Freiberg University of Mining and Technology

Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, known in English as the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology and abbreviated TUBAF, is a public university of technology in the city of Freiberg in Saxony, Germany, founded in 1765 and the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.弗莱贝格工业大学（德语：Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg，简称 TUBAF；英语：Freiberg University of Mining and Technology）是德国萨克森州弗莱贝格市的一所公立理工大学，创办于 1765 年，是世界上历史最悠久的矿业与冶金大学。

It focuses on the exploration, extraction, processing and recycling of natural resources and scrap, on developing new materials and on renewable energy, and it had about 4,389 students in the 2024/25 winter semester.该校聚焦自然资源的勘探、开采、加工与回收利用，以及新材料开发与可再生能源研究；2024/25 冬季学期学生约 4,389 人。

In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology is placed 594th in the world, and it is recognised worldwide for its expertise in geoscience and materials science.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，弗莱贝格工业大学位列全球第 594 位，并以其地球科学与材料科学的专长享誉世界。

History

• The institution was established in 1765 during the Age of Enlightenment by Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz.1765 年启蒙运动时期，该校由萨克森的弗朗西斯·泽维尔亲王依据弗里德里希·威廉·冯·奥佩尔与弗里德里希·安东·冯·海尼茨的方案创办。
• It was originally named Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg, becoming the Königlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg by 1806.该校最初名为弗莱贝格选侯萨克森矿业学院，至 1806 年改称国王萨克森矿业学院。
• Its main purpose was to train highly skilled miners and scientists for mining and metallurgy, as Saxony sought to regenerate its economy after defeat in the Seven Years' War.其办学主旨是培养矿业与冶金领域的高技能矿工与科学家，以满足七年战争战败后萨克森重振经济的需要。
• Before the founding of the Bergakademie, four similar mining schools had been set up elsewhere, at Potosí in Bolivia in 1757, Kongsberg in Norway in 1757, Schemnitz in today's Slovakia in 1762 and Prague in 1762.在矿业学院创办之前，别处已设有四所类似矿业学校，分别位于 1757 年玻利维亚的波托西、1757 年挪威的孔斯贝格、1762 年今斯洛伐克的谢姆尼茨以及 1762 年的布拉格。
• Because those earlier schools no longer exist, Freiberg is the oldest still-operational university of mining and technology in the world, and after the École des Ponts et Chaussées of 1747 it is the second oldest institution of higher learning focused on STEM research.由于上述早期学校均已不存，弗莱贝格是世界上仍在运行的最古老矿业与工业大学；继 1747 年的桥梁与道路学校之后，它也是第二古老的以 STEM 研究为重心的高等学府。
• Alexander von Humboldt, the polymath naturalist, studied mining at the Bergakademie from 1791 to 1792.博学的自然科学家亚历山大·冯·洪堡于 1791 至 1792 年在矿业学院学习采矿。
• The poet Novalis, born Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, studied at the Bergakademie from 1797 to 1799.诗人诺瓦利斯（原名格奥尔格·菲利普·弗里德里希·冯·哈登贝格）于 1797 至 1799 年在该矿业学院学习。
• The chemical element indium was discovered at the university in 1863 by the physicist Ferdinand Reich and the chemist Hieronymus Theodor Richter.化学元素铟于 1863 年由物理学家费迪南德·赖希与化学家希罗尼穆斯·特奥多尔·里希特在该校发现。
• The element germanium was first isolated in 1886 by Clemens Alexander Winkler, a professor of chemistry at Freiberg.元素锗于 1886 年由该校化学教授克莱门斯·亚历山大·温克勒尔首次分离。
• In 1899 the Bergakademie was incorporated as a Technische Hochschule, broadening its engineering teaching.1899 年，矿业学院改制为工业高等学校，拓展了其工程教学。
• In 1905 the Bergakademie gained the right to grant doctorates in engineering, the Dr.-Ing., and in 1939 the right to award the Dr. rer. nat. in the natural sciences.1905 年，该校获得授予工程学博士学位（Dr.-Ing.）的权利，1939 年又获得授予自然科学博士学位（Dr. rer. nat.）的权利。
• In 1940 two new faculties, Natural Sciences and Mining and Metallurgy, were established, and in 1956 a further faculty of economics was added.1940 年新设自然科学以及采矿与冶金两个学院，1956 年又增设了经济学院。
• After the Second World War the education of engineers and scientists and the conduct of research were quickly re-established to help rebuild primary industry in the Soviet Occupation Zone and later the GDR.第二次世界大战后，该校迅速恢复工程师与科学家的培养及科研工作，以助力苏联占领区、后为东德的基础工业重建。
• The campus and faculty grew rapidly after 1945, new courses were introduced and the share of women among students increased under a centrally directed admissions system.1945 年之后，校园与师资迅速扩张，开设了新课程，在中央统一招生的体制下女学生比例也有所提高。
• Children of workers and farmers, who traditionally did not pursue tertiary education, were supported through a college preparation institute, the Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Fakultät Wilhelm Pieck.传统上不升学工农子弟则通过一所大学预科学院，即「威廉·皮克工农学院」，获得支持。
• In the aftermath of German reunification after 1990 the infrastructure and academic body were reorganised to fit the West German system, and the social sciences section was eliminated.1990 年德国统一之后，该校的基础设施与学术架构按西德体制重组，社会科学部门被撤销。
• As the first East German university, the Bergakademie joined the German Research Foundation, and it quickly found a position as the University of Resources.作为东德第一所加入德国研究联合会的大学，该校很快确立了「资源大学」的定位。
• One emerging research focus was semiconductors, which led companies such as Siltronic AG and Meyer Burger Technology AG to settle in and around Freiberg.半导体成为新兴研究重点，促使世创电子与 Meyer Burger 等企业在弗莱贝格及其周边落户。
• In March 1993 the Technische Hochschule Bergakademie Freiberg was renamed Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, underlining its increased status and significance.1993 年 3 月，弗莱贝格矿业工业高等学校更名为弗莱贝格工业大学，彰显其地位与重要性的提升。
• Freiberg University has been ranked among the best universities worldwide for mining engineering, and it describes itself as a modern research university focused on ecological and economic challenges.弗莱贝格工业大学在采矿工程领域位列世界最佳大学之列，并自称为一所聚焦生态与经济挑战的现代研究型大学。
• In 2025 the university marked 260 years of scientific history since its foundation in 1765, presenting itself as a centre for sustainable resource extraction, circular economy and renewable energies.2025 年，该校迎来自 1765 年创办以来的 260 年科学史，并将自身定位为可持续资源开采、循环经济与可再生能源的中心。

Academics

• TU Bergakademie Freiberg is led by a rectorate and makes legislative decisions through its senate and extended senate, and it has six faculties.弗莱贝格工业大学由校务委员会领导，通过评议会与扩大评议会作出立法决定，设有六个学院。
• The six faculties are Mathematics and Computer Science, Chemistry and Physics, Geosciences, Geoengineering and Mining, Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Materials Science and Technology, and Economics.这六个学院分别是数学与计算机科学、化学与物理、地球科学、地球工程与采矿、机械过程与能源工程、材料科学与技术，以及经济学。
• The university offers 68 Bachelor's, Master's and Diploma degree programmes, of which 14 Master's programmes were taught entirely in English in the winter semester 2025/26.该校开设 68 个学士、硕士与文凭学位项目，其中 14 个硕士项目在 2025/26 冬季学期完全以英语授课。
• Admission is performance-based and, as usual at German public universities, consecutive studies carry no tuition fees, with a registration fee of 107 euros per semester, of which 10 euros go to the student body.该校招生以成绩为依据，且与德国公立大学惯例一致，连续攻读的学位不收取学费，每学期仅缴 107 欧元注册费，其中 10 欧元拨归学生会。
• In the 2024/25 winter semester 4,389 students were enrolled, 83 per cent of them in STEM programmes and 33 per cent of them women.2024/25 冬季学期共有学生 4,389 人，其中 83% 就读 STEM 类项目，女性占 33%。
• Fifty-two per cent of the students came from abroad, and about 30 per cent of the doctoral degrees awarded by the university go to foreign students.该校 52% 的学生来自海外，且其所授博士学位约 30% 授予外国学生。
• Students are distributed across engineering, which accounts for 47.8 per cent, mathematics and natural sciences at 26.5 per cent, and economics at 25.8 per cent.学生分布于各学科组：工程占 47.8%，数学与自然科学占 26.5%，经济学占 25.8%。
• The university had 2,126 employees on 1 June 2025, including 90 professors, 6 junior professors, 1,038 budget employees and 762 externally funded employees.截至 2025 年 6 月 1 日，该校有员工 2,126 人，其中包括 90 位教授、6 位青年教授、1,038 名财政编制员工与 762 名外部经费资助员工。
• Its structure includes 6 faculties, 13 central institutions, 42 institutes, 11 departments and 7 Centres of Excellence.其架构包括 6 个学院、13 个中央机构、42 个研究所、11 个系与 7 个卓越中心。
• Total third-party funding reached 63.9 million euros in 2024, and the university completed 66 doctorates in 2023/24.2024 年，该校第三方经费总额达 6,390 万欧元，2023/24 年度共完成 66 个博士学位。
• In 2024 the university filed 19 invention reports, and in 2023 it submitted 32 patent applications.2024 年该校提交了 19 项发明报告，2023 年则提交了 32 项专利申请。
• Transfer activities generated 33 start-up projects and 6 spin-offs, supported by the university's entrepreneurship and technology-transfer services.其技术转移活动催生了 33 个创业项目与 6 家衍生企业，由学校的创业与技术转移服务提供支持。
• Research concentrates on alternative methods of resource extraction, energy systems, compound materials and recycling, and interdisciplinary work is emphasised across the faculties.其研究集中于资源开采的替代方法、能源系统、复合材料与回收利用，并在各学院之间强调跨学科协作。
• As a member of the EURECA-PRO European University alliance, the university collaborates on responsible consumption and production with partner institutions across Europe.作为 EURECA-PRO 欧洲大学联盟的成员，该校与欧洲各地伙伴机构在负责任消费与生产方面开展合作。
• Research is supported by the German Research Foundation and other funders, and the university is home to one of the largest German university foundations, giving it a relatively large private endowment.其研究获德国研究联合会及其他资助方支持；该校还设有德国规模最大的大学基金会之一，因而拥有相对庞大的私人捐赠基金。
• Together with its specialisation, the university operates a still-operational teaching mine for underground exploration research, unique in Europe, and trains scientific divers.结合其专业特色，该校运营着一座欧洲独一无二的、仍在运行的用于地下勘探研究的教学矿井，并培养科学潜水员。
• According to a 2022 study, TUBAF ranks in the top 10 of German universities based on third-party funding per professor, and patents and inventions by its researchers are recognised each year.据 2022 年的一项研究，弗莱贝格工业大学按每位教授的第三方经费排名德国前十，其研究人员的专利与发明每年均获认可。
• The university's international programmes include double degree agreements with universities in China, France, Ghana, Italy, Poland, Russia, Thailand, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Ukraine.该校的国际项目包括与中国、法国、加纳、意大利、波兰、俄罗斯、泰国、捷克、匈牙利与乌克兰高校的双学位协议。
• Its exchange and research partnerships include Harbin Institute of Technology, Xiamen University, Central South University, China University of Geosciences and Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, together with Colorado School of Mines in the United States.其交流与研究伙伴包括中国的哈尔滨工业大学、厦门大学、中南大学、中国地质大学与西北工业大学，以及美国的科罗拉多矿业学院。
• The north campus also hosts the Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, which works with the university on the resource-efficient use of minerals and metallurgical materials.北部校园还设有亥姆霍兹弗莱贝格资源技术研究所，该所与该校在矿产与冶金材料的高效利用方面开展合作。

Campus

• Unlike many historic German universities, TUBAF has a campus with most of its buildings and facilities in close proximity within the small town of Freiberg.与许多德国历史悠久的大学不同，弗莱贝格工业大学拥有一处校园，其大部分建筑与设施紧密相邻，坐落于弗莱贝格小城之中。
• The oldest buildings lie in the historic medieval city centre, among them the Main Building, used for administration, the student office and Faculty 1.最古老的建筑位于历史上中世纪风格的市中心，其中包括用于行政、学生事务处与第一学院的主楼。
• Also in the centre are the Schlossplatzquartier, home to Faculty 6 and the international office, the Alte Mensa, once a dining hall and now an event location and student-run bar, and the Werner-Bau of Faculty 3.市中心还包括城堡广场街区（第六学院与国际处所在）、老食堂（原为餐厅，现为活动场地与学生自主经营的酒吧）以及第三学院的维尔纳楼。
• The majority of the university's infrastructure lies in the north of the city, including the library named Gregorius Agricola, the dining hall Neue Mensa with its cafeteria and student-run bar, buildings of Faculties 1 to 5 and student housing.该校大部分基础设施位于城市北部，包括名为「格列高利·阿格里科拉」的图书馆、设有食堂与学生自主经营酒吧的新食堂「Neue Mensa」、第一至第五学院的建筑以及学生宿舍。
• The two main parts of the campus are connected by a corridor of recent buildings and greenery, linking the historic centre to the northern site.校园的两个主要部分由一条由较新建筑与绿地构成的「走廊」相连，把历史城区与北部校园连接起来。
• A part of the university is located above and around the Lehr- und Forschungsbergwerk Reiche Zeche, a historic mine operated today as a teaching and research facility.该校的一部分设施位于「赖歇蔡歇教学与研究矿」之上及其周边，这座历史矿井如今作为教学与研究设施运营。
• Other infrastructure includes the university sports centre, the Lessing-Bau and a scientific diving centre, one of only two German institutions where scientific divers are trained.其他设施还包括大学体育中心、莱辛楼与科学潜水中心，后者是德国仅有的两所培养科学潜水员的机构之一。
• The university's history is presented in the Historicum through exhibits, paintings, photographs and documents, while the Forum for Mining History digitises and publishes historic essays on Saxony's mining and metallurgical industry.该校的历史在「历史馆」中通过展品、绘画、照片与文献呈现，而矿业史论坛则负责数字化并出版关于萨克森历史矿业与冶金的文献。
• The library Gregorius Agricola serves students and researchers, and the Neue Mensa includes a cafeteria and a student-run bar that sustain daily campus life.「格列高利·阿格里科拉」图书馆服务于师生，新食堂「Neue Mensa」设有食堂与学生自主经营的酒吧，支撑着日常校园生活。
• Freiberg lies about thirty kilometres from Dresden, the capital of Saxony, and the university's facilities are spread across a few sites in the small student city, making study and daily life convenient.弗莱贝格距萨克森州首府德累斯顿约三十公里，该校设施分布在这座小型大学城的几处地点，使学习与生活都相当便利。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology is placed 594th in the world, the position cited in its current institutional profile.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，弗莱贝格工业大学位列全球第 594 位，这是其当前机构简介所采用的位次。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 do not place Freiberg in their main table, so the university does not appear in that ranking's world list.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名未把弗莱贝格列入主榜，该校因此未出现在该榜单的世界名单中。
• In the U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026-2027 the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology is ranked 1,761st in the world.在 2026 至 2027 年版美国新闻最佳全球大学排名中，弗莱贝格工业大学位列世界第 1,761 位。^[1]
• The 2026 Shanghai Ranking, also known as ARWU, does not list the university in its main table, so Freiberg does not appear in that ranking's world list.2026 年软科世界大学学术排名（ARWU）未把该校列入主榜，弗莱贝格因此未出现在该榜单的世界名单中。
• The 2021 QS World University Rankings by Subject rated TU Bergakademie Freiberg 17th in the world for Mineral and Mining, and 3rd in Europe.2021 年 QS 世界大学学科排名把弗莱贝格工业大学列为矿物与采矿领域世界第 17、欧洲第 3。
• The Center for World University Rankings ranked TU Freiberg 64th among German universities on research performance.世界大学排名中心（CWUR）按科研表现把弗莱贝格工业大学列为德国高校第 64 位。
• According to a 2022 study the university ranks in the top 10 of German universities on third-party funding per professor, reflecting its research intensity.据 2022 年的一项研究，该校按每位教授的第三方经费排名德国前十，体现其研究强度。
• OpenAlex attributes 1,552 research works and 78,329 citations to the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, a focused output reflecting its specialised profile.OpenAlex 为弗莱贝格工业大学收录 1,552 篇研究成果、被引 78,329 次，这一集中产出反映其专业化的学科定位。
• The university co-operates with 276 partner institutions in 75 countries, and although it is public it maintains a relatively large private endowment and one of the largest German university foundations.该校与 75 个国家的 276 个伙伴机构合作；尽管是公立大学，它仍拥有相对庞大的私人捐赠基金，并设有德国规模最大的大学基金会之一。

Student life

• The Freiberg University of Mining and Technology has no formal Latin motto, and its identity rests on its status as the world's oldest mining academy, founded in 1765.弗莱贝格工业大学没有正式的拉丁文校训，其身份认同依托于它作为 1765 年创办的世界最古老矿业学院的地位。
• With 52 per cent of students coming from abroad and students from India, Iran, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Morocco, Ghana, Mongolia, Mozambique and Ukraine, campus life is strongly international.该校 52% 的学生来自海外，学生来源包括印度、伊朗、巴基斯坦、中国、孟加拉国、摩洛哥、加纳、蒙古、莫桑比克与乌克兰，校园生活高度国际化。
• The university awarded 75 German scholarships in 2024, and its international office supports exchange and scholarship opportunities for students studying abroad.该校在 2024 年颁发 75 项德国奖学金，其国际处为学生海外学习提供交流与奖学金机会。
• Student life is concentrated around the Neue Mensa and the Alte Mensa, where the student body runs a bar that serves as a social hub for the small student city.学生生活围绕新食堂与老食堂展开，学生会在此经营一间酒吧，成为这座小型大学城的社交中心。
• The teaching mine Reiche Zeche gives students hands-on underground experience, and the scientific diving centre trains divers for underwater research.赖歇蔡歇教学矿井让学生获得地下作业的实地体验，科学潜水中心则培养从事水下研究的潜水员。
• Field study, laboratory work and interdisciplinary projects form a core part of student life, reflecting the university's focus on resources, materials, energy and the environment.野外考察、实验室工作与跨学科项目构成学生生活的核心部分，体现该校在资源、材料、能源与环境方面的重心。
• Student housing is provided on the northern part of the campus, close to the library, the Neue Mensa and the buildings of Faculties 1 to 5.学生宿舍设于校园北部，紧邻图书馆、新食堂以及第一至第五学院的建筑。
• The university's campus is compact and walkable, so that most lectures, laboratories, the library, dining halls and dormitories lie within a short distance in the town of Freiberg.该校校园紧凑、易于步行，讲堂、实验室、图书馆、食堂与宿舍大多位于弗莱贝格城中很近的距离之内。
• Events organised around the Historicum and the Forum for Mining History connect students to the academy's traditions of mining and metallurgy, dating back to 1765.围绕历史馆与矿业史论坛举办的活动，把学生与这所学院可追溯至 1765 年的矿业与冶金传统联系起来。

Notable people

• Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony founded the Bergakademie in 1765 based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz.萨克森的弗朗西斯·泽维尔亲王于 1765 年依据弗里德里希·威廉·冯·奥佩尔与弗里德里希·安东·冯·海尼茨的方案创办了这所矿业学院。
• Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817), an influential lecturer and scientist, systematised minerals and rock formations at Freiberg and shaped the science of geology.阿布拉罕·戈特洛布·维尔纳（Abraham Gottlob Werner，1749 至 1817 年）是颇有影响的讲师与科学家，他在弗莱贝格系统整理了矿物与岩层，塑造了地质学。
• Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), the renowned naturalist, historian and humanitarian, studied mining at the Bergakademie from 1791 to 1792.著名的自然科学家、历史学家与人道主义者亚历山大·冯·洪堡（1769 至 1859 年）于 1791 至 1792 年在该矿业学院学习采矿。
• Novalis (1772–1801), born Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, studied at the Bergakademie from 1797 to 1799 and became a leading Romantic poet.诺瓦利斯（1772 至 1801 年，原名格奥尔格·菲利普·弗里德里希·冯·哈登贝格）于 1797 至 1799 年在该校学习，后成为浪漫主义代表诗人。
• Wilhelm August Lampadius (1772–1842), professor of chemistry and metallurgy, installed the first gas light on the European continent and advanced the technology to industrial scale.化学与冶金学教授威廉·奥古斯特·兰帕迪乌斯（1772 至 1842 年）点亮了欧洲大陆第一盏煤气灯，并把该技术推进到工业规模。
• Ferdinand Reich (1799–1882), a physicist, and Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1824–1898), a chemist, discovered the chemical element indium at Freiberg in 1863.物理学家费迪南德·赖希（1799 至 1882 年）与化学家希罗尼穆斯·特奥多尔·里希特（1824 至 1898 年）于 1863 年在弗莱贝格发现了化学元素铟。
• Clemens Alexander Winkler (1838–1904), a professor of chemistry, isolated the element germanium for the first time in 1886.化学教授克莱门斯·亚历山大·温克勒尔（1838 至 1904 年）于 1886 年首次分离出元素锗。
• Mary Hegeler Carus (1861–1936) was the first woman to legally enrol at the university, in 1885.玛丽·赫格勒·卡鲁斯（1861 至 1936 年）于 1885 年成为该校首位合法入学的女性。
• Luo Gan, born in 1935 and a former Member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, is an alumnus of the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology.1935 年出生、曾任中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员的罗干是弗莱贝格工业大学的校友。
• Hans Jürgen Rösler (1920–2009), a professor of mineralogy, authored core teaching texts including Geochemische Tabellen and a Lehrbuch der Mineralogie.矿物学教授汉斯·于尔根·勒斯勒尔（1920 至 2009 年）撰写了《地球化学表》与《矿物学教程》等核心教材。
• Hans Albrecht (1919–2008), a functionary of the Socialist Unity Party who was convicted of manslaughter in the Berlin Wall shooting trials, studied at the institution.东德统一社会党干部汉斯·阿尔布雷希特（1919 至 2008 年）在柏林墙枪击案审判中被判过失杀人罪，他也曾在该校学习。
• Edward Renouf (1846–1934), a professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, is counted among the university's alumni.约翰斯·霍普金斯大学化学教授爱德华·雷诺夫（Edward Renouf，1846 至 1934 年）位列该校校友之中。