Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)

The National Polytechnic Institute (Spanish: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, abbreviated IPN) is a public polytechnic university system of Mexico, founded on 1 January 1936 and counted among the largest public universities of the country with 171,581 students at the upper secondary, bachelor's and postgraduate levels.墨西哥国立理工学院（西班牙语：Instituto Politécnico Nacional，简称 IPN）是墨西哥的公立理工类大学体系，1936 年 1 月 1 日创办，以 171,581 名在读学生（涵盖高中、本科与研究生三个层次）跻身墨西哥规模最大的公立大学之列。

It grew out of the Ex hacienda Santo Tomás, an estate first held by the Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés, and is organised today around 98 academic units offering 290 courses of study, with its main Zacatenco campus of roughly 530 acres (2.1 square kilometres) in northern Mexico City.它脱胎于「圣托马斯旧庄园」——一处最早由西班牙征服者埃尔南·科尔特斯占有的地产——如今以 98 个教学单位、290 个学习项目为骨架，主校区「扎卡滕科」位于墨西哥城北部，占地约 530 英亩（2.1 平方公里）。

The institute is known chiefly for engineering, the physical and biomedical sciences and technical education, ranks third among Mexican universities behind the Monterrey Institute of Technology and the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and stands in the 901-950 band of the 2027 QS World University Rankings.该校以工程、物理与生物医学科学以及技术教育见长，在墨西哥大学中位列第三，仅次于蒙特雷理工学院与墨西哥国立自治大学，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中处于 901-950 位区间。

History

• The institute was created on 1 January 1936, in the middle of the six-year presidential term of Lázaro Cárdenas, which ran from 1934 to 1940 and reshaped Mexican education, landholding and industry.学院创立于 1936 年 1 月 1 日，正值拉萨罗·卡德纳斯六年总统任期（1934 至 1940 年）中段，那一任政府改组了墨西哥的教育、土地与工业格局。

• Its remit, clear from the day it opened in 1936, was scientific and vocational training for the country's industry, and from the first year the institute combined short technical careers with higher engineering studies.它 1936 年开学之日即已确定的任务是为国家工业提供科学与技术教育，因此从第一年起就把短期技术专业与高等工程教育合于一体。

• The founding promoters included the astronomer Luis Enrique Erro, the former revolutionary Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes and the former minister of education Narciso Bassols, all active in the cardenista modernisation programme that carried the institute's creation in 1936.创办的推动者包括天文学家路易斯·恩里克·埃罗、前革命者胡安·德·迪奥斯·巴蒂斯·帕雷德斯与前教育部长纳尔西索·巴索尔斯，他们都在卡德纳斯改革议程中活跃，并推动了学院 1936 年的创立。

• When the institute was constituted in 1936 the federal government placed it on the Ex hacienda Santo Tomás, a large estate originally owned by Hernán Cortés in the sixteenth century and later donated by the state.1936 年建院时，联邦政府把校址定在圣托马斯旧庄园——这片大地产 16 世纪原属埃尔南·科尔特斯，后来由国家捐出。

• Under the directorship of Alejo Peralta, in the years before the 1958 groundbreaking, the institute was handed sufficient land to grow, with the expropriated estates of Santa Maria Ticomán, 213 hectares, and San Pedro Zacatenco, 43 hectares, transferred to it.在阿莱霍·佩拉尔塔主持院务、1958 年扎卡滕科动土之前的那些年，学院获得了足以扩展的土地：被征收的圣玛丽亚·蒂科曼地产（213 公顷）与圣佩德罗·扎卡滕科地产（43 公顷）都划归学院。

• Those two parcels, together with the Santo Tomás inheritance, became the 530-acre northern Mexico City site on which building began in 1958, now called the Professional Unit Adolfo López Mateos and universally known as Zacatenco.这两块土地连同圣托马斯庄园的旧产，构成了如今墨西哥城北部 530 英亩的校址，1958 年即在此动工，官方名为「阿道弗·洛佩斯·马特奥斯专业校区」，通称扎卡滕科。

• Construction of the Zacatenco professional unit began in 1958, converting farmland on the northern edge of the capital into a planned campus of lecture halls, workshops and laboratories.扎卡滕科专业校区的工程于 1958 年开工，把首都北缘的农田改造成规划整齐的讲堂、车间与实验室校区。

• In 1959 the former president Adolfo López Mateos, the former minister of education Jaime Torres Bodet and the former director of the institute Eugenio Mendez Docurro inaugurated the first four buildings of Zacatenco.1959 年，前总统阿道弗·洛佩斯·马特奥斯、前教育部长海梅·托雷斯·博德特与前院长欧亨尼奥·门德斯·多克罗共同为扎卡滕科的头四栋楼揭幕。

• Those first buildings, opened in 1959, were taken over by the Superior School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, the flagship Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School of the polytechnic system.1959 年启用的首批楼舍由高等机械电气工程学院接管，这所机械电气工程学院是整个理工学院体系的旗舰。

• The same 1959 intake also housed the Superior School of Engineering and Architecture, so that the two schools most identified with the polytechnic moved onto the new campus together.同一批 1959 年的馆舍还容纳了高等工程与建筑学院，于是两所最能代表这所理工学院的学校一并迁入新校区。

• The campus inaugurated in 1959 was named for Adolfo López Mateos, the former president who had opened it, which is why the official address of the professional unit still carries his name.1959 年落成的校区以曾为其揭幕的前总统阿道弗·洛佩斯·马特奥斯命名，这也是该专业校区官方地址沿用其名的由来。

• As part of its cultural promotion strategy the institute took charge of Canal Once, described as the oldest public broadcast service in Latin America, which still carries original cultural, scientific and information programming.作为文化推广战略的一部分，学院接管了「11 号频道」，它被称作拉丁美洲最古老的公共广播机构，至今仍播出原创的文化、科学与资讯节目。

• Channel Eleven also broadcasts foreign shows and classic, rare and non-commercial films from around the world, making the institute simultaneously a university and a public broadcaster.11 号频道还播出境外节目以及世界各地的经典、稀有与非商业影片，使学院同时兼具大学与公共电视台的双重身份。

• From a Mexico City base the system expanded until its schools, research centres and facilities were distributed over 22 Mexican states, while administration remained centred in the capital.这套体系从墨西哥城向外扩展，直到其院系、研究中心与设施分布于 22 个墨西哥州，而行政中枢仍留在首都。

• One of its units, the Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polytechnic Institute, better known as CINVESTAV, became a semi-autonomous body with a high degree of academic and budgetary freedom.其下属的「墨西哥国立理工学院研究与高等研究中心」（通称 CINVESTAV）成为半自治机构，在学术与预算上都拥有很大的自主权。

• The institute reports 171,581 students and 98 academic units, a scale that the assessments of 2025 placed behind only the Monterrey Institute of Technology and the National Autonomous University of Mexico nationally.学院报告有 171,581 名学生与 98 个教学单位，2025 年的评估显示这一规模在全国仅次于蒙特雷理工学院与墨西哥国立自治大学。

• Since December 2020 the director-general of the institute has been Arturo Reyes Sandoval, the officer appointed to head the whole polytechnic system.自 2020 年 12 月起，学院的总院长由阿图罗·雷耶斯·桑多瓦尔担任，他是统辖整个理工学院体系的首长。

• In QS's 2025 subject tables the institute placed 246th in Engineering and Technology and third among Mexican universities, the standing against which its later world ranking positions are usually judged.在 QS 2025 年的学科榜单中，学院位列工程与技术第 246 名、墨西哥高校第三，其后的世界排名位次通常以此为参照。

Academics

• The institute is organised around 98 academic units, a structure closer to a federation of schools than to a single campus university.学院由 98 个教学单位组成，其结构更像院系的联合体，而非单一校园的大学。

• Those 98 units break down into 18 vocational high schools, 26 university colleges, 20 scientific and technical research centres, and 17 continuing education centres.这 98 个单位可细分为 18 所职业高中、26 所大学学院、20 个科学与技术研究中心以及 17 个继续教育中心。

• The remaining support structure comprises 4 units for educational support, 3 support units for educational innovation, 8 units promoting research, development and enterprise, and 2 units tied to science and business research and development.其余支持机构包括 4 个教育支持单位、3 个教育创新支持单位、8 个促进科研与创业发展的单位，以及 2 个与科学和产业研发挂钩的单位。

• Altogether the system offers 290 courses of study, counted as 57 technical careers, 79 undergraduate programmes and 154 postgraduate programmes.整个体系共提供 290 个学习项目，其统计口径为 57 门技术专业、79 个本科项目与 154 个研究生项目。

• At degree level the institute lists 80 undergraduate programmes leading to bachelor's degrees of four or five years, the longer cycle being typical of engineering and architecture.学位层面，学院列出 80 个本科项目，授予四年制或五年制学士学位，较长学制多见于工程与建筑专业。

• Its postgraduate catalogue is recorded as 135 programmes leading to 29 postgraduate diplomas, 70 master's degrees and 36 doctorates.其研究生目录记为 135 个项目，可取得 29 个研究生文凭、70 个硕士学位与 36 个博士学位。

• Like most Mexican public universities the institute sponsors vocational high schools called Centros de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos, abbreviated CECyT and numbered individually.与墨西哥多数公立大学一样，学院自设名为「科学与技术研究中心」的职业高中，西班牙语缩写为 CECyT，各校另有编号。

• These 18 schools are mostly located in Greater Mexico City and lead upon completion to a technician degree, the first rung of the polytechnic ladder.这 18 所职中大多分布在大墨西哥城地区，毕业后授予技术员资格，是理工学院人才阶梯的第一级。

• At technician level the institute advertises 78 technical careers, a count that differs from the 57 technical careers used in the 290-programme tally and reflects different cataloguing of the same offering.技术员层次上学院对外列出 78 门技术专业，与 290 项目统计中所用的 57 门不同，反映的是同一批项目的两种编目口径。

• Engineering and the physical sciences are carried by the Superior School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and the Superior School of Engineering and Architecture, the two schools housed in the first Zacatenco buildings of 1959.工程与物理科学由高等机械电气工程学院与高等工程与建筑学院承担，即 1959 年进驻扎卡滕科首批馆舍的两所学校。

• Its teaching and research are grouped into such bodies as the National Polytechnic Institute College of Engineering and Physical-Mathematic Sciences, the IPN College of Biomedical Sciences, the IPN College of Social and Administrative Sciences and the IPN College of Interdisciplinary Studies.其教学与科研按若干「学院群」编组，即墨西哥国立理工学院工程与物理数学科学学院、生物医学科学学院、社会与行政科学学院与跨学科研究学院。

• The 20 scientific and technical research centres range from CINVESTAV, which enjoys academic and budgetary autonomy, to centres attached to single schools or professional units.20 个科学与技术研究中心，上及拥有学术与预算自治权的研究与高等研究中心，下至挂靠单个学院或专业校区的研究机构。

• Research, development and the promotion of enterprise are served by 8 dedicated support units, with a further 2 units affiliated to science and business research and development.研发与创业促进由 8 个专门支持单位负责，另有 2 个单位挂靠在科学与产业研发之下。

• Lifelong learning is handled by the 17 continuing education centres, which serve students and working technicians beyond the degree cycle.17 个继续教育中心承担终身教育，面向学位周期之外的学生与在职技术人员。

• The whole institute is headed by a director-general appointed by the President of Mexico, usually but not always after consultation with members of the academic community.全院由总院长主持，总院长由墨西哥总统任命，任命前通常会（但并非总是）征询学术群体的意见。

• Teaching spans 22 states, so the academic year is run from the Zacatenco headquarters in Mexico City out to extension and research facilities across the republic.教学活动遍及 22 个州，学年从墨西哥城的扎卡滕科总部延伸到分布全国的分支与科研设施。

Campus

• The main campus is the Professional Unit Adolfo López Mateos in the Zacatenco district of northern Mexico City, covering about 530 acres or 2.1 square kilometres.主校区是位于墨西哥城北部扎卡滕科街区的阿道弗·洛佩斯·马特奥斯专业校区，占地约 530 英亩（2.1 平方公里）。

• Its oldest buildings are the four inaugurated in 1959 for the mechanical-electrical and engineering-architecture schools, still the architectural core of the polytechnic identity.其中最早的建筑是 1959 年为机械电气与工程建筑两所学院启用的四栋楼，至今仍是这所理工学院形象的核心。

• Land on the site was assembled in stages, the expropriated estates of Santa Maria Ticomán (213 hectares) and San Pedro Zacatenco (43 hectares) joining the original Santo Tomás donation.校址用地是分阶段积累的：被征收的圣玛丽亚·蒂科曼（213 公顷）与圣佩德罗·扎卡滕科（43 公顷）两块地产并入最初的圣托马斯庄园捐赠。

• Workshops, machine halls and laboratories rather than seminar rooms dominate the campus fabric, a legacy of its origin as a school for industrial technicians.校园景观以车间、机器厂房与实验室为主，而非讨论教室，这是它作为工业技术员学校出身的遗留。

• Although Zacatenco is the seat of government, the institute's schools and research facilities are distributed over 22 Mexican states, so its footprint is national rather than metropolitan.扎卡滕科虽是行政中枢，但学院的院系与科研设施分布于 22 个州，因此其版图是全国性而非首都圈的。

• The vocational high schools are concentrated in Greater Mexico City, which makes the CECyT network a daily commuting campus for thousands of adolescents.职业高中集中于大墨西哥城地区，使 CECyT 网络成为数千名青少年的走读校园。

• Canal Once operates studios within the institute and extends the campus into the air, broadcasting cultural, scientific and entertainment programming to a national audience.11 号频道的演播室设于学院内部，把校园延伸到空中，向全国播出文化、科学与娱乐节目。

• The institute's coordinates are given as 19.42847 north and 99.12766 west, placing the Zacatenco headquarters in the same basin as the rest of the capital.学院的坐标记为北纬 19.42847、西经 99.12766，扎卡滕科总部与首都其余部分同在墨西哥盆地之中。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings the National Polytechnic Institute is placed in the 901-950 band, a shared range covering several institutions at the same level.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，墨西哥国立理工学院被置于 901-950 位区间，这一区间为多所同级院校并列共有。

• The 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings put the institute in the 2001 and lower band, its weakest position among the three main global league tables.《泰晤士高等教育》2027 年世界大学排名把这所学院放在 2001 及以后的区间，是它在三大世界榜上最弱的名次。

• The 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking lists the institute at position 1410, while the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities places it in the 601-700 band.2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名把学院列为第 1410 位，而 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名将其置于 601-700 位区间。

• On the subject side the institute was ranked 246th in Engineering and Technology in the QS tables for 2025, a markedly stronger position than its multidisciplinary world placing.在学科排名上，学院在 QS 2025 年工程与技术类别中列第 246 名，明显优于其综合世界名次。

• Regionally the same 2025 assessment put it third in Mexico, behind the Monterrey Institute of Technology and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.在区域内，2025 年的同一评估把学院列为墨西哥第三，仅次于蒙特雷理工学院与墨西哥国立自治大学。

• OpenAlex records 81,594 scholarly works and 3,194,091 citations attributed to the institute, output on the scale of a large national research system.OpenAlex 记录该学院的学术文献 81,594 篇、被引 3,194,091 次，产出规模相当于一个大型国家研究体系。

• Its research standing rests on semi-autonomous units, above all the Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV, described as internationally renowned.其科研声誉建立在半自治单位之上，首推墨西哥国立理工学院研究与高等研究中心（CINVESTAV），它被评价为享有国际声誉。

• Members of the institute's community have collected major international science honours: Alexander Balankin won the 2005 UNESCO Science Prize, Evangelina Villegas the 2000 World Food Prize and Esther Orozco the 2006 L'Oreal-UNESCO award for women in science.学院成员屡获国际科学荣誉：亚历山大·巴兰金获 2005 年联合国教科文组织科学奖，埃万赫利纳·比列加斯获 2000 年世界粮食奖，埃斯特·奥罗斯科获 2006 年「欧莱雅-联合国教科文组织」女性科学家奖。

• Further honours include Pablo Rudomin's 1987 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, Esther Orozco's 1997 UNESCO-Institut Pasteur medal and the 1984 Alice Davis Hitchcock Award taken by architectural historian Alberto Pérez Gómez.其他荣誉还包括巴勃罗·鲁多明 1987 年获得的阿斯图里亚斯亲王奖（技术与科学研究类）、埃斯特·奥罗斯科 1997 年的联合国教科文组织-巴斯德研究所奖章，以及建筑史学家阿尔贝托·佩雷斯·戈麦斯 1984 年的爱丽丝·戴维斯·希奇科克奖。

• No Nobel Prize, Turing Award or Fields Medal is attributed to the institute in the sources used here, and the honours listed above are the closest equivalents recorded.本文所依据的资料中并无把诺贝尔奖、图灵奖或菲尔兹奖归于该学院的记载，上述荣誉是最接近的对等纪录。

Student life

• The institute fields 27 varsity teams, a number that makes organised sport a structural part of student life rather than an optional club activity.学院派出 27 支校队，这一数字使有组织的竞技体育成为学生生活的结构性组成部分，而非可选的社团活动。

• Those teams cover archery, American football, athletics, baseball, basketball, body building, bowling, boxing, chess and cycling, alongside frontenis and gymnastics.这些队伍涵盖射箭、美式橄榄球、田径、棒球、篮球、健美、保龄球、拳击、国际象棋与自行车，此外还有前壁球与体操。

• The remaining sports in the varsity programme are handball, indoor soccer, judo, karate, kendo, mountaineering, rowing, soccer, swimming, taekwondo, tennis, touch football, volleyball, weightlifting and wrestling.校队项目的其余部分包括手球、室内足球、柔道、空手道、剑道、登山、赛艇、足球、游泳、跆拳道、网球、触式橄榄球、排球、举重与摔跤。

• Student competition is dominated by the rivalry with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, whose teams the polytechnic faces in every sport it fields.学生竞技的主线是与墨西哥国立自治大学的对抗，凡学院参赛的项目都与对手的队伍交锋。

• The bitterest single fixture is football against UNAM's Pumas Dorados, a contest that defines the athletic calendar for the institute's supporters.最激烈的单项赛事是对阵国立自治大学「金色美洲狮」的足球比赛，这一对决决定了学院拥趸的竞技日程。

• Because 18 CECyT vocational high schools feed the university colleges, many students spend their whole adolescence inside one polytechnic system, moving from technician course to bachelor's degree.由于 18 所 CECyT 职业高中直接向大学学院输送生源，许多学生的整个青少年阶段都在同一套理工学院体系内度过，由技术员课程升入本科。

• Canal Once, run by the institute as the oldest public broadcast service in Latin America, gives students access to original cultural, scientific and non-commercial film programming as part of everyday campus culture.学院运营的 11 号频道是拉丁美洲最古老的公共广播机构，为学生在日常校园文化中提供原创文化、科学与非商业影片节目。

• Its 17 continuing education centres keep the campus open to students who work, blurring the line between full-time study and in-service technical training.17 个继续教育中心让在职学生也能进入校园，使全日制学习与在职技术培训之间的界线变得模糊。

Notable people

• Ernesto Zedillo, president of Mexico from 1994 to 2000, trained as an engineer at the institute before his later economic studies abroad.1994 至 2000 年任墨西哥总统的埃尔内斯托·塞迪略在学院接受工程师训练，其后才赴国外深造经济学。

• Josefina Vazquez Mota served as Mexico's secretary of education and Reyes Tamez held the same post during the Fox administration, both products of the polytechnic, while Luis Montes de Oca, associated with the institute's early years, was secretary of finance from 1927 to 1932, just before the founding of 1936.何塞菲娜·巴斯克斯·莫塔曾任墨西哥教育部长，雷耶斯·塔梅斯也在比森特·福克斯政府时期出任同一职务，二人均出身理工学院；与学院早期历史相关的路易斯·蒙特斯·德奥卡则在 1927 至 1932 年任财政部长，任期就在 1936 年建院之前。

• Victor Bravo Ahuja was secretary of education during the Echeverria administration, while Eugenio Mendez Docurro, earlier director of the institute, went on to head the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation.维克托·布拉沃·阿胡亚在埃切维里亚政府时期任教育部长，而曾任学院院长的欧亨尼奥·门德斯·多克罗后来执掌通信与交通部。

• Two former governors are alumni: Hector Mayagoitia Dominguez of Durango from 1974 to 1979 and Miguel Borge Martin of Quintana Roo from 1987 to 1993, and Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez served as president of the ICAO Council from 2006 to 2014.两位前州长是其校友：1974 至 1979 年的杜兰戈州长埃克托·马亚戈伊蒂亚·多明格斯与 1987 至 1993 年的金塔纳罗奥州长米格尔·博尔赫·马丁，罗伯托·科贝·冈萨雷斯则于 2006 至 2014 年任国际民航组织理事会主席。

• Among its most-cited scientist alumni are Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena, a television pioneer who invented an early colour television transmission system, and Evangelina Villegas, the biochemist whose work on maize produced Quality Protein Maize and won her the 2000 World Food Prize.被引用最多的科学家校友中包括吉列尔莫·冈萨雷斯·卡马雷纳——发明早期彩色电视传输系统的电视先驱，以及生物化学家埃万赫利纳·比列加斯——她因玉米研究育成优质蛋白玉米并获 2000 年世界粮食奖。

• Pablo Rudomin, a neuroscientist, took the 1987 Prince of Asturias Award, Jerzy Rzedowski was a plant scientist and pioneer of neotropical floristics, and Raul Rojas became a computer scientist noted for artificial neural networks.神经科学家巴勃罗·鲁多明获 1987 年阿斯图里亚斯亲王奖；耶日·兹德科夫斯基是植物学家、新热带区植物区系学的先驱；劳尔·罗哈斯则是以人工神经网络闻名的计算机科学家。

• Constantino Reyes-Valerio, a chemist and art historian, recovered the recipe for Maya blue and coined the term Arte Indocristiano, while Alberto Perez Gomez won the 1984 Alice Davis Hitchcock Award in architectural history.化学家兼艺术史家康斯坦蒂诺·雷耶斯-巴莱里奥破译了玛雅蓝的制法并首创「印度基督教艺术」一词，阿尔贝托·佩雷斯·戈麦斯则获 1984 年爱丽丝·戴维斯·希奇科克建筑史奖。

• The College of Engineering and Architecture, officially the Superior School of Engineering and Architecture, admitted Ruth Rivera Marin as the first woman to study architecture there, while Gilberto Calvillo Vives went on to preside over the United Nations statistical commission.工程与建筑学院（正式名称为高等工程与建筑学院）曾录取露丝·里维拉·马林，使她成为该院第一位攻读建筑的女性；希尔贝托·卡尔比略·比韦斯则后来担任联合国统计委员会主席。

• Among faculty were the fractal-mechanics researcher Alexander Balankin, honoured with the 2005 UNESCO Science Prize, and Arturo Rosenblueth, physician and physiologist, who taught and researched at the institute.任教者包括获 2005 年联合国教科文组织科学奖的分形力学研究者亚历山大·巴兰金，以及在此任教并从事研究的内科医生、生理学家阿图罗·罗森布卢特。

• Among the polytechnic's teachers and promoters were Heberto Castillo, who invented the tridilosa structural system and later founded several political parties, the architect and painter Juan O'Gorman, and the astronomer Luis Enrique Erro, one of the men who carried the founding of 1936.在学院的任教者与创办者中，有发明「tridilosa」结构体系并先后创建多个政党的韦贝尔托·卡斯蒂略，建筑师兼画家胡安·奥戈尔曼，以及参与推动 1936 年建院的天文学家路易斯·恩里克·埃罗。