一处地块，并随着一批现代教学医院的发展，形成了该校延续至今的医学园区。

• The Third Campus in Pychowice, officially the 600th Anniversary Campus, was built from 2000 alongside the LifeScience Park managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation.皮霍维采的第三校区即正式命名的六百周年纪念校区，自 2000 年起与由雅盖隆创新中心管理的生命科学园一同兴建。

• Student residencies were built in and around the Old Town as the university expanded, so that teaching and student housing sit within the historic centre of Kraków.随着学校扩张，学生宿舍建在老城内及周边，使教学与学生住宿都落在克拉科夫历史中心之内。

Reputation

• Jagiellonian University is ranked 329th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, making it the highest-placed university in Poland in that table.雅盖隆大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 329，是该榜单上排名最高的波兰大学。

• It is placed in the 551-600 band of the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 394th in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking.该校在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中处于 551 至 600 区间，在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 394。

• In the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the university falls in the 501-600 band.在由上海交通大学发布的 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中，该校处于 501 至 600 区间。

• According to OpenAlex the university has produced 126,453 research works attracting 5,250,648 citations.据 OpenAlex 统计，该校已产出 126,453 项研究成果，累计被引用 5,250,648 次。

• Four Nobel laureates in literature are connected with the university: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska studied there, while Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk taught there.有四位诺贝尔文学奖得主与该校相关：伊沃·安德里奇与维斯瓦娃·辛波丝卡曾在此求学，切斯瓦夫·米沃什与奥尔加·托卡尔丘克曾在此任教。

• Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.该校教师与毕业生曾当选波兰艺术与科学院、皇家学会、英国学术院与美国艺术与科学院院士。

• The university has long been regarded as a vanguard of Polish culture and a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.该校长期被视为波兰文化的先锋，并是欧洲思想遗产的重要贡献者。

• Its Collegium Medicum is known for pioneering work in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology that has led to novel treatment methods.其医学院以外科心脏手术、泌尿学与神经学方面的先驱性工作著称，并促成了新的治疗方法。

• For centuries almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university, and in the second half of the 15th century over 40 percent of its students came from outside the Kingdom of Poland.数个世纪以来波兰几乎全部知识精英都在该校受教育，15 世纪下半叶其学生中有超过四成来自波兰王国之外。

• The university's standing is reinforced by the Jagiellonian Library, a Polish national library whose collection makes it one of the country's largest.该校的地位也因雅盖隆图书馆而得到加强，这座波兰国家图书馆级的馆藏使其跻身全国最大图书馆之列。

Student life

• The university's Latin motto is Plus ratio quam vis, meaning Let reason prevail over force, a humanist ideal adopted in its Renaissance heyday.该校的拉丁文校训是「Plus ratio quam vis」，意为让理性胜过暴力，是其在文艺复兴盛期采纳的人文主义理想。

• The first student scientific association was founded in 1851, and by 2021 more than seventy student scientific associations existed, most of them affiliated with the Collegium Medicum.该校首个学生科学社团创立于 1851 年，到 2021 年已设有七十多个学生科学社团，其中多数隶属于医学院。

• These associations promote student research through lecture sessions, science excursions and international conferences such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians.这些社团通过讲座、科学考察以及国际青年数学家研讨班等国际会议推动学生科研。

• Nawojka, the university's legendary first female student of the 15th century, remains a symbol of the university's traditions and is remembered in its folklore.娜沃伊卡是该校传说中 15 世纪的第一位女学生，至今是学校传统的象征并留存在其民间传说中。

• The university marked its 650th anniversary in 2014, more than six centuries after its foundation by Casimir III the Great.该校于 2014 年迎来建校 650 周年，距卡齐米日三世创立它已逾六个世纪。

• The Copernicus monument outside the Collegium Novum serves as a meeting point for students and visitors and anchors the university in the Old Town's scholarly life.新馆外的哥白尼纪念碑是学生与访客的聚集地，把该校锚定于老城的学术生活之中。

• The university sits within a city of some 800,000 people that hosts around 200,000 university students and 23 higher schools, making Kraków a genuine university town.该校所在城市约有八十万人口，却拥有约二十万名大学生和 23 所高等院校，使克拉科夫成为名副其实的大学城。

• Electrum, a journal of papers and monographs, has been published since 1997 by the Department of Ancient History, reflecting the university's strong humanities culture.论文集与专著丛刊《琥珀》自 1997 年起由古代史系出版，体现了该校深厚的人文学科文化。

Notable people

• The founding king Casimir III the Great, the restoring queen Jadwiga, the reforming king Władysław II Jagiełło and the first chancellor Piotr Wysz shaped the university in its first decades.创立的国王卡齐米日三世、复兴的女王雅德维加、改革的国王瓦迪斯瓦夫二世雅盖沃与首任校长皮奥特·维什塑造了该校最初数十年的面貌。

• Nicolaus Copernicus, the astronomer who placed the Sun at the centre of the universe, studied at the university in the 1490s and its library keeps the manuscript of his De Revolutionibus.把太阳置于宇宙中心的天文学家尼古拉·哥白尼曾在 1490 年代就读于该校，其图书馆保存着他的《天体运行论》手稿。

• Saint John Paul II, pope from 1978 to 2005, was a student of the university, as was King John III Sobieski, who led the relief of Vienna in 1683.1978 至 2005 年在位的教宗圣若望·保禄二世曾是该校学生，1683 年率军解维也纳之围的国王扬三世·索别斯基亦然。

• Andrzej Duda, President of Poland since 2015, is an alumnus, and two Polish prime ministers, Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz, also studied there.自 2015 年起任波兰总统的安杰伊·杜达是该校校友，两位波兰总理贝娅塔·希德沃与约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹也曾在此求学。

• The Nobel laureates Wisława Szymborska, who took the 1996 prize in literature, and Ivo Andrić studied at the university, while Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk taught there.1996 年诺贝尔文学奖得主维斯瓦娃·辛波丝卡与伊沃·安德里奇曾就读该校，切斯瓦夫·米沃什与奥尔加·托卡尔丘克则曾在此任教。

• Other noted graduates include the poet Jan Kochanowski, the science-fiction writer Stanisław Lem and the composer Krzysztof Penderecki.其他著名毕业生包括诗人扬·科哈诺夫斯基、科幻作家斯坦尼斯瓦夫·莱姆与作曲家克里斯托弗·潘德列茨基。

• The anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, the economist Carl Menger, the reformer Hugo Kołłątaj and the historian Norman Davies also studied at the university.人类学家布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基、经济学家卡尔·门格尔、改革者胡戈·科旺塔伊与历史学家诺曼·戴维斯也都毕业于该校。

• Among its faculty were the physicist Marian Smoluchowski, a pioneer of statistical physics, and the physiologist Napoleon Cybulski, a pioneer of endocrinology.其教师中有统计物理学先驱、物理学家马里安·斯莫卢霍夫斯基，以及内分泌学先驱、生理学家拿破仑·齐布尔斯基。

• The mathematician Franz Mertens, the physicist Henryk Niewodniczański and the pharmacologist Ryszard Gryglewski, a discoverer of prostacyclin, also taught at the university.数学家弗朗茨·梅尔滕斯、物理学家亨里克·涅沃德尼昌斯基以及前列环素发现者之一、药理学家理夏德·格鲁格列夫斯基也曾在此任教。

• The chemist Leo Sternbach, who developed the first benzodiazepine at Hoffmann-La Roche, was a graduate of the university.在霍夫曼-罗氏公司研制出首个苯二氮䓬类药物的化学家利奥·斯特恩巴赫是该校毕业生。

• Tadeusz Estreicher, a pioneer of cryogenics, and the physicist Władysław Natanson were long-serving professors whose work shaped the university's scientific tradition.低温学先驱塔德乌什·埃斯特赖歇尔与物理学家瓦迪斯瓦夫·纳坦松是长期任教的教授，其工作塑造了该校的科学传统。