Freie Universität Berlin

Freie Universität Berlin, known as FU Berlin or simply FU, is a public research university in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin during the early Cold War.柏林自由大学（Freie Universität Berlin），简称 FU Berlin 或 FU，是位于德国柏林的一所公立研究型大学，冷战初期创办于西柏林。

It was established on 4 December 1948 by students and faculty as the Western continuation of the University of Berlin, which had come under communist control in the Soviet sector.学校于 1948 年 12 月 4 日由师生创办，作为柏林大学在西方的延续，而柏林大学当时已处在苏占区共产党的控制之下。

Its main campus lies in Berlin-Dahlem, it is designated a German University of Excellence, and in 2022 it had 38,539 students taught by 2,851 academic staff, placing 98th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学校主校区位于柏林达勒姆，是德国的「精英大学」之一，2022 年有学生 38539 人、学术教师 2851 人，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列第 98。

History

• In January 1946 the former Friedrich Wilhelm University, in the Soviet sector of Berlin, reopened as the University of Berlin under the Soviet Military Administration.1946 年 1 月，位于柏林苏占区的前腓特烈·威廉大学经苏联军政府许可，以柏林大学之名复校。

• The university came under growing communist influence and repression, and between 1945 and 1948 more than eighteen students were beaten, arrested or persecuted, some of them executed by the Soviet secret police.学校日益受到共产党影响与压制，1945 至 1948 年间有十八名以上学生遭到殴打、逮捕或迫害，部分人被苏联秘密警察处决。

• At the end of 1947 students demanded a university free from political influence, and the protests climaxed on 23 April 1948 when about 2,000 students demonstrated at the Hotel Esplanade after three students were expelled without trial.1947 年底学生要求办一所不受政治干预的大学，抗议在 1948 年 4 月 23 日达到高潮：三名学生未经审判被开除后，约两千名学生在伊丝普拉纳德饭店前示威。

• By the end of April 1948 the United States military governor Lucius D. Clay ordered a legal examination of forming a new university in the western sectors of Berlin.到 1948 年 4 月底，美国军事总督卢修斯·克莱下令研究在西柏林各区筹办一所新大学的可行性。

• On 19 June 1948 a preparatory committee of politicians, professors, administrators and students met and issued a manifesto appealing to the public to support a free university in Berlin.1948 年 6 月 19 日，由政界人士、教授、行政人员与学生组成的筹备委员会集会，发表宣言呼吁公众支持在西柏林建立一所自由大学。

• The Berlin City Deputies Assembly accepted the founding by-law on 4 November 1948, establishing the so-called Berlin model of university governance.1948 年 11 月 4 日，柏林市议会通过建校章程，确立了被称为「柏林模式」的大学治理结构。

• Under the Berlin model the university was a statutory corporation controlled by a supervisory board of six state representatives, three university representatives and students, giving students unusual influence for the time.按「柏林模式」，学校是受监事会管理的公法法人，监事会由六名州代表、三名校方代表与学生组成，学生的影响力在当时颇为罕见。

• The first lectures were held on 15 November 1948 in buildings of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and the foundation ceremony took place on 4 December 1948 in the Titania Palace, attended by politicians and representatives of Stanford and Yale.首批课程于 1948 年 11 月 15 日在凯撒·威廉学会的建筑中开讲，建校典礼则于 1948 年 12 月 4 日在泰坦尼亚宫举行，政界人士及斯坦福与耶鲁的代表到场。

• The historian Friedrich Meinecke was the first elected president of the university, and its seal was designed by the art historian Edwin Redslob, a former president.历史学家弗里德里希·迈内克当选学校首任校长，校徽则由艺术史学家、前校长埃德温·雷德斯洛布设计。

• By 1949 the university had registered 4,946 students, and until the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 many students came from the Soviet sector, often supported by senate grants.到 1949 年学校注册学生达 4946 人；在 1961 年柏林墙修建之前，许多学生来自苏占区，常由市议会奖学金资助。

• On 26 June 1963, the day he delivered the Ich bin ein Berliner speech, John F. Kennedy was made an honorary citizen by the university and spoke in front of the Henry Ford building.1963 年 6 月 26 日，即发表「我是柏林人」演讲当天，肯尼迪被学校授予荣誉市民称号，并在亨利·福特楼前发表演讲。

• Robert F. Kennedy first visited in 1962 and returned in June 1964 to receive an honorary degree from the Department of Philosophy.罗伯特·肯尼迪于 1962 年首次到访，并于 1964 年 6 月再度来访，接受哲学系授予的荣誉学位。

• In the late 1960s the university became a main scene of the West German student movement of 1968, after the killing of the student Benno Ohnesorg and the attempt on the life of Rudi Dutschke.二十世纪六十年代末，在学生本诺·奥内佐格被杀、鲁迪·杜契克遭枪击之后，学校成为西德 1968 年学生运动的主要舞台之一。

• During the 1970s and 1980s it became a mass university, first exceeding 50,000 registered students in 1983.二十世纪七八十年代学校成为「大众大学」，1983 年注册学生首次突破五万人。

• After German reunification it was the second-largest university in Germany, with more than 62,000 students in 1991-92, before the Berlin senate cut enrolment sharply.两德统一后，学校是德国规模第二大的大学，1991 至 1992 学年学生超过 62000 人，此后柏林市议会大幅削减招生。

• Since 2000 the university has revamped itself, grouping research capacity into interdisciplinary clusters and markedly raising its output of graduates, doctorates and publications.自 2000 年起学校进行自我改革，把科研力量整合为跨学科集群，毕业生、博士学位与论文产出都显著提升。

• In 2003 the medical institutions of the Free University and the Humboldt University merged into a joint department, the Charité university medicine.2003 年，柏林自由大学与洪堡大学的医疗机构合并为共同的学院，即夏里特大学医学院。

• In 2007 the university had the most approved applications in the German Universities Excellence Initiative and received 108 million euros for its projects between 2007 and 2012.2007 年学校在德国「大学卓越计划」中获批项目最多，并在 2007 至 2012 年间获得 1.08 亿欧元资助。

• It is one of only six German universities recognised in all three consecutive rounds of the Excellence Initiative, in 2006-07, 2012 and 2019, most recently as part of the Berlin University Alliance.学校是德国仅有的六所在 2006 至 2007、2012 与 2019 连续三轮卓越计划中均获认定的大学之一，最近一次是以柏林大学联盟成员身份。

• In 2007 the university also dedicated a monument to the founding students who were murdered during the protests, and it awards a Freedom Award to figures who have advanced the cause of freedom.2007 年学校还为在抗议中被杀害的建校学生立碑，并设立「自由奖」表彰为自由事业作出贡献的人物。

• Based on its founding tradition, the university's seal still bears the Latin words for truth, justice and liberty.出于建校传统，学校校徽至今仍刻有拉丁文的「真理、正义、自由」。

Academics

• The university is organised into 12 academic departments and three interdisciplinary central institutes, treating itself as a universitas litterarum.学校设有 12 个学系与三个跨学科中央研究所，自视为一所「百科全书式大学」。

• Its departments cover biology, chemistry and pharmacy, earth sciences, history and cultural studies, law, business and economics, mathematics and computer science, education and psychology, philosophy and humanities, physics, political and social science and veterinary medicine.其学系涵盖生物、化学与药学，地球科学，历史与文化研究，法学，商学与经济学，数学与计算机科学，教育与心理学，哲学与人文学，物理学，政治与社会科学，以及兽医学。

• It offers more than 190 degree programmes, and is known for many small subjects such as Egyptology, Byzantine studies, Jewish studies, Turkology, Sinology and meteorology.学校开设 190 多个学位项目，以埃及学、拜占庭研究、犹太研究、突厥学、汉学与气象学等众多「小专业」著称。

• Admissions are highly competitive, with about 33,000 applicants for some 4,300 places, and most undergraduate programmes are limited by a numerus clausus.学校录取竞争激烈，约 33000 名申请者竞争约 4300 个名额，多数本科项目设有录取分数限制。

• In 2022 it enrolled 38,539 students, of whom about 22,636 were undergraduates and 9,938 postgraduates, with 3,628 doctoral students and 2,851 academic staff.2022 年学校有学生 38539 人，其中本科生约 22636 人、研究生 9938 人，在读博士生 3628 人，学术教师 2851 人。

• The university charges no tuition fees, only a semester contribution that in 2013-14 came to 285.83 euros and included a public transport pass.学校不收学费，只收学期杂费，2013 至 2014 学年为 285.83 欧元，其中包含公共交通通票费用。

• It runs eight central service institutions, including the botanical garden, the language centre, the computing service and the academic library.学校设有八个中央服务机构，包括植物园、语言中心、计算服务处与学术图书馆。

• The Collegium Musicum, founded in the first semester of 1948-49, now has around 500 members in a choir, chamber choir, two orchestras and a big band.大学音乐社成立于 1948 至 1949 学年第一学期，现拥有约 500 名成员，含合唱团、室内合唱团、两支管弦乐团与一支大乐队。

• The university library is one of the major academic libraries in Germany, with a central library, subject libraries and the university archive.学校图书馆是德国主要学术图书馆之一，设有中央馆、分科图书馆与大学档案馆。

• Its Philological Library, designed by Lord Norman Foster and opened in 2005, is a brain-shaped landmark on the Dahlem campus.由诺曼·福斯特勋爵设计、2005 年启用的语言学图书馆，是达勒姆校区的「大脑形」地标。

• The John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, the Institute for East European Studies and the Institute for Latin American Studies are its interdisciplinary central institutes.肯尼迪北美研究所、东欧研究所与拉丁美洲研究所是其跨学科中央研究所。

• In terms of external funding from the German Research Foundation the university ranks third in Germany, behind RWTH Aachen and LMU Munich.按德国研究联合会的校外经费计算，学校位列德国第三，仅次于亚琛工业大学与慕尼黑大学。

• Between 2009 and 2013 it hosted 289 foreign guest researchers through Alexander von Humboldt Foundation fellowships, the most of any German university.2009 至 2013 年间，学校通过亚历山大·冯·洪堡基金会资助接待了 289 名外国客座研究人员，为德国高校之最。

• Its earth scientists have contributed to space missions including Mars Express and the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn.其地球科学家参与了火星快车与卡西尼-惠更斯土星探测等航天任务。

• Excluding the Charité medical school, it is the lead university for eight collaborative research centres of the German Research Foundation and has five DFG research units.不计与洪堡大学共管的夏里特医学院，学校牵头八个德国研究联合会合作研究中心，并拥有五个研究小组。

• The university library operates digital research infrastructures including the Refubium repository for scholarly publications, and services for open access, research data management and digital publishing.学校图书馆运营数字研究基础设施，包括学术出版仓储 Refubium，以及开放获取、研究数据管理与数字出版等服务。

• Between 1974 and 2012 the university hosted 102 Dahlem Conferences bringing together scholars and Nobel laureates, and since 2005 it has held the annual Einstein Lectures Dahlem.1974 至 2012 年间学校举办了 102 届达勒姆会议，汇聚学者与诺贝尔奖得主，2005 年起又每年举办「达勒姆爱因斯坦讲座」。

Campus

• The main campus lies in Dahlem, in the Steglitz-Zehlendorf district of south-west Berlin, with other sites in Lichterfelde West, Düppel, Steglitz and Lankwitz.主校区位于柏林西南施特格利茨-策伦多夫区的达勒姆，另有利希特费尔德西、迪佩尔、施特格利茨与兰克维茨等校区。

• The campus is known for modernist buildings by internationally renowned architects and covers about 180 hectares.校园以国际知名建筑师设计的现代主义建筑著称，占地约 180 公顷。

• Dahlem was established as a research centre around 1900 on the initiative of Friedrich Althoff, who proposed a German Oxford, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was founded there in 1911.达勒姆在 1900 年前后由弗里德里希·阿尔特霍夫推动建成科研中心，他提出打造「德国的牛津」，凯撒·威廉学会也于 1911 年在此成立。

• The Henry Ford Building, completed in 1954 with funding from the Ford Foundation, was the first independent structure on the new campus and houses the Auditorium Maximum.由福特基金会资助、1954 年落成的亨利·福特楼是新校园首座独立建筑，内设大讲堂。

• The largest complex is the Rost- und Silberlaube, interlinked bronze and white structures around leafy courtyards that house humanities and social sciences institutes and libraries.校园最大建筑群是「锈廊与银廊」，由围绕绿荫庭院的青铜色与白色相连建筑组成，容纳人文与社会科学各研究所及图书馆。

• The complex was expanded in 2015 with the Holzlaube, or Wooden Arbor, clad in cedarwood.该建筑群于 2015 年扩建「木廊」，以雪松木板作外立面。

• The Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, covering 43 hectares with about 22,000 plant species, has been part of the university since 1996.柏林植物园与植物博物馆占地 43 公顷、拥有约 22000 种植物，自 1996 年起隶属该校。

• The Geocampus in Lankwitz has housed the geographical and geological institutes since 1980, and the Düppel campus houses the veterinary medicine department.兰克维茨的地学校区自 1980 年起设地理与地质研究所，迪佩尔校区则设兽医学系。

• The Campus Benjamin Franklin was built between 1959 and 1969 with American support and became part of the Charité medical school in 2003.本杰明·富兰克林校区在 1959 至 1969 年间由美国资助建成，2003 年并入夏里特医学院。

• A student village of 27 buildings was built near Lake Schlachtensee in the 1960s, and the campus is served by the U3 and S1 lines.二十世纪六十年代，学校在施拉赫滕湖附近建成含 27 栋楼的学生村，校园由地铁 U3 线与城铁 S1 线服务。

• The university runs foreign branch offices in New York, Brussels, Moscow, Beijing, Cairo, Sao Paulo and New Delhi to expand its partnerships.学校在纽约、布鲁塞尔、莫斯科、北京、开罗、圣保罗与新德里设有海外办事处，以拓展合作网络。

Reputation

• Freie Universität Berlin ranks 98th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings, tied 113th in the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 63rd in the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities.柏林自由大学在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列第 98，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名并列第 113，2026 至 2027 年度美国新闻全球最佳大学排名第 63。^[1]

• Because of an unresolved dispute with the Humboldt University over counting pre-war Nobel laureates, neither university has appeared in the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities since 2004.由于与洪堡大学就二战前诺贝尔奖归属的争议未决，两校自 2004 年起都未出现在软科世界大学学术排名中。

• In the 2023 QS subject rankings it ranked first in Germany in English, modern languages, politics and sociology.在 2023 年 QS 学科排名中，其英语、现代语言、政治学与社会学均位列德国第一。

• In the 2023 QS rankings its politics programme stood 20th in the world, sociology 30th, modern languages 28th and English 43rd.在 2023 年 QS 排名中，其政治学位列世界第 20，社会学第 30，现代语言第 28，英语第 43。

• In the 2023 Times Higher Education subject rankings it ranked first in Germany in the social sciences, placed 36th in the world.在 2023 年泰晤士高等教育学科排名中，其社会科学位列德国第一、世界第 36。

• According to OpenAlex the university has produced 147,345 works cited 9,066,154 times.据 OpenAlex 统计，学校累计发表论著 147345 篇，被引用 9066154 次。

• Five Nobel laureates have taught at the university, and it has produced 18 winners of the Leibniz Prize up to 2020.有五位诺贝尔奖得主曾在该校任教，截至 2020 年学校还培养了 18 位莱布尼茨奖得主。

• According to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation the university is the most preferred destination in Germany for leading international scientists and young academics.据亚历山大·冯·洪堡基金会，学校是德国最受国际顶尖科学家与青年学者青睐的机构。

• It is a member of the German U15, Una Europa and UNICA networks and part of the Berlin University Alliance.学校是德国 U15、Una Europa 与 UNICA 等网络成员，也是柏林大学联盟的一员。

Student life

• The university motto is Veritas, Iustitia, Libertas, Latin for Truth, Justice and Liberty.学校校训为拉丁语「Veritas、Iustitia、Libertas」，意为「真理、正义、自由」。

• The colours are black and green, and the seal designed by Edwin Redslob still carries the founding ideals of freedom from political control.学校代表色为黑与绿，由埃德温·雷德斯洛布设计的校徽至今仍承载着免于政治控制的建校理想。

• The Collegium Musicum gives concerts at ceremonies and campus events, with about 500 student musicians.大学音乐社在典礼与校园活动中演出，拥有约 500 名学生音乐人。

• The university's students benefit from a semester ticket that allows free travel across Berlin's ABC zones.学生凭学期通票可在柏林 ABC 区内自由乘车。

• Dahlem is a centre of research and culture, home to institutes of the Max Planck Society, the Zuse Institute Berlin and federal research bodies.达勒姆是科研与文化中心，设有马克斯·普朗克学会的多个研究所、柏林楚泽研究所与联邦研究机构。

• The Ethnological Museum and the Museum of Asian Art of the Berlin State Museums are also located in Dahlem, enriching campus cultural life.柏林国家博物馆群的民族学博物馆与亚洲艺术博物馆也位于达勒姆，丰富了校园文化生活。

• Since 2011 the university has taken part in the national Germany Scholarship programme, funded by the federal government, universities and private companies.自 2011 年起，学校参与由联邦政府、高校与私营企业共同出资的「德国奖学金」项目。

• The university maintains partnerships with more than 400 institutions on five continents, much of it through the Erasmus programme, and runs a summer and winter university for international students.学校与五大洲逾 400 家机构建立伙伴关系，多数依托伊拉斯谟项目，并面向国际学生开设国际暑期与冬季大学。

• Every year about 600 visiting scientists contribute to the university's teaching and research, and it is a first choice for Erasmus, Fulbright and DAAD programmes.学校每年有约 600 名客座科学家参与教学与研究，也是伊拉斯谟、富布赖特与德国学术交流中心项目的首选院校之一。

Notable people

• Friedrich Meinecke, a historian, was the first elected president of the university in the late 1940s.历史学家弗里德里希·迈内克在二十世纪四十年代末出任学校首位当选校长。

• Edwin Redslob, an art historian and a former president, designed the university seal that still bears its founding ideals.艺术史学家、前校长埃德温·雷德斯洛布设计了至今仍承载建校理想的校徽。

• Ernst Ruska, an honorary professor, won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electron microscope.名誉教授恩斯特·鲁斯卡因电子显微镜研究获 1986 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

• Reinhard Selten, a professor at the university, shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on game theory.该校教授莱因哈德·泽尔滕因博弈论研究分享 1994 年诺贝尔经济学奖。

• Gerhard Ertl, an honorary professor, won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.名誉教授格哈德·埃特尔因固体表面化学过程研究获 2007 年诺贝尔化学奖。

• Herta Müller, a novelist and an alumna, won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature.小说家、校友赫塔·米勒获 2009 年诺贝尔文学奖。

• Roman Herzog, a graduate, served as President of Germany from 1994 to 1999, and Jutta Limbach, also a graduate, was president of the Federal Constitutional Court.毕业生罗曼·赫尔佐克于 1994 至 1999 年出任德国总统，同样毕业于此的尤塔·林巴赫曾任联邦宪法法院院长。

• Otto Schily, a graduate, served as German Federal Minister of the Interior, and Eberhard Diepgen and Klaus Wowereit were both governing mayors of Berlin.毕业生奥托·席利曾任德国联邦内政部长，埃伯哈德·迪普根与克劳斯·沃维莱特都曾出任柏林市长。

• Rudi Dutschke, the spokesman of the German student movement, studied here and became a symbol of the university's founding spirit.德国学生运动发言人鲁迪·杜契克曾在此求学，成为学校建校精神的象征。

• Other political alumni include Renate Künast, a former federal minister, Kevin Kühnert, a Social Democratic general secretary, and Franziska Giffey, a former mayor of Berlin.其他政界校友还包括前联邦部长蕾娜特·屈纳斯特、社民党总书记凯文·屈纳特与前柏林市长弗兰齐斯卡·吉菲。

• The university president has been Günter M. Ziegler since 2018, and the executive board also includes an executive vice president and three vice presidents.自 2018 年起学校校长为金特·齐格勒，执行委员会还包括一名执行副校长与三名副校长。