Diagnosis

Diagnosis is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal about how a diagnosis is reached, how the skill is taught and why the process fails, published in Berlin by De Gruyter since 2014 as the organ of the Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine. Its 2025 Journal Impact Factor is 1.9, ranking it Q2 (123 of 336) in general and internal medicine under ESCI.《诊断》是一份关注诊断如何形成，诊断技能如何传授，诊断过程为何出错的同行评议季刊，2014 年由 De Gruyter 在柏林创办，现为（Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine）的官方期刊。2025 年影响因子为 1.9，在 ESCI 综合与内科医学类目列 Q2，排名 123/336。

Scope

• The aims page states the programme in a single line, saying that the journal concerns how diagnosis can be advanced, how it is taught, and how and why it can fail.宗旨页用一句话交代办刊纲领，刊物关心诊断如何被推进，如何被传授，以及诊断为何会失败，三问并列而无主次，选稿的落点由此确定。
• Diagnostic error and patient safety form the core beat, covering missed, delayed and wrong diagnoses, the harm that follows, and the disclosure of such events to patients and families.诊断错误与患者安全构成核心版面，漏诊，延误诊断，错误诊断与随后造成的伤害都在讨论之列，如何向患者及家属说明这类事件也被当作研究题目。
• Reasoning research is handled as empirical work, with papers on dual-process thinking, heuristics, premature closure, framing effects and the management of uncertainty at the bedside in primary and emergency care.推理研究按实证标准处理，双过程思维，启发式判断，过早闭合，框架效应与床旁的不确定性管理都是常见题目，问卷与模拟情境也见使用。
• Test performance and decision analysis receive steady coverage, through papers on sensitivity and specificity, likelihood ratios, testing thresholds, overuse of low-value tests and the follow-up of incidental findings.检验效能与决策分析获得持续关注，灵敏度，特异度，似然比，检查阈值，低价值检查的过度使用与偶然发现的后续处理都有专文，成本与收益的权衡常被纳入。
• Biomarkers and imaging are judged by what they add to a diagnosis, so validation studies, reference standards and reporting rules for accuracy studies appear beside clinical narrative.生物标志物与影像按其对诊断的增益来评判，验证研究，参考标准与准确性研究的报告规范同临床叙述并列，单项指标的独立价值少被单独抬高。
• Diagnostic pathways inside health systems draw attention, including access to specialists, referral routing, continuity between primary and hospital care, and the waiting that shapes how far a disease has advanced.卫生系统内部的诊断路径同样受关注，专科可及性，转诊走向，基层与医院之间的连续性，以及等待时间如何改变疾病分期，都在分析范围之内。
• Machine learning and decision support are examined on their own terms, with attention to dataset bias, external validation, human oversight and what happens once a tool meets a real case mix.机器学习与临床决策支持按自身逻辑接受检验，数据集偏倚，外部验证，人工监督与工具进入真实病例结构后的表现都在考察之列，算法报告格式也被讨论。
• Diagnostic education is a standing theme, covering curricula, simulation, deliberate feedback on trainee reasoning, the assessment of competence and the ways teachers make uncertainty discussable in class.诊断教育是常设主题，课程设计，模拟训练，针对受训者推理的反馈，能力评估与教师在课堂上把不确定性讲清楚的办法，都有专门讨论。
• Measurement work looks for indicators that can be tracked, spanning trigger tools, chart review, malpractice claims, patient reports and the few measures that survive tests of reliability.测量研究寻找可追踪的指标，触发工具，病历复核，医疗纠纷索赔记录，患者报告与少数经受住信度检验的量表，被逐一评估。
• Epidemiology of misdiagnosis supplies base rates, drawing on autopsy series, closed claims, audits of electronic records and surveys that ask patients what they were told and what followed.误诊流行病学提供基线数字，尸检系列，结案索赔与电子病历稽核是主要证据来源，另有面向患者的调查询问他们被告知了什么，之后又发生了什么。
• Team diagnosis is taken seriously, with handoffs, second-opinion routines, multidisciplinary review and the patient's own account treated as parts of one diagnostic system rather than as background.团队诊断被认真对待，交接班，二次意见，多学科复核与患者本人的叙述被视作同一诊断系统的组成部分，跨专业沟通的失败常被单独分析。
• Laboratory medicine has its own strand, from pre-analytical error and specimen handling to interpretive comments, critical value reporting and the laboratory's share of delay in acute care.检验医学自成一脉，从分析前误差与标本处理，到结果解释，危急值通报，以及实验室在急症诊断延误中所占的份额，均有涉及，差错登记是常用方法。
• Communication around diagnosis is studied as a clinical skill, including how clinicians voice uncertainty, how patients describe symptoms, and how an incomplete explanation shapes later help-seeking by patients and their relatives.诊断沟通被当作临床技能来研究，医生如何说出不确定，患者如何描述症状，解释不完整又如何影响患者与家属日后的就医行为，都在观察范围之内。
• Formats run from original research and systematic reviews to case-based papers, commentary and correspondence, and the instructions set word limits for each instead of accepting conference abstracts.体裁从原创研究，系统综述，到病例分析，评论与通信，作者指南为各类稿件分列字数上限，会议摘要不在接收之列，投稿前须按体例自查。

History

• The journal opened in 2014 with volume 1, issued from Berlin and Boston by Walter de Gruyter, arriving at a moment when diagnostic error was moving from anecdote into a research field.刊物于 2014 年以第 1 卷开局，由 Walter de Gruyter 在柏林与波士顿两地出版，其时诊断错误正从零散轶事变成独立的研究领域，办刊时机与这一转向吻合。
• The publisher names The Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine as the body whose official journal this is, a community drawn from the diagnostic safety field rather than from a single clinical specialty.出版方在官网写明，本刊是 The Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine 的官方期刊，这一团体来自诊断安全领域，不属于任何单一临床专科。
• Mark L. Graber, a physician whose career has centred on diagnostic safety, and Mario Plebani, a professor of laboratory medicine at Padova, are the two co-editors named on the masthead.（Mark L. Graber）长期研究诊断安全，（Mario Plebani）是帕多瓦大学的检验医学教授，两人以共同主编身份列在刊头。
• Four issues a year were planned from the first volume, and the early contents mixed cognitive psychology, autopsy studies and laboratory quality work in a way few clinical journals then attempted.第 1 卷起就按每年四期安排，早期目录把认知心理学，尸检研究与实验室质量工作放在一处，这种搭配在当时的临床期刊中并不多见。
• The 2015 report on improving diagnosis in health care, issued by the US National Academies, gave the field a shared vocabulary, and the journal became a venue where its recommendations were tested.美国国家科学院 2015 年发布的《改进卫生保健中的诊断》报告为该领域提供了共同语汇，刊物成为讨论其建议的场所之一，随后数年的稿源明显偏向系统层面。
• Indexing came in steps. PubMed carried selected citations from the start, and MEDLINE accepted the journal with volume 4, issue 1, in March 2017, a milestone the editors reported to readers.收录分步完成，早期在 PubMed 只有选择性索引，2017 年 3 月第 4 卷第 1 期起进入 MEDLINE，这一节点由编辑部在当期向读者说明。
• Clarivate lists the title in the Emerging Sources Citation Index, and a first Journal Impact Factor arrived in the 2023 edition at 2.2, slipped to 2.0 in 2024 and closed at 1.9 in 2025.Clarivate 将该刊列入新兴来源引文索引，2023 年首次获得影响因子 2.2，2024 年为 2.0，2025 年为 1.9，走势与发文结构的变化大致同步。
• Articles appear online ahead of the printed issue, so a paper can be cited months before its volume closes, and the archive from 2014 onward sits on the publisher's platform.论文以网络优先方式先行上线，卷册尚未编定即可被引用，2014 年以来的全部存档放在出版方平台上，早期各卷可以逐篇调取。
• Access remains subscription-based with an open option. Authors may pay for immediate CC BY release, other articles stay behind the paywall, and gold open access covers about a quarter of output.获取方式仍以订阅为主并保留开放选项，作者可付费让论文即时以 CC BY 协议公开，同一期其余文章留在付费墙内，金色开放获取约占全年发文的四分之一。
• In 2025 the journal's web address moved to De Gruyter Brill, the imprint formed when De Gruyter and Brill combined, while the aims page, the title and the submission route carried over unchanged.2025 年刊物网址迁往 De Gruyter Brill，这是两家出版社合并后形成的品牌，刊名，宗旨页与投稿通道一并沿用，没有发生更名。
• The sponsoring body is now printed as the Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine, the coalition through which the society's members press for diagnostic safety in policy and in practice.版权页上的主办方如今写作（Community Improving Diagnosis in Medicine），学会成员经这一联盟在政策与实践两端推动诊断安全，刊物选题也跟随其议程。
• Recent volumes carry around seventy articles a year, the 2025 cited half-life is five years, and total citations passed twelve hundred, modest figures that suit a field still assembling its evidence base.近年的卷册每年刊出约七十篇文章，2025 年引用半衰期为五年，总被引超过一千二百次，这些数字不算高，却与一个仍在积累证据的领域相称。

Editors

• Two editors-in-chief share the desk. Mark L. Graber works on diagnostic safety from the United States, and Mario Plebani directs laboratory medicine at the University of Padova in Italy.主编由两人共同担任，（Mark L. Graber）在美国从事诊断安全研究，（Mario Plebani）在意大利帕多瓦大学主持检验医学，两端背景互补。
• That pairing sets the journal's range, since cognitive and systems questions arrive through one editor and laboratory, imaging and test-related submissions through the other, with overlap settled by consultation.这样的搭配划定了刊物范围，认知与系统层面的题目多由一位主编经手，检验，影像与检查相关的稿件归另一位，交叉稿件由两人商量归属。
• An international editorial board supports them, with members drawn from clinical medicine, laboratory science, psychology, informatics and health services research rather than from any single specialty or country.国际编委会为其提供支持，成员来自临床医学，检验科学，心理学，信息学与卫生服务研究，单一专科的构成在这里并不成立，评审人因此可以跨领域指派。
• Peer review runs through the publisher's online system, and the instructions ask authors to declare funding, conflicts of interest and any prior posting of the work as a preprint.同行评议经由出版方的在线系统完成，作者须申报资助来源，利益冲突，以及论文是否曾以预印本形式公开，编辑部据此判断重复发表的风险。
• Submissions should state the diagnostic question plainly in the opening pages, name the reference standard used to confirm the diagnosis, and explain how cases were sampled before any claim of accuracy.来稿须在开头几页写明所研究的诊断问题，交代用以确认诊断的参考标准，并说明病例的抽取方式，准确性方面的结论要建立在这三项之上。
• The journal keeps a clear line between studies of diagnostic performance and opinion pieces, so a commentary may argue a position but cannot be offered as evidence for a test's value.刊物把诊断效能研究与观点文章分得很清，评论可以提出主张，却不能当作某项检查价值的证据，两类文字在目次里也分开排列。
• Themed issues appear at intervals, usually guest-edited around a single subject, and each carries its own call for papers with a named deadline and a short statement of intent.专题辑不定期推出，多由客座编辑围绕单一题目组稿，各自附有征稿说明与截止日期，编者也借这份说明交代希望看到哪类稿件。
• The editorial position holds that diagnostic failure is a property of systems as much as of individuals, so analyses of workflow, staffing and information supply are welcomed beside studies of clinician judgement.编辑方针把诊断失败看作系统与个人共同作用的结果，流程，人力配置与信息供给的分析因此与临床判断研究并列刊出，责任归属的讨论不被简化。
• Language policy is strict. Manuscripts are considered in English only, the editors do not run a translation service, and non-native authors are advised to have the text checked before submission.语言政策较为严格，稿件只接受英文写作，编辑部不提供翻译服务，非英语作者宜在投稿前请人通读文字，格式与术语另按作者指南处理。
• Correspondence and corrections go to the editorial office rather than to individual editors, and published errata are linked to the original article so that the record stays traceable.通信与更正寄至编辑部而非某位主编个人，已刊勘误与原论文相互链接，读者可以顺着记录查到改动，这一做法沿用出版方的通行规则。