Indiana University Bloomington

Indiana University Bloomington is a public research university in Bloomington, Indiana, United States, and is the flagship and largest campus of the Indiana University system, with more than 45,000 students.印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校是一所位于美国印第安纳州布卢明顿的公立研究型大学，是印第安纳大学系统的旗舰校区与最大校区，拥有逾 45,000 名学生。

Established on 20 January 1820 as the state seminary, it was renamed Indiana College in 1829 and Indiana University in 1838, and it is a member of the Association of American Universities, the Big Ten Conference and the classification of R1 doctoral universities with very high research activity.该校于 1820 年 1 月 20 日作为州立神学院创建，1829 年更名为印第安纳学院，1838 年改称印第安纳大学，是美国大学协会与十大联盟成员，并被归入研究活动极强的 R1 类博士型大学。

In the 2027 QS World University Rankings it is placed 360th, it stands joint 212th in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it is 155th in the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities, and it falls in the 151-200 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, with OpenAlex crediting it with 113,222 research works and 11,311,447 citations.该校在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中位列第 360，在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中并列第 212，在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中位列第 155，在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 151 至 200 区间，OpenAlex 统计其研究成果 113,222 项、累计被引 11,311,447 次。

History

• Indiana's state government in Corydon established the institution on 20 January 1820 as the State Seminary, construction began in 1822 at what is now Seminary Square Park, and classes started on 4 April 1825.印第安纳州政府于 1820 年 1 月 20 日在科里登创建该校，初名州立神学院；1822 年在今神学院广场公园一带破土动工，1825 年 4 月 4 日开始上课。

• The first professor was Baynard Rush Hall, a Presbyterian minister who taught all of the classes from 1825 to 1827 and was paid 250 dollars, and the first class graduated in 1830.首任教授是长老会牧师贝纳德·拉什·霍尔，他在 1825 年至 1827 年间教授全部课程，年俸 250 美元，首届学生于 1830 年毕业。

• From 1820 to 1889 the institution fought a legal and political battle with Vincennes University over which of the two was the legitimate state university.1820 年至 1889 年间，该校与温森斯大学就谁才是合法的州立大学展开了一场旷日持久的法律与政治之争。

• In 1829 Andrew Wylie became the first president and served until his death in 1851, in the same period that the school was renamed Indiana College in 1829 and Indiana University in 1838.安德鲁·怀利于 1829 年出任首任校长并任职至 1851 年去世，其间学校于 1829 年更名为印第安纳学院，又于 1838 年改称印第安纳大学。

• By 1851 the university had nearly a hundred students and seven professors, and it was still a small institution on the western frontier of the United States.到 1851 年，该校已有近百名学生与七位教授，仍是一所位于美国西部边疆的小型学府。

• Indiana University admitted its first woman student, Sarah Parke Morrison, in 1867, making it the fourth public university in the United States to admit women on equal terms with men, and Morrison became its first female professor in 1873.印第安纳大学于 1867 年录取首位女学生莎拉·帕克·莫里森，成为美国第四所平等录取男女学生的公立大学，莫里森本人则于 1873 年成为该校首位女教授。

• In 1883 the university awarded its first doctorate and played its first intercollegiate sport, baseball, but in the same year the original campus at Seminary Square burned to the ground and was rebuilt between 1884 and 1908.1883 年，该校授予首个博士学位并举行首场校际运动即棒球赛，但同年神学院广场的原校园被大火焚毁，学校于 1884 年至 1908 年间重建。

• David Starr Jordan, the first non-clergyman to become president, led the university from 1884 to 1891, improved its finances, doubled enrolment and introduced an elective system modelled on his alma mater Cornell University.大卫·斯塔尔·乔丹是首位非神职人员出身的校长，自 1884 年至 1891 年主持校务，改善了学校财政，使招生人数翻倍，并仿照其母校康奈尔大学建立选修制。

• Mathematician Joseph Swain was president from 1893 to 1902, built Kirkwood Hall in 1894, a gymnasium in 1896, Kirkwood Observatory in 1900 and began Science Hall in 1901, while enrolment rose from 524 to 1,285.数学家约瑟夫·斯温于 1893 年至 1902 年任校长，先后于 1894 年建柯克伍德楼、1896 年建体育馆、1900 年建柯克伍德天文台、1901 年动工兴建科学楼，其间学生人数由 524 人增至 1,285 人。

• In 1902 the university enrolled 1,203 undergraduates, all but 65 of them from Indiana, along with 82 graduate students, ten of whom came from other states.1902 年，该校招收 1,203 名本科生，其中除 65 人外均来自印第安纳州，另有 82 名研究生，其中十人来自外州。

• The university opened its first extension office in Indianapolis in 1916, and in 1920 and 1921 it opened the School of Music and the School of Commerce and Finance, the forerunner of the Kelley School of Business.该校于 1916 年在印第安纳波利斯设立首个校外教学点，1920 至 1921 年间又开办了音乐学院以及商业金融学院，后者即凯莱商学院的前身。

• During the 1940s the university opened extension campuses in Kokomo and Fort Wayne, and the Kinsey Institute for research into human sexuality was established in Bloomington in 1945.20 世纪 40 年代，该校在科科莫与韦恩堡开设了分校，而研究人类性行为的金赛研究所也于 1945 年在布卢明顿成立。

• During the Great Depression president Herman Wells worked with the Works Progress Administration and the state legislature to fund new buildings, and between 1937 and 1942 fifteen new buildings were erected on campus.大萧条期间，校长赫尔曼·威尔斯与公共事业振兴署及州议会合作筹措建设资金，1937 年至 1942 年间校园内建成了十五栋新建筑。

• In 1960 the student body elected Thomas Atkins, an African-American from Elkhart, as its president, and a group of white students protested the result by parading with Confederate flags.1960 年，学生团体选举来自埃尔克哈特的非裔美国人托马斯·阿特金斯为学生会主席，一群白人学生则挥舞邦联旗帜游行以示抗议。

• The university's enrolment grew from 5,403 in 1940 to 30,368 in 1970, driven first by returning soldiers studying under the GI Bill and then by the post-war baby boom.该校注册人数由 1940 年的 5,403 人增至 1970 年的 30,368 人，先是由依据退伍军人法案返校的士兵推动，继而受到战后婴儿潮的拉动。

• In 1991 Reva Williams became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a doctorate in theoretical astrophysics, a degree she took at Indiana University.1991 年，雷瓦·威廉姆斯成为美国首位取得理论天体物理学博士学位的非裔女性，该学位正是在印第安纳大学获得。

• Indiana University Press was founded in 1950 and publishes about a hundred new books and thirty-eight scholarly journals each year, with a backlist of some 2,000 titles.印第安纳大学出版社创办于 1950 年，每年出版约一百种新书与三十八种学术期刊，在售书目约 2,000 种。

• In 2025 the Indiana General Assembly required public universities to phase out programmes with very low enrolment, and Indiana University ended more than a hundred programmes, especially in foreign languages.2025 年，印第安纳州议会要求公立大学停办注册人数极低的项目，印第安纳大学因此终止了一百多个专业，其中尤以外语类居多。

Academics

• The Office of the Provost oversees the academic programmes, research and policies of sixteen schools on the Bloomington campus, which together offer more than 550 individual degree programmes and majors.教务长办公室管理布卢明顿校区十六个学院的学术项目、科研与政策，这些学院合计提供 550 多个学位项目与专业方向。

• The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest division, teaching more than fifty foreign languages, hosting the only degree-granting department of Central Eurasian studies in the United States and offering the country's first doctoral programme in gender studies.文理学院是校内规模最大的学部，开设五十多种外语课程，设有全美唯一授予学位的中亚研究系，并提供美国首个性别研究博士项目。

• In 2009 Elinor Ostrom, a professor of political science, became the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, an award she shared with Oliver Williamson.2009 年，政治学教授埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆成为首位获得诺贝尔经济学奖的女性，该奖由她与奥利弗·威廉姆森共同获得。

• The Kelley School of Business was founded in 1920 as the School of Commerce and Finance and enrols about 6,100 students in undergraduate, master's, doctoral and online programmes.凯莱商学院创办于 1920 年，前身为商业金融学院，现有约 6,100 名学生就读于本科、硕士、博士及在线项目。

• The Jacobs School of Music was founded at the beginning of the twentieth century by Charles Campbell, has more than 1,600 students and occupies five buildings with more than 170 practice rooms.雅各布斯音乐学院由查尔斯·坎贝尔于 20 世纪初创办，现有 1,600 余名学生，占用五座建筑并配备 170 多间琴房。

• The Maurer School of Law was founded in 1842, was renamed on 4 December 2008, and in 2000 then Chief Justice William Rehnquist presided over a mock trial in its moot courtroom.毛雷尔法学院创办于 1842 年，2008 年 12 月 4 日更名，2000 年时任首席大法官威廉·伦奎斯特曾在其模拟法庭主持一场模拟审判。

• The Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering was established in 1999 as the first school of its kind in the United States, moved into the new Luddy Hall in 2018 and offers degrees in human-computer interaction.拉迪信息学、计算与工程学院于 1999 年创办，是美国同类学院中的首例，2018 年迁入新建的拉迪楼，并授予人机交互方向的学位。

• The O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs was founded in 1972, is the largest school of its kind in the United States, and serves as the headquarters of the journal Public Administration Review.奥尼尔公共与环境事务学院创办于 1972 年，是美国同类学院中规模最大者，也是《公共行政评论》期刊的编辑部所在地。

• The School of Public Health was founded in 1946 as the School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, was renamed in 2012 and accredited in 2015, and now has nearly 3,000 students and 24,000 alumni.公共卫生学院创办于 1946 年，前身为健康、体育与娱乐学院，2012 年更名并于 2015 年获得认证，现有近 3,000 名学生与 24,000 名校友。

• The School of Social Work was founded in 1911 as the Department of Social Service and is the oldest professional social work education programme in the United States that remains part of a university.社会工作学院创办于 1911 年，前身为社会服务系，是美国仍在大学内运作的历史最久的专业社会工作教育项目。

• The School of Education has been independent since 1923 and offers a bachelor of science in teacher education together with master's, specialist and doctoral degrees.教育学院自 1923 年起独立设置，提供师范教育理学学士，以及硕士、教育专科与博士层次的学位。

• The School of Optometry was founded in 1951 and became a degree-granting institution in 1975, admitting on average seventy to eighty students a year to its Doctor of Optometry programme.验光学院创办于 1951 年，1975 年成为可独立授予学位的机构，其验光博士学位项目每年平均录取七十至八十名学生。

• The Bloomington campus has 2,081 full-time faculty and 2,423 faculty in total, of whom about 1,019 hold tenure, and the student-to-faculty gender ratio is roughly balanced.布卢明顿校区有 2,081 名全职教师，教师总数为 2,423 人，其中约 1,019 人拥有终身教职，师生性别比例大致均衡。

• For the class entering in 2023 the university received 54,279 applications and accepted 43,624, or 80.37 per cent, with 9,550 students enrolling and a freshman retention rate of 90.3 per cent.对于 2023 年入学的一届，学校收到 54,279 份申请，录取 43,624 人，录取率约百分之八十点三七，最终入学 9,550 人，新生留校率为百分之九十点三。

• Among the entering class of 2023 the middle fifty per cent scored between 1180 and 1380 on the SAT and between 27 and 32 on the ACT, with an average high school grade point average of 3.78.在 2023 年入学的新生中，中间半数的 SAT 成绩介于 1180 至 1380 之间，ACT 成绩介于 27 至 32 之间，高中平均绩点为 3.78。

• The Bloomington library system supports more than twenty libraries and provides access to 9.9 million books, 800 databases, 60,000 electronic journal titles and 815,000 ebooks.布卢明顿图书馆系统下辖二十多个图书馆，提供 990 万册图书、800 个数据库、60,000 种电子期刊与 815,000 种电子书的阅览权限。

Campus

• The Bloomington campus covers 1,933 acres on a bed of Indiana limestone, and nine of its oldest buildings form the Old Crescent, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.布卢明顿校区占地 1,933 英亩，底座为印第安纳石灰岩，其最古老的九座建筑组成“老新月区”，该区于 1980 年被列入国家史迹名录。

• The Old Crescent buildings include the Collegiate Gothic Student Service Building of 1906 to 1908, the museum building of 1905, the Maxwell Building of 1890, Owen Hall and Wylie Hall of 1885 and Kirkwood Hall of 1895.老新月区建筑包括 1906 至 1908 年的学院哥特式学生服务楼、1905 年的博物馆楼、1890 年的麦克斯韦尔楼、1885 年的欧文楼与怀利楼，以及 1895 年的柯克伍德楼。

• The Sample Gates, the ceremonial entrance between Franklin Hall and Bryan Hall, were funded by Edson Sample in 1987 and were built from a 1961 design by the firm Eggers and Higgins.作为校园礼仪入口的桑普尔门位于富兰克林楼与布莱恩楼之间，由埃德森·桑普尔于 1987 年出资，依据埃格斯与希金斯事务所 1961 年的设计建成。

• The Indiana Memorial Union covers more than 500,000 square feet, was begun in 1931 and dedicated in 1932, and its Biddle Hotel wing of 1960 adds 189 guest rooms, while the building hosts more than 17,000 events a year.印第安纳纪念联盟楼占地超过 50 万平方英尺，1931 年动工、1932 年落成，1960 年增建的比德尔酒店侧翼含 189 间客房，该楼每年承办 17,000 多场活动。

• The Indiana University Auditorium seats 3,200 people, opened on 22 March 1941, and its Hall of Murals houses sixteen of the twenty-two panels of the Indiana Murals painted by Thomas Hart Benton.印第安纳大学大礼堂可容纳 3,200 人，于 1941 年 3 月 22 日启用，其壁画厅收藏了托马斯·哈特·本通所绘《印第安纳壁画》二十二幅中的十六幅。

• The Eskenazi Museum of Art was established in 1941 and has occupied a building designed by I.M. Pei and Partners since 1982, holding more than 40,000 objects by artists such as Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollock.埃斯凯纳齐美术馆创办于 1941 年，自 1982 年起使用由贝聿铭及合伙人事务所设计的建筑，收藏逾 40,000 件藏品，涵盖克洛德·莫奈、巴勃罗·毕加索与杰克逊·波洛克等名家作品。

• The Lilly Library was founded in 1960 around the collection of Josiah K. Lilly Jr. and holds about 400,000 rare books, 6.5 million manuscripts and the Gutenberg Bible, while it also keeps four Academy Awards given by alumni.莉莉图书馆于 1960 年以小乔赛亚·K·莉莉的藏品为基础建立，藏有约 400,000 册珍本、650 万份手稿与古腾堡圣经，并保存着校友捐赠的四座奥斯卡奖杯。

• The Herman B Wells Library holds more than 4.6 million volumes, was built between 1966 and 1969 and renamed in June 2005, and an urban legend that it is sinking is untrue because it rests on 94 feet of limestone bedrock.赫尔曼·B·威尔斯图书馆藏书逾 460 万册，1966 年至 1969 年建成并于 2005 年 6 月更名，有关它正在下沉的都市传说并不属实，因其地基坐落在 94 英尺厚的石灰岩基岩上。

• The stream that flows through the centre of campus, formerly named the Jordan River after a former president, was renamed the Campus River in 2020 because of that president's support for eugenics.贯穿校园中心的小溪原名乔丹河，取自一位前校长之名，因该校长支持优生学，2020 年被更名为校园河。

Reputation

• In the 2027 QS World University Rankings Indiana University Bloomington is placed 360th, and in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings it stands joint 212th.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校位列第 360；在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中并列第 212。

• In the 2026-2027 U.S. News Best Global Universities ranking it is placed 155th, and in the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities it falls in the 151-200 band.在 2026 至 2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，该校位列第 155；在 2026 年世界大学学术排名中处于 151 至 200 区间。

• In its 2026 edition U.S. News and World Report ranks the university 73rd among national universities, 34th among top public schools and eighth for undergraduate business programmes.在《美国新闻与世界报道》2026 年版排名中，该校在全美综合性大学中位列第 73，在顶尖公立院校中位列第 34，其本科商科项目排名第八。

• The university is one of the sixty-two members of the Association of American Universities and has long been described as a Public Ivy because of the quality of its undergraduate education.该校是美国大学协会六十二所成员之一，因其本科教育质量而长期被称作“公立常春藤”。

• Indiana University participates in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, to which it has belonged since 1 December 1899.印第安纳大学以十大联盟成员身份参加 NCAA 一级联赛，其十大联盟成员资格可追溯至 1899 年 12 月 1 日。

• Its sports teams, known as the Hoosiers, have won 24 NCAA national championships and 145 individual NCAA titles, including eight men's soccer titles and a record six straight men's swimming and diving titles.其运动队被称为“山地人”，共赢得 24 项 NCAA 全国冠军与 145 项个人全国冠军，其中包括八个男子足球冠军以及创纪录的连续六个男子游泳与跳水冠军。

• Indiana has the second-largest collegiate alumni network in the United States with more than 650,000 members, among them ten Nobel laureates, nineteen Rhodes Scholars and nineteen Marshall Scholars.印第安纳大学拥有全美第二大的高校校友网络，成员逾 650,000 人，其中含十位诺贝尔奖得主、十九位罗德学者与十九位马歇尔学者。

• According to OpenAlex the university has produced 113,222 research works attracting 11,311,447 citations, placing it among the leading public research universities in the Midwest.据 OpenAlex 统计，该校已产出 113,222 项研究成果，累计被引 11,311,447 次，位居美国中西部领先的公立研究型大学之列。

• In 2017 the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed IU Bloomington in the 101-150 band globally, and it has been rated highly for business administration, communication and library and information science.2017 年，世界大学学术排名将印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校列入全球 101 至 150 区间，该校在工商管理、传播学以及图书馆与信息科学领域也备受推崇。

Student life

• The Little 500 is a track cycling race staged every April at Bill Armstrong Stadium and watched by more than 25,000 fans, and the Women's Little 500 was first held in 1988.小五百是一场每年四月在比尔·阿姆斯特朗体育场举行的场地自行车赛，观众超过 25,000 人，女子小五百则于 1988 年首次举办。

• By 2019 the Little 500 had raised more than two million dollars in scholarship funds for students working their way through the university.到 2019 年，小五百已为学生募集到逾 200 万美元的奖助学金，用于资助勤工俭学的学生。

• The Indiana Daily Student is a free daily newspaper founded in 1867, produced by students and distributed across the campus and the city with a circulation of more than 15,000.《印第安纳学生日报》是一份创刊于 1867 年的免费日报，由学生制作，在校园与全城发行，发行量超过 15,000 份。

• WIUX is an entirely student-run radio station established in 1963 under the call letters WQAD, which received a low-power FM licence in 2005 and moved to FM in early 2006.WIUX 是一家完全由学生运营的广播电台，1963 年以 WQAD 呼号成立，2005 年取得低功率调频牌照，并于 2006 年初转为调频广播。

• The student television station IUSTV was founded in 2002 and broadcasts to more than 12,000 campus residents and over 40,000 Bloomington residents.学生电视台 IUSTV 创办于 2002 年，面向 12,000 多名校内住户与 40,000 多名布卢明顿居民播出。

• The university also operates WFIU public radio and the PBS affiliate WTIU television, whose viewing area covers more than twenty counties and about 175,000 households.该校还运营公共广播电台 WFIU 以及公共电视网附属台 WTIU，其收视范围覆盖二十多个县、约 175,000 户家庭。

• The Bloomington campus hosts more than 750 student organisations, and about seventeen per cent of undergraduates join the Greek system of fraternities and sororities.布卢明顿校区设有 750 多个学生组织，约百分之十七的本科生参加兄弟会与姐妹会构成的希腊式社团体系。

• Indiana's athletic teams are known as the Hoosiers, wear cream and crimson, and reintroduced the Bison mascot for the 2025 season, while the university has won 24 NCAA team championships.印第安纳大学的运动队被称为“山地人”，队色为奶油色与绯红色，并于 2025 赛季重新启用野牛吉祥物，学校至今已夺得 24 项 NCAA 团体冠军。

Notable people

• Early figures include Andrew Wylie, the first president, who served from 1829 until 1851, and David Starr Jordan, the first non-clergyman president, who led the university from 1884 to 1891 before becoming president of Stanford University.早期人物包括 1829 年至 1851 年任职的首任校长安德鲁·怀利，以及 1884 年至 1891 年主持校务、后转任斯坦福大学校长的首位非神职人员校长大卫·斯塔尔·乔丹。

• The first professor Baynard Rush Hall taught all subjects in the 1820s, and Sarah Parke Morrison, admitted in 1867, became the university's first woman student and later its first female professor.首任教授贝纳德·拉什·霍尔于 19 世纪 20 年代教授全部科目，1867 年被录取的莎拉·帕克·莫里森则成为该校首位女学生，后又在 1873 年成为首位女教授。

• Hermann Joseph Muller, who won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on radiation genetics, taught at Indiana, and James Watson, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA, took his doctorate there.因放射遗传学研究而获得 1946 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的赫尔曼·约瑟夫·穆勒曾在印第安纳任教，因发现 DNA 结构而分享 1962 年诺贝尔奖的詹姆斯·沃森则在此取得博士学位。

• Salvador Luria, a co-winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize, and Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2009, were also members of the university.1969 年诺贝尔奖共同得主萨尔瓦多·卢里亚，以及 2009 年成为首位女性诺贝尔经济学奖得主的埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆，也都是该校成员。

• Alumnus Jimmy Wales co-founded Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, and Robert Gates, the twenty-second United States secretary of defense, studied at the university.校友吉米·威尔斯参与创办网络百科全书维基百科，曾任美国第二十二任国防部长的罗伯特·盖茨也曾在该校就读。

• Alumni in public life include Michael D. Higgins, president of Ireland, Mike Pence, vice president of the United States, Evan Bayh, a former senator and governor of Indiana, and Lee H. Hamilton, vice-chairman of the 9/11 Commission.公共事务领域的校友包括爱尔兰总统迈克尔·D·希金斯、美国副总统迈克·彭斯、曾任参议员及印第安纳州州长的埃文·贝赫，以及 9·11 委员会副主席李·汉密尔顿。

• Business leaders among its graduates include John Chambers, former chief executive of Cisco Systems, the investor Mark Cuban, Harold Poling of Ford and Frank Popoff of Dow Chemical.其毕业生中的商界领袖包括思科系统前首席执行官约翰·钱伯斯、投资人马克·丘班、福特公司的哈罗德·波林以及陶氏化学的弗兰克·波波夫。

• In the arts the university counts the novelist Suzanne Collins, author of The Hunger Games, the songwriter Hoagy Carmichael, the screenwriter Jeri Taylor and the actor Kevin Kline among its alumni.在艺术领域，该校校友包括《饥饿游戏》作者苏珊·柯林斯、歌曲作者霍吉·卡迈克尔、编剧杰里·泰勒以及演员凯文·克莱恩。

• Faculty members have included the cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter, the violinist Joshua Bell, the pianist André Watts and the sexologist Alfred Kinsey, whose research institute was established in 1945.曾任教师包括认知科学家道格拉斯·霍夫施塔特、小提琴家约夏·贝尔、钢琴家安德烈·瓦茨，以及性学研究者阿尔弗雷德·金赛，后者所属的研究所于 1945 年成立。

• Alumni connected with China and Taiwan include Yi Gang, a former governor of the People's Bank of China, and Wang Yu-chi, a former minister of the Mainland Affairs Council of Taiwan.与大陆及台湾相关的校友包括中国人民银行前行长易纲，以及台湾方面大陆委员会前主任委员王郁琦。