Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers

The Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) is a public grande école and grand établissement of France, headquartered in Paris and dedicated to lifelong learning, technological research and the spread of scientific and technical culture.國立工藝學院（法文 Conservatoire national des arts et métiers，簡稱 CNAM）是法國的一所公立大學校與大型機構，總部設於巴黎，致力於終身學習、技術研究與科學技術文化的傳播。

Founded on 10 October 1794 during the French Revolution on the proposal of Abbé Henri Grégoire, it was one of the three founding schools of the French grande école system alongside the École polytechnique and the École normale supérieure.該校於法國大革命期間的 1794 年 10 月 10 日依亨利·葛雷果神父的提議創辦，與巴黎綜合理工學院、巴黎高等師範學院同為法國大學校體系的三大創始院校。

With about 70,000 students, a budget of roughly 174 million euros and centres in some 160 French cities as well as overseas France and several foreign countries, it is one of Europe's largest institutions of continuing and distance education.該校約有 70,000 名學生、約 1.74 億歐元預算，並在約 160 座法國城市以及海外領地和若干外國設有中心，是歐洲規模最大的繼續教育與遠距教育機構之一。

History

• On 10 October 1794, in the wake of the French Revolution, the Convention founded the Conservatoire des arts et métiers to serve as a depository for machines, models, tools, drawings, descriptions and books relating to the arts and trades.1794 年 10 月 10 日，法國大革命之際，國民公會依葛雷果神父之議創辦工藝學院，作為收藏與工藝相關的機器、模型、工具、圖樣、說明與書籍的場所。
• Its original triumvirate of founding members included the inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté, creator of the modern pencil, and the mathematician Alexandre Vandermonde, who helped shape the new institution's scientific mission.其最初的三人創辦團隊包括發明現代鉛筆的尼古拉-雅克·孔泰，以及協助確立新機構科學使命的數學家亞歷山大·范德蒙德。
• The collection was housed in the abandoned priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, whose thirteenth-century Gothic refectory by Pierre de Montereau was chosen as the display hall and where the museum officially opened in 1802.收藏安置於廢棄的聖馬丁德尚修道院，其中由皮耶·德·蒙特勒奧所建、十三世紀的哥德式食堂被選為展廳，博物館於 1802 年正式開放。
• The Parisian site had been a Cluniac monastery founded by King Henry I of France in 1059 to 1060 on Merovingian remains, and its church and core architecture drew on the nearby Basilica of Saint-Denis.該巴黎校址原是法蘭西國王亨利一世於 1059 至 1060 年在墨洛溫王朝遺跡上創建的克呂尼修道院，其教堂與主體建築取法附近的聖但尼聖殿。
• On 25 November 1819, at the instigation of the newly appointed Minister of the Interior Duke Decazes, three higher-education chairs were created in applied mechanical engineering, applied chemistry and industrial economics.1819 年 11 月 25 日，在新任內政部長德卡茲公爵的推動下，學院設立了應用機械工程、應用化學與工業經濟三個高等教育講座。
• These first chairs were entrusted to Baron Charles Dupin, Nicolas Clément and the classical economist Jean-Baptiste Say, laying the groundwork for the school's teaching of applied science and industry.這三個首設講座分別由夏爾·杜班男爵、尼古拉·克萊蒙與古典經濟學家讓-巴蒂斯特·薩伊擔任，為學院應用科學與工業教學奠定基礎。
• In the middle of the nineteenth century the Gothic refectory hall was reassigned as the library by the conservatory's architect Léon Vaudoyer, and the medieval building remains in use today.十九世紀中葉，哥德式食堂大廳由學院建築師萊昂·沃杜瓦耶改作圖書館之用，這座中世紀建築至今仍在使用。
• The physicist Gaston Planté, a laboratory assistant at the conservatory, invented the lead-acid battery in 1859, creating the first rechargeable battery and a foundation of modern electrical storage.學院實驗室助理、物理學家加斯東·普朗泰於 1859 年發明鉛酸電池，造出首個可充電電池，為現代電能儲存奠定基礎。
• The original Foucault pendulum was exhibited in the conservatory's museum until it was moved to the Panthéon in 1995 during a museum renovation, and it was later reinstalled at the museum.原版傅科擺曾在學院博物館展出，直至 1995 年博物館整修時被移至先賢祠，後來又重新裝回博物館。
• On 6 April 2010 the cable suspending the original pendulum bob snapped, causing irreparable damage to the pendulum and to the museum's marble flooring.2010 年 4 月 6 日，懸吊原版傅科擺擺錘的鋼纜斷裂，對擺錘與博物館的大理石地面造成無法修復的損壞。
• The novelist Umberto Eco centred his 1988 novel Foucault's Pendulum on this establishment, making the museum's pendulum a key element of the plot.小說家安伯托·艾可 1988 年的小說《傅科擺》以此機構為背景，把博物館的傅科擺寫成情節的關鍵元素。
• A Lebanese network of seven CNAM campuses has grown since the first was founded in 1971, extending the conservatory's teaching across the eastern Mediterranean.自 1971 年首個校區設立以來，學院在黎巴嫩已發展出七個校區的網絡，把教學延伸到東地中海地區。
• In 1973 the Louis-de-Broglie Foundation was created at the conservatory by the Nobel laureate Louis de Broglie together with Louis Néel and the Fields medallist René Thom.1973 年，諾貝爾獎得主路易·德布羅意與路易·內爾、菲爾茲獎得主勒內·托姆共同在學院創立路易·德布羅意基金會。
• In 2012 the conservatory founded the Franco-Chinese Institute of Engineering and Management in cooperation with Wuhan University, and in 2017 it established the DGUT-CNAM institute with the Dongguan University of Technology.2012 年學院與武漢大學合作創辦法中工程與管理學院，2017 年又與東莞理工學院共同設立東莞理工中法學院。
• On 7 July 2016 the board of directors enacted a reform creating sixteen national pedagogic teams in place of the earlier industrial sciences and management schools.2016 年 7 月 7 日，學院董事會通過改革，以十六個全國教學團隊取代原先的工業科學學院與管理學院。
• In 2018 the Musée des Arts et Métiers, the conservatory's museum of scientific and industrial inventions, welcomed 250,000 visitors at its site on rue Saint-Martin.2018 年，學院收藏科學與工業發明的工藝美術博物館在聖馬丁街館址接待了 25 萬名觀眾。
• By 2020 the conservatory's academic staff reached 1,670 people, comprising 568 professors and researchers and 1,120 library, engineering, administrative, technical, social and health staff.到 2020 年，學院教學人員達 1,670 人，包括 568 名教授與研究人員，以及 1,120 名圖書、工程、行政、技術、社會與衛生人員。
• In 2022 the conservatory offered 4,366 curricula in total, ranging from national professional certification diplomas to bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees.2022 年，學院共開設 4,366 門課程，涵蓋國家職業認證文憑以及學士、碩士與博士學位。
• The conservatory reported a budget of about 174 million euros, making it the largest European institution by budget for distance learning and continuing education.學院申報的預算約為 1.74 億歐元，在遠距學習與繼續教育方面是歐洲預算規模最大的機構。
• In June 2026 the conservatory entered the QS World University Rankings for the first time, placed 515th worldwide.2026 年 6 月，學院首次進入 QS 世界大學排名，位列全球第 515 位。
• Along with the École polytechnique and the École normale supérieure, which were founded in the same year, CNAM remains one of the three original schools of the French grande école system.與同年創辦的巴黎綜合理工學院、巴黎高等師範學院一樣，該校至今仍是法國大學校體系的三大創始院校之一。
• The conservatory is an AMBA-accredited grand établissement and a member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles, a status that places it among France's most selective higher-education institutions.該校是獲 AMBA 認證的大型機構，也是大學校協會成員，這一地位使其位居法國最具選擇性的高等教育機構之列。

Academics

• On its reform of 2016 the conservatory organised its teaching into sixteen national pedagogic teams covering fields from building and energetics to computer science, chemistry, health, labour and innovation.在 2016 年改革後，學院把教學組織為十六個全國教學團隊，領域涵蓋建築與能源、電腦科學、化學、衛生、勞動與創新等。
• Among its named schools and institutes are the EiCnam engineering school, the ENASS insurance school, the Enjmin video-game school, the ESGT surveyors' school and the INTEC economics and accountancy institute.其具名的學院與研究所包括 EiCnam 工程學院、ENASS 保險學院、Enjmin 電子遊戲學院、ESGT 測量學院與 INTEC 經濟會計研究所。
• The conservatory enrolled about 70,000 students, of whom 36 percent studied at the Parisian campus, 3 percent in overseas France and 11 percent abroad.學院約有 70,000 名學生，其中 36% 就讀於巴黎校區、3% 在海外領地、11% 在國外。
• Its student body is dominated by working adults, with 57.7 percent in employment, 24 percent job seekers, 12 percent students and 6.3 percent self-employed.其學生以在職成人為主，57.7% 有工作、24% 為求職者、12% 為在校生、6.3% 為自僱人士。
• The academic staff in 2020 numbered 1,670, including 568 professors and researchers and 1,120 library, engineering, administrative, technical, social and health staff.2020 年教學人員共 1,670 人，包括 568 名教授與研究人員，以及 1,120 名圖書、工程、行政、技術、社會與衛生人員。
• The conservatory's catalogue lists about 750 training pathways, and in 2022 its 4,366 curricula included 949 diplomas registered in the national directory of professional certifications.學院課程目錄列出約 750 條培訓路徑，2022 年其 4,366 門課程中有 949 項文憑登錄於國家職業認證目錄。
• Of the diplomas and certificates, 626 were bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees and 126 were engineering degrees, alongside 64 vocational certificates.在文憑與證書中，626 項為學士、碩士與博士學位，126 項為工程師學位，另有 64 項職業證書。
• Roughly 2,201 courses formed part of certifying curricula, and about 84 percent of them were taught entirely remotely.約 2,201 門課程屬於可授證課程，其中約 84% 完全以遠距方式授課。
• The conservatory is assigned three missions, namely training throughout life, technological research and innovation, and the dissemination of scientific and technical culture.學院承擔三項使命，即終身培訓、技術研究與創新，以及科學技術文化的傳播。
• Its doctoral college enrols 340 doctoral students from 40 nationalities, produces about 60 thesis defences each year and is organised into two doctoral schools.其博士生院招收來自 40 個國籍的 340 名博士生，每年約完成 60 場論文答辯，並分為兩個博士生學院。
• The two doctoral schools are the SMI school in science and engineering of the trades, run with Arts et Métiers, and the Abbé-Grégoire school in humanities and arts.兩個博士生學院分別是與國立工藝學院合辦、專攻工程科學的 SMI 學院，以及專攻人文與藝術的葛雷果神父學院。
• Research is carried out in laboratories such as Cedric in computing and communication, DynFluid in fluid dynamics, Satie in communication technologies and Lirsa in applied economics, law and management.研究在多個實驗室進行，例如計算與通訊領域的 Cedric、流體動力學的 DynFluid、通訊技術的 Satie，以及應用於經濟、法律與管理的 Lirsa。
• Admission to the grande école track requires classes and tests in mathematics, chemistry, biology and English, relevant work experience and an interview, with the competitive examination retakeable thrice.進入大學校軌道須通過數學、化學、生物與英文的課程與測驗、具備相關工作經驗並經面試，競爭性入學考試最多可重考三次。
• The conservatory awards Grande Ecole and non-Grande Ecole certificates, diplomas, bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in science, engineering, law, management, finance, accountancy, urban planning and humanities.學院頒授大學校與非大學校證書、文憑，以及科學、工程、法律、管理、金融、會計、城市規劃與人文領域的學士、碩士與博士學位。
• Its engineering programmes are accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur, and its management programmes carry AMBA accreditation within the European Bologna framework.其工程課程由法國工程師職稱委員會認證，管理課程則在歐洲波隆那架構下持有 AMBA 認證。
• The conservatory runs centres in 160 other French cities as well as in almost every francophone African country, in China, Haiti, Germany and Switzerland.學院在 160 座其他法國城市設有中心，並幾乎在每個法語非洲國家以及中國、海地、德國與瑞士設有分支。
• Its international network includes the Leonid Basin binational centre recognised by both the Swiss and French systems through the EduQua label, teaching accounting, economics, engineering and law.其國際網絡包括經 EduQua 認證、獲瑞士與法國雙重承認的雷芒流域跨國中心，教授會計、經濟、工程與法律。

Campus

• The conservatory's Parisian campus and headquarters occupy the former Benedictine priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs at 292 rue Saint-Martin, in the Marais district of Paris's third arrondissement.學院的巴黎校區與總部設於聖馬丁德尚本篤會舊修道院，地址為巴黎第三區瑪黑區聖馬丁街 292 號。
• The site stands in one of the last surviving medieval architectural areas of Paris, and its church and core style were inspired by the nearby Basilica of Saint-Denis.該址位於巴黎僅存的中世紀建築區之一，其教堂與主體風格取法附近的聖但尼聖殿。
• Across the rest of France the conservatory operates through regional centres in 160 other cities that are financially independent but pedagogically linked to the Paris institution.在法國其餘地區，學院透過 160 座城市的區域中心運作，這些中心財務獨立，但教學上與巴黎本校相連。
• Half of the budget of each regional centre is allocated by the French regional councils, and their existence is governed by a specific ministerial decree.各區域中心半數預算由法國大區議會撥付，其設立則依專門的部級法令規範。
• The conservatory teaches in overseas France in French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia and Réunion.學院在海外領地法屬圭亞那、法屬玻里尼西亞、瓜德羅普、馬提尼克、馬約特、新喀里多尼亞與留尼旺設有教學點。
• Abroad it maintains branches or partnerships across francophone Africa, in Lebanon, Haiti, Germany, Switzerland and China, with a Chinese presence in Dongguan and Wuhan.在國外，學院於法語非洲各地以及黎巴嫩、海地、德國、瑞士與中國設有分支或合作，其中在中國的據點位於東莞與武漢。
• The Musée des Arts et Métiers occupies part of the Parisian campus and holds the conservatory's historic collection of scientific instruments and industrial inventions.工藝美術博物館佔用巴黎校區一部分，收藏學院歷史性的科學儀器與工業發明藏品。
• On-campus teaching at the museum and the historic library gives continuing-education students access to rare scientific artefacts studied in their fields.在博物館與歷史圖書館的校內授課，使繼續教育學生得以接觸其專業領域中被研究的珍稀科學文物。
• The conservatory's German teaching is run in partnership with the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, while its Lemanic centre straddles the Swiss-French border.學院在德國的教學與達姆施塔特應用科技大學合作，其雷芒中心則橫跨瑞士與法國邊界。
• In the Americas the conservatory teaches in Haiti in partnership with the State University of Haiti, and its Lemanic centre gives classes in accounting, economics, engineering, law and management.在美洲，學院與海地國立大學合作在海地授課，其雷芒中心則開設會計、經濟、工程、法律與管理等課程。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 the conservatory is placed 515th in the world, entering the ranking for the first time in June 2026.在 2027 年 QS 世界大學排名中，學院位列全球第 515 位，並於 2026 年 6 月首次進入該排名。
• The conservatory does not appear in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, having not entered that global ranking.學院未進入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大學排名。
• The U.S. News Best Global Universities edition of 2026 to 2027 ranks the conservatory 1,509th in the world.在 2026 至 2027 年版美國新聞最佳全球大學排名中，學院位列世界第 1,509 位。
• The conservatory is not listed in the main table of the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026.學院未進入 2026 年軟科世界大學學術排名主榜。
• OpenAlex attributes 21,383 works to the conservatory with 633,491 citations, reflecting a research profile concentrated in engineering, technology and applied science.OpenAlex 為學院收錄 21,383 篇成果，被引 633,491 次，顯示其研究集中於工程、技術與應用科學。
• Several Nobel laureates have been associated with the conservatory, including Louis de Broglie, winner of the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics, who sat on its governance committee in 1945.多位諾貝爾獎得主與學院有關聯，其中包括 1929 年諾貝爾物理學獎得主路易·德布羅意，他曾於 1945 年任學院治理委員會成員。
• Other laureates linked to the conservatory include Serge Haroche and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, who shared Nobel Prizes in Physics in 2012 and 1997 respectively.與學院相關的其他得主還包括塞爾日·阿羅什與克勞德·科昂-唐努德日，二人分別於 2012 年與 1997 年獲得諾貝爾物理學獎。
• The mathematician Yves Meyer, a professor at the conservatory, received the Abel Prize in 2017, and Pierre-Louis Lions, a guest lecturer there, won the Fields Medal in 1994.學院教授、數學家伊夫·梅耶爾於 2017 年獲得阿貝爾獎，而在該校任客座講師的皮耶-路易·利翁則於 1994 年獲得菲爾茲獎。
• Because it was one of the three founding schools of the grande école system in 1794, the conservatory is widely regarded as a pillar of France's elite higher-education tradition.由於學院在 1794 年是法國大學校體系的三大創始院校之一，它被普遍視為法國菁英高等教育傳統的支柱之一。
• The conservatory reports that it is the largest university in Europe by budget for distance learning and continuing education, slightly ahead of the University of Hagen in enrolment.學院表示，在遠距學習與繼續教育的預算規模上它是歐洲最大的大學，招生規模略勝哈根大學。
• The economist Robert Solow, a guest lecturer at the conservatory, received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.經濟學家羅伯特·索洛是學院的客座講師，曾獲諾貝爾經濟學獎，並在麻省理工學院任教。

Student life

• The conservatory's motto is the Latin phrase Omnes docet ubique, which means that it teaches everyone everywhere.學院以拉丁文校訓「Omnes docet ubique」明志，意為「向每個人、在任何地方施教」。
• Students at the conservatory are officially called auditeurs, or listeners, rather than étudiants, reflecting its tradition of adult and continuing learners.學院學生在官方上被稱為「auditeurs」（聽講者）而非「étudiants」（學生），反映其成人與繼續教育的傳統。
• Graduates of the EiCnam grande école engineering school receive a coloured graduation scarf at the diploma ceremony, its colour depending on their engineering major.EiCnam 大學校工程學院的畢業生在文憑授予典禮上獲贈彩色畢業披巾，顏色依其所屬工程專業而定。
• Engineering majors entitled to coloured scarves range from building and public works, energetics and nuclear power to information technology, chemistry, aeronautics and materials engineering.可獲彩色披巾的工程專業涵蓋建築與公共工程、能源與核能，到資訊技術、化學、航空與材料工程等。
• The conservatory is associated with a secret society named Vandermonde after its founding mathematician Alexandre Vandermonde, reportedly modelled on Yale's Skull and Bones.學院與一個以其創辦數學家亞歷山大·范德蒙德命名的「范德蒙德」秘密社團有關，據稱仿照耶魯大學的「骷髏會」。
• The conservatory's values derive from the French Enlightenment and encyclopaedists, stressing emancipation through knowledge for everyone alongside meritocracy, solidarity and academic excellence.學院的價值承自法國啟蒙運動與百科全書派，強調以知識解放每個人，並兼具賢能政治、團結與學術卓越。
• Museum visits are part of student life, as the Musée des Arts et Métiers on the Parisian campus is open to the public and to the conservatory's learners.參觀博物館是學生生活的一部分，巴黎校區的工藝美術博物館既向公眾開放，也服務學院學習者。
• Because most continuing-education students study while working and often online, they usually attend classes through their nearest regional CNAM centre rather than the Paris campus.由於多數繼續教育學生一邊工作一邊進修、且常以線上方式學習，他們通常就近在區域中心上課，而非前往巴黎校區。

Notable people

• Henri Grégoire, later a bishop, proposed and founded the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in 1794, giving the institution its original educational mission.後來成為主教的亨利·葛雷果於 1794 年提議並創辦工藝學院，賦予該機構最初的教育使命。
• Nicolas-Jacques Conté, inventor of the modern pencil and a veteran of Napoleon's Egyptian campaign, was one of the original founding members of the conservatory.現代鉛筆的發明者、曾參與拿破崙埃及遠征的尼古拉-雅克·孔泰，是學院的原始創辦成員之一。
• The mathematician Alexandre Vandermonde was a founding member of the conservatory from 1794 and also an examiner at the École polytechnique and a professor at the École normale supérieure.數學家亞歷山大·范德蒙德自 1794 年起為學院創辦成員，同時是巴黎綜合理工學院的考官與巴黎高等師範學院的教授。
• Jean-Baptiste Say, the classical economist, was a professor at the conservatory and held its first chair of industrial economics created in 1819.古典經濟學家讓-巴蒂斯特·薩伊是學院教授，並擔任 1819 年設立的首個工業經濟講座。
• The mathematician and engineer Baron Charles Dupin held one of the first three chairs of the conservatory and in 1826 created the earliest known choropleth map.數學家兼工程師夏爾·杜班男爵擔任學院首設三個講座之一，並於 1826 年繪製了現知最早的等值線地圖。
• Louis Pasteur, regarded as a founder of modern bacteriology, studied at the conservatory as well as at the École normale supérieure and is counted among its alumni.被視為現代細菌學奠基人的路易·巴斯德曾就讀於學院與巴黎高等師範學院，被列為其校友。
• Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, a graduate of the conservatory and the École polytechnique, is regarded as a father of modern thermodynamics through his study of the Carnot cycle.畢業於學院與巴黎綜合理工學院的尼古拉·萊昂納爾·薩迪·卡諾，以對卡諾循環的研究而被視為現代熱力學之父。
• Léon Bourgeois, Prime Minister of France from 1895 to 1896 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, served as chairman of the conservatory's board of directors.曾任 1895 至 1896 年法國總理並獲諾貝爾和平獎的萊昂·布儒瓦，曾擔任學院董事會主席。
• Gaston Planté, a laboratory assistant at the conservatory, invented the lead-acid storage battery in 1859, the first rechargeable battery.學院實驗室助理加斯東·普朗泰於 1859 年發明鉛酸蓄電池，是首個可充電電池。
• Pierre Bézier, a former professor at the conservatory, patented and popularised the Bézier curves and surfaces now used in most computer-aided design and graphics systems.曾任學院教授的皮耶·貝茲專利化並普及了貝茲曲線與曲面，如今廣泛應用於電腦輔助設計與圖形系統。
• Henri Fayol, a professor and director of the conservatory from 1888 to 1918, developed a general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.亨利·法約爾於 1888 至 1918 年任學院教授與院長，發展出常被稱為「法約爾主義」的一般管理理論。
• Paul Doumer, an alumnus, served as President of the Third French Republic, and Alexandre Millerand, another alumnus, was both Prime Minister and President of France.校友保羅·杜梅曾任法蘭西第三共和國總統，另一位校友亞歷山大·米勒蘭則曾任法國總理與總統。
• The criminologist Alain Bauer, a professor at the conservatory since 2009, is also a senior research fellow at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and a professor at Fudan University and the China University of Political Science and Law.犯罪學家阿蘭·鮑爾自 2009 年起任學院教授，同時是紐約約翰傑刑事司法學院的高級研究員，並在上海復旦大學與中國政法大學任教。