Durham University

Durham University, legally the University of Durham, is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837.杜伦大学（法定校名为杜伦大学）是英格兰杜伦的一所书院制公立研究型大学，由 1832 年议会法案创办，并于 1837 年经皇家宪章核准成立。

It was the first recognised university to open in England in more than six hundred years after Oxford and Cambridge, making it the third-oldest university in England, and it is organised into seventeen constituent colleges.它是牛津与剑桥之后英格兰逾六百年间首所被承认的大学，因此被称为英格兰第三古老的大学，并由十七所组成学院构成。

The university belongs to the Russell Group and co-owns the Durham Castle and Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site together with Durham Cathedral, holding an estate of more than 250 hectares within the city.该校是罗素大学集团成员，并与杜伦大教堂共管杜伦城堡与大教堂这一联合国教科文组织世界遗产，在市内拥有逾 250 公顷的校产。

History

• Between about 1286 and 1291 the Benedictine monks of Durham established a hall at the University of Oxford, which in 1381 received an endowment from Bishop Thomas Hatfield and became Durham College before being surrendered to the Crown in 1545.约在 1286 至 1291 年间，杜伦的本笃会修士在牛津大学设立了一处学舍，1381 年它获得杜伦主教托马斯·哈特菲尔德的捐赠而成为杜伦学院，1545 年归并于王室。
• Attempts to found a university in Durham under King Henry VIII and then Oliver Cromwell, who nominated a proctor and fellows in 1657, were abandoned at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660.亨利八世与克伦威尔曾试图在杜伦创办大学，克伦威尔于 1657 年提名了学监与研究员，但这些计划在 1660 年王朝复辟时被放弃。
• The Durham University Act 1832 received royal assent from King William IV on 4 July 1832, an act promoted by Archdeacon Charles Thorp with the support of Bishop William van Mildert.1832 年杜伦大学法案于 7 月 4 日获得威廉四世的御准，该法案由法政牧师查尔斯·索普在主教威廉·范·米尔德特的支持下推动。
• The university opened on 28 October 1833, with initial accommodation provided in the Archdeacon's Inn, later known as Cosin's Hall.该校于 1833 年 10 月 28 日开学，最初的校舍设在法政牧师公馆，后称科辛堂。
• In 1834 the bishops of the Church of England agreed to accept holders of Durham degrees for ordination, and in 1836 the university finalised its degree regulations.1834 年英格兰教会的主教们同意接受杜伦学位持有者担任圣职，1836 年该校最终确定了学位条例。
• On 1 June 1837 the university was incorporated by royal charter as the Warden, Masters and Scholars of the University of Durham, and its first students graduated a week later, with Durham Castle granted for use that same year.1837 年 6 月 1 日，该校经皇家宪章核准为「杜伦大学学监、导师与学者」，首批学生于一周后毕业，同年获准使用杜伦城堡。
• In 1846 Bishop Hatfield's Hall, later Hatfield College, was founded to provide affordable catered lodgings, an idea later spread to other universities such as Keble College Oxford in 1870.1846 年创办了哈特菲尔德堂（后称哈特菲尔德学院），为学生提供能负担的包餐宿舍，这一理念后来传播到其他大学，如 1870 年的牛津凯布尔学院。
• The university expanded into Newcastle in 1852 when the medical school established in 1834 became a college, joined in 1871 by the College of Physical Sciences, renamed Armstrong College in 1904.1852 年该校向纽卡斯尔扩展，1834 年创立的医学院成为其学院，1871 年物理科学学院加入，后者于 1904 年更名为阿姆斯特朗学院。
• Durham became the first English university to affiliate overseas colleges, linking with Codrington College in Barbados in 1875 and Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone in 1876, both awarding Durham degrees.杜伦成为首所与海外学院建立联系的英格兰大学，先后于 1875 年与巴巴多斯的科德林顿学院、1876 年与塞拉利昂的福拉湾学院结盟，两校均授予杜伦学位。
• St Cuthbert's Society was founded in 1888 for non-collegiate mature students, and a supplemental charter of 1895 allowed women to receive Durham degrees, leading to the Women's Hostel in 1899, later St Mary's College.圣卡斯伯特学会于 1888 年为非寄宿的成年男生创立，1895 年的补充宪章允许女性获得杜伦学位，由此在 1899 年设立了女生宿舍，即后来的圣玛丽学院。
• Two independent Anglican foundations joined the university, St Chad's College in 1904 and St John's College in 1909, strengthening its collegiate character.两所独立的圣公会学院加入了该校，分别是 1904 年的圣查德学院与 1909 年的圣约翰学院，强化了其书院制特色。
• A Royal Commission of 1937 merged the two Newcastle colleges into King's College, and the vice-chancellorship alternated between the warden of the Durham division and the rector of Newcastle.1937 年的皇家委员会将纽卡斯尔的两所学院合并为国王学院，副校长职务由杜伦分部学监与纽卡斯尔分部长官轮流担任。
• Grey College was founded in 1959, named after the second Earl Grey who was prime minister when the university was founded, and in 1963 the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act separated Newcastle into its own university.格雷学院于 1959 年创立，以该校创办时身为首相的第二代格雷伯爵命名；1963 年《杜伦与纽卡斯尔泰恩河畔大学法案》使纽卡斯尔分立为独立大学。
• The Graduate Society was founded in 1965 and renamed Ustinov College in 2003, while Trevelyan College opened in 1966 and Collingwood College in 1972 expanded the hill colleges.研究生学会于 1965 年创立，2003 年更名为乌斯季诺夫学院，而特雷韦利安学院于 1966 年、科林伍德学院于 1972 年相继建立，扩充了山丘上的学院群。
• In 1992 the University College Stockton opened as a joint venture, becoming the Stockton Campus in 1998, and in 2001 John Snow and George Stephenson colleges were established there.1992 年作为合作项目设立的斯托克顿大学学院于 1998 年成为斯托克顿校区，2001 年约翰·斯诺学院与乔治·斯蒂芬森学院在此建立。
• In 2002 the Queen granted the title Queen's Campus to the Stockton site during her golden jubilee, and by 2005 it accounted for about 18 percent of the total student population.2002 年女王在其金禧年授予斯托克顿校区「女王校区」之名，到 2005 年该校区约占全校学生总数的百分之十八。
• In 2005 the university introduced the trading name Durham University although the legal name remained the University of Durham, and St Mary's College admitted its first mixed undergraduate intake that year.2005 年该校启用了「杜伦大学」这一商号，尽管法定名称仍为杜伦大学，同年圣玛丽学院首次招收男女同校的本科生。
• Josephine Butler College opened in October 2006 as the first purpose-built self-catering college in Durham itself, and in 2010 the university joined the Matariki Network of Universities.约瑟芬·巴特勒学院于 2006 年 10 月开学，是杜伦市内首所专门建造的自炊式学院，2010 年该校加入了马塔里克大学联盟。
• In 2012 Durham joined the Russell Group of research-intensive universities, and in 2016 it announced the relocation of activities from Queen's Campus back to Durham City.2012 年杜伦加入由研究密集型大学组成的罗素集团，2016 年宣布将女王校区的活动迁回杜伦市。
• The Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics, designed by Daniel Libeskind, opened in March 2017, and two new colleges at Mount Oswald built for 105 million pounds opened in 2020.由丹尼尔·里伯斯金设计的奥格登基础物理中心于 2017 年 3 月启用，而耗资 1.05 亿英镑在奥斯瓦德山新建的两所学院于 2020 年开放。

Academics

• The university divides its teaching departments into four faculties, namely science, arts and humanities, social sciences and business, each headed by an executive dean.该校将教学系所划分为四个学部，即科学、艺术与人文、社会科学以及商学，各由一位执行院长领导。
• Durham's collegiate system comprises seventeen colleges that provide pastoral care and social life, while academic departments handle teaching and research under the central university.杜伦的书院制由十七所学院组成，负责学生的保育与社交生活，而学术系所则在大学层面承担教学与研究。
• In the 2024/25 academic year the student body consisted of 16,560 undergraduates and 4,590 postgraduate students, a total of roughly 21,150 people.在 2024 至 2025 学年，该校学生由 16,560 名本科生与 4,590 名研究生构成，总数约 21,150 人。
• For the financial year ending 31 July 2024 the university reported total income of 513.4 million pounds and expenditure of 393 million pounds.在截至 2024 年 7 月 31 日的财年，该校报告总收入 5.134 亿英镑、总支出 3.93 亿英镑。
• At year end the university held endowments of 106.6 million pounds, the fourteenth-largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom.年末该校持有 1.066 亿英镑的捐赠基金，为全英大学中第十四大规模的捐赠。
• Research is organised through institutes such as the Institute for Computational Cosmology, the Durham Energy Institute, the Biophysical Sciences Institute and the Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology.科研由多个研究所组织，包括计算宇宙学研究所、杜伦能源研究所、生物物理科学研究所与粒子物理现象学研究所。
• In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, 45 percent of Durham's research was graded world class at the 4-star level, up from 33 percent in the 2014 assessment.在 2021 年卓越研究框架中，杜伦百分之四十五的科研被评为四星级的「世界顶尖」水平，高于 2014 年的百分之三十三。
• Beyond the Russell Group the university belongs to the Coimbra Group, the Matariki Network, the N8 Research Partnership and the Arqus European University Alliance.除罗素集团外，该校还隶属科英布拉集团、马塔里克联盟、N8 研究伙伴以及阿尔库斯欧洲大学联盟。
• Durham University Library was founded in January 1833 at Palace Green and now holds more than 1.5 million printed items across four branches including the main Bill Bryson Library.杜伦大学图书馆于 1833 年 1 月在宫殿绿地创立，如今在四个分馆中收藏逾 150 万件印刷品，其中包括主馆比尔·布莱森图书馆。
• In 2012 the university, with the British Library and Durham Cathedral, bought the St Cuthbert Gospel, Europe's oldest intact book, for 9 million pounds for the nation.2012 年该校与英国图书馆及杜伦大教堂共同以 900 万英镑为国家购得欧洲最古老完好无损的书籍《圣卡斯伯特福音书》。
• The Durham Oriental Museum holds more than 30,000 objects from across Asia, with more than a third of the collection relating to China and its Chinese collection designated of national importance in 2008.杜伦东方博物馆收藏逾 3 万件来自亚洲各地的文物，其中逾三分之一与中国相关，其中国收藏于 2008 年被认定为具有国家意义。
• The university is consistently a high-tariff institution, offering admission to 48 percent of undergraduate applicants in 2022 and drawing 31 percent of its students from outside the United Kingdom.该校始终是高门槛学府，2022 年仅向百分之四十八的本科申请者发放录取，并有百分之三十一的学生来自英国境外。
• More than three hundred student clubs and organisations operate under the Durham Students' Union, spanning sport, the arts, faith and academic societies.在杜伦学联之下运作的学生社团与组织超过三百个，涵盖体育、艺术、信仰与学术等领域。
• The Health at Durham programme draws together 44 institutes, centres and projects across the university to address non-clinical aspects of health and wellbeing.「杜伦健康」计划汇集了校内 44 个研究所、中心与项目，共同研究健康的非临床层面。
• Combined honours degrees include the natural sciences, liberal arts and social sciences programmes, and joint degrees span departments such as philosophy, government and economics.联合荣誉学位涵盖自然科学、文理学科与社会科学等方向，跨系联合学位则横跨哲学、政府与经济学等系所。

Campus

• The university owns a 257-hectare estate, of which 251 hectares lie in Durham and include part of the Durham Castle and Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site.该校拥有 257 公顷的校产，其中 251 公顷位于杜伦，并涵盖杜伦城堡与大教堂这一联合国教科文组织世界遗产的一部分。
• Durham Castle, begun in the eleventh century, and the adjacent Norman cathedral form the historic heart of the World Heritage Site managed with Durham Cathedral.始建于十一世纪的杜伦城堡与毗邻的诺曼式大教堂，构成与杜伦大教堂共同管理的世界遗产的历史核心。
• The Botanic Garden covers 10 hectares on its present site from 1970 and attracts more than 80,000 visitors each year with collections from around the world.植物园自 1970 年起坐落于现址，占地 10 公顷，每年吸引逾 8 万名游客参观世界各地的植物藏品。
• As of 2021 the estate contained more than 380 buildings with 424,600 square metres of floor area, including extensive residential blocks across the colleges.截至 2021 年，校产内共有逾 380 栋建筑，楼面面积达 42.46 万平方米，包括各学院大量住宿楼舍。
• The Durham City estate spreads across sites such as the historic Peninsula and Bailey, Elvet, the Mountjoy science area and Elvet Hill, where ten of the colleges stand.杜伦市内的校产分布于历史性的半岛与贝利区、埃尔韦特区、芒特乔伊科学区以及埃尔韦特山等地，其中十所学院坐落于埃尔韦特山。
• Queen's Campus lies in Stockton-on-Tees about 30 miles south of Durham City and until 2017 hosted two colleges and the Wolfson Research Institute.女王校区位于杜伦市以南约 30 英里的斯托克顿，直至 2017 年仍容纳两所学院与沃尔夫森研究所。
• Palace Green Library houses the university's special and heritage collections, while the Grade II listed Cosin's Library was founded in 1669 with medieval manuscripts.宫殿绿地图书馆收藏该校的特藏与遗产文献，而二级登录建筑的科辛图书馆始建于 1669 年，藏有中世纪手稿。
• The Maiden Castle sports centre and the Racecourse playing fields provide extensive facilities for Team Durham, including the main cricket ground and rowing waters.少女堡体育中心与赛马场运动场为杜伦运动队提供了完备的设施，包括主要板球场与划船水域。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Durham University is placed 85th in the world, maintaining a top-hundred position it has held since 2010.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，杜伦大学位列世界第 85 位，延续了其自 2010 年以来稳居百强的地位。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2027 place Durham in the 157th position on a tied basis among global universities.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将杜伦列于全球并列第 157 位。
• The Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2026 places Durham in the 201 to 300 band.2026 年世界大学学术排名将杜伦列入 201 至 300 区间。
• The U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026 to 2027 ranks Durham 270th in the world.在 2026 至 2027 年版《美国新闻与世界报道》最佳全球大学排名中，杜伦居世界第 270 位。
• The OpenAlex database attributes 109,717 works to Durham University with 6,997,358 citations, reflecting its substantial research output.OpenAlex 数据库为杜伦大学收录 109,717 篇成果，被引 6,997,358 次，体现了其可观的科研产出。
• In the QS World University Rankings 2026 Durham stood 94th globally, and in the QS European University Rankings 2025 it was 32nd in Europe.在 2026 年 QS 世界大学排名中杜伦居全球第 94 位，而在 2025 年 QS 欧洲大学排名中位列欧洲第 32 位。
• Domestically Durham is regularly in the top five, placed fifth in the Complete University Guide 2026 and third in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2026.在国内杜伦通常稳居前五，在 2026 年完全大学指南中列第五，在 2026 年泰晤士报与星期日泰晤士报优秀大学指南中列第三。
• The 2021 Research Excellence Framework rated 45 percent of its research world class, and its strategic plan targets a top-five national position and top-fifty global subjects.2021 年卓越研究框架将其百分之四十五的科研评为世界顶尖，其战略规划瞄准国内前五与学科全球前五十的目标。
• Durham has won the University Challenge quiz more than once, in 1977, 2000 and 2023, and was named Sunday Times University of the Year for both 2005 and 2026.杜伦曾不止一次赢得大学挑战赛，分别在 1977 年、2000 年与 2023 年，并获评 2005 年与 2026 年星期日泰晤士报年度大学。

Student life

• The university motto is the Latin phrase Fundamenta eius super montibus sanctis, meaning her foundations are upon the holy hills, taken from Psalm 87.该校校训为拉丁文「Fundamenta eius super montibus sanctis」，意为「她的根基立于圣山之上」，出自《诗篇》第 87 篇。
• Every student belongs to a college for their whole time at Durham, where formal dinners called formals are held and gowns are worn at just over half of the colleges.每名学生在杜伦期间都归属一所学院，学院会举办称为「formals」的正式晚餐，超过半数学院在此时穿着学袍。
• More than three hundred clubs exist, and the Durham Union Society founded in 1842 hosts weekly debates, while the History Society dates from 1926 as the oldest academic society.校内有逾三百个社团，1842 年创立的杜伦学联会举办每周辩论，而历史学会作为最古老的学术社团可追溯至 1926 年。
• Palatinate, the independent student newspaper, has been published continuously since 1948, and Purple Radio broadcasts live during term time alongside the PalTV station.独立学生报《帕拉廷》自 1948 年持续出版，紫色电台在学期内直播，与之并行的还有帕尔电视台。
• Sport is central to student life through Team Durham, which has stayed in the top three of the BUCS table since 2011/12 and was Sports University of the Year in 2015 and 2023.运动通过杜伦运动队成为学生生活的核心，该队自 2011 至 2012 学年起稳居英国大学体育联盟榜前三，并获评 2015 年与 2023 年年度体育大学。
• Durham University Boat Club won the BUCS Regatta for ten consecutive years from 2004 and races Newcastle in the Boat Race of the North, revived in 2015.杜伦大学划船俱乐部自 2004 年起连续十年赢得英国大学体育联盟赛冠军，并与纽卡斯尔大学进行「北方划船对抗赛」，该赛事于 2015 年恢复。
• The Durham Drama Festival has showcased new student-written work since 1975, and the Durham Revue sketch comedy group has performed with Cambridge Footlights and at the Edinburgh Fringe.杜伦戏剧节自 1975 年起展演学生创作的新剧本，杜伦讽刺喜剧团的演出曾与剑桥脚踏社同台，并登上爱丁堡边缘艺术节。
• Graduates use the Latin post-nominal Dunelm after their degree, and by 2024 the global Durham alumni community exceeded 230,000 members.毕业生在学位后使用拉丁文后缀 Dunelm，到 2024 年全球杜伦校友社群已超过 23 万人。

Notable people

• Archdeacon Charles Thorp promoted the Durham University Act of 1832 and Bishop William van Mildert endowed the university with land from the cathedral, together enabling its foundation.法政牧师查尔斯·索普推动了 1832 年杜伦大学法案，主教威廉·范·米尔德特以教堂土地捐助该校，二人共同促成了大学的创立。
• King William IV granted royal assent to the founding Act on 4 July 1832, making him the monarch under whom the university legally came into being.威廉四世于 1832 年 7 月 4 日批准了创办法案，使之成为该校依法诞生时的在位君主。
• Fiona Hill has been Chancellor of the university since June 2023, and Karen O'Brien became its first female Vice-Chancellor and Warden in January 2022.菲奥娜·希尔自 2023 年 6 月起任该校校监，而卡伦·奥布莱恩于 2022 年 1 月成为首任女性副校长兼学监。
• Two Archbishops of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey and Justin Welby, were associated with Durham as alumni or faculty, linking the university to the Anglican communion.两位坎特伯雷大主教迈克尔·拉姆齐与贾斯汀·韦尔比是杜伦的校友或教职员，使该校与圣公会联系紧密。
• Libby Lane, a Durham-trained priest, became the first woman bishop in the Church of England in 2015, a milestone for Anglican inclusion.在杜伦受训的莉比·莱恩于 2015 年成为英格兰教会首位女性主教，是圣公会包容历程中的里程碑。
• Mo Mowlam served as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland at the time of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, one of the university's most prominent political alumni.莫·莫兰在 1998 年耶稣受难日协议签署时出任北爱尔兰事务大臣，是该校最知名的政界校友之一。
• The cosmologist John D. Barrow won the Templeton Prize, George Rochester co-discovered the kaon, and Harold Jeffreys received the Royal Society's Copley Medal, all Durham graduates.宇宙学家约翰·巴罗荣获坦普尔顿奖，乔治·罗切斯特共同发现了 K 介子，哈罗德·杰弗里斯获得皇家学会科普利奖章，三人均为杜伦毕业生。
• In business Richard Adams founded the fair-trade pioneer Traidcraft and Tim Smit co-founded the Eden Project, both drawing on their Durham education.在商界，理查德·亚当斯创办了公平贸易先驱布里德克拉夫特，蒂姆·斯密特共同创立了伊甸园计划，二者都受惠于杜伦的教育。
• Media figures including Harold Evans, editor of The Sunday Times, and broadcasters George Alagiah, Gabby Logan and Jeremy Vine studied at Durham.包括《星期日泰晤士报》主编哈罗德·埃文斯以及播音员乔治·阿拉吉亚、加比·洛根与杰里米·瓦因在内的媒体人物都曾就读于杜伦。
• Sporting alumni include England rugby captains Will Carling and Phil de Glanville, cricket captains Nasser Hussain and Andrew Strauss, and Olympic gold medallists Jonathan Edwards and Sophie Hosking.体育校友包括英格兰橄榄球队长威尔·卡林与菲尔·德·格朗维尔、板球队长纳赛尔·侯赛因与安德鲁·斯特劳斯，以及奥运金牌得主乔纳森·爱德华兹与索菲·霍斯金。
• The Durham Oriental Museum's Chinese collection, designated of national importance in 2008, reflects long-standing scholarly engagement with Chinese art and antiquities at the university.杜伦东方博物馆于 2008 年被认定为具有国家意义的中国收藏，体现了该校对中国艺术与古物的长久学术关切。