Charles University

Charles University (CUNI, Czech: Univerzita Karlova, Latin: Universitas Carolina), historically the University of Prague, is the largest university in the Czech Republic and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world.查理大学（Charles University，捷克语：Univerzita Karlova，拉丁语：Universitas Carolina），史称布拉格大学，是捷克最大的大学，也是世界上持续办学最古老的大学之一。

It was founded in 1348 by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, and is the third oldest university north of the Alps after Oxford and Cambridge, with 17 faculties in Prague, Hradec Králové and Plzeň today.该校由神圣罗马帝国皇帝兼波希米亚国王查理四世于 1348 年创办，是阿尔卑斯山以北仅次于牛津与剑桥的第三古老大学，现有 17 个学院，分布于布拉格、赫拉德茨-克拉洛韦与比尔森。

It is placed joint 273rd in the QS World University Rankings 2027, in the 451-500 band of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, 230th in the U.S. News Best Global Universities 2026-2027 and in the 401-500 band of the Shanghai ARWU 2026.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列第 273 位，2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名位列 451-500 区间，《美国新闻与世界报道》2026-2027 最佳全球大学排名第 230 位，2026 年软科世界大学学术排名位列 401-500 区间。

History

• The university was inspired by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who asked Pope Clement VI to create it, and on 26 January 1347 the pope issued a bull establishing a university in Prague modelled on Paris University.该校由神圣罗马帝国皇帝查理四世推动，他请求教皇克莱门特六世创办大学，教皇于 1347 年 1 月 26 日发布诏书，仿照巴黎大学在布拉格建立一所大学。
• On 7 April 1348 Charles, as King of Bohemia, granted the university privileges and immunities in a Golden Bull, and on 14 January 1349 he repeated them as King of the Romans.1348 年 4 月 7 日，查理四世以波希米亚国王身份以金玺诏书授予该大学特权与豁免，1349 年 1 月 14 日又以罗马人国王身份重申。
• Most Czech sources since the 19th century prefer 1348 as the founding year rather than 1347 or 1349, reflecting an anticlerical shift shared by Czechs and Germans.自 19 世纪以来，多数捷克史料倾向以 1348 年而非 1347 或 1349 年作为创校年，这反映了捷克人与德意志人共同的反教权转向。
• The university was opened in 1349 and was divided into four nations, the Bohemian, Bavarian, Polish and Saxon, with ethnically Czech students making up 16 to 20 per cent of all students.大学于 1349 年开学，分为波希米亚、巴伐利亚、波兰与萨克森四个同乡会，其中捷克族裔学生占全体学生的 16% 至 20%。
• The first graduate was promoted in 1359, and the oldest college, the Carolinum, was established in 1366 and named for the king.首位毕业生于 1359 年获得学位，最古老的学院卡罗利努姆建于 1366 年，以国王之名命名。
• In 1372 the Faculty of Law became an independent university, and in 1403 the university forbade its members to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe.1372 年，法学院成为一所独立大学；1403 年，大学禁止其成员追随约翰·威克里夫的学说。
• By the Decree of Kutná Hora on 18 January 1409 King Wenceslaus granted the Bohemian masters three votes, prompting foreign professors and students to leave and found Leipzig University in May 1409.1409 年 1 月 18 日的库特纳霍拉法令授予波希米亚学者三票表决权，导致外籍教授与学生出走，他们于 1409 年 5 月创办了莱比锡大学。
• In the autumn of 1409 Jan Hus was elected rector of the now Czech-dominated university, which became a bastion of the Hussite movement and largely a regional institution.1409 年秋，扬·胡斯当选为这所已由捷克人主导的大学的校长，该校遂成为胡斯运动的堡垒，并大体上退为地区性院校。
• In 1419 the faculties of theology and law disappeared and only the faculty of arts remained, and no degrees were given between 1417 and 1430.1419 年，神学院与法学院消失，仅存文学院；1417 至 1430 年间未曾授予学位。
• Emperor Ferdinand I called the Jesuits to Prague and in 1562 they opened an academy, the Clementinum, which became a university able to award degrees in 1616.皇帝斐迪南一世将耶稣会士召至布拉格，他们于 1562 年创办克莱门特学院，该学院于 1616 年成为可授予学位的大学。
• From 1541 until 1558 the Czech humanist Mattheus Collinus was a professor of Greek language at the university.1541 至 1558 年间，捷克人文主义者马修·科利努斯在该校担任希腊语教授。
• In 1609 the obligatory celibacy of the professors was abolished, after Emperor Rudolph II took up residence in Prague and the university again made some progress.1609 年，教授必须独身的义务被废止，此前皇帝鲁道夫二世在布拉格定居，大学再度有所进展。
• On 19 September 1622 an Imperial decree gave the Jesuits supreme control over the entire school system of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and the last four professors at the Carolinum resigned as all of the Carolinum and nine colleges passed to their control.1622 年 9 月 19 日的一项帝国法令使耶稣会士掌控了波希米亚、摩拉维亚与西里西亚的整个学校体系，卡罗利努姆的最后四名教授辞职，整个卡罗利努姆与九所学院尽归耶稣会士之手。
• In 1638 Emperor Ferdinand III limited the Jesuit teaching monopoly and recovered the rights, properties and archives of the Carolinum, making the university once more independent under an imperial protector.1638 年，皇帝斐迪南三世限制耶稣会士的教学垄断，收回卡罗利努姆的权利、财产与档案，使大学在帝国保护者之下重获独立。
• During the last years of the Thirty Years' War the Charles Bridge in Prague was defended by students of the Carolinum and Clementinum, and since 1650 degree recipients swore an oath of the Immaculate Conception.在三十年战争的最后几年，布拉格的查理大桥由卡罗利努姆与克莱门特学院的学生英勇守卫；自 1650 年起，获学位者须宣誓尊崇无染原罪信条。
• On 23 February 1654 Emperor Ferdinand III merged the Carolinum and Clementinum into Charles-Ferdinand University with four faculties.1654 年 2 月 23 日，皇帝斐迪南三世将卡罗利努姆与克莱门特学院合并为拥有四个学院的查理-费迪南德大学。
• On 29 July 1784 German replaced Latin as the language of instruction, and Emperor Leopold II established a Czech language and literature chair by decree on 28 October 1791.1784 年 7 月 29 日，德语取代拉丁语成为教学语言；皇帝利奥波德二世于 1791 年 10 月 28 日下令设立捷克语言文学教席。
• On 15 May 1792 the historian Franz Martin Pelzel was named professor of the Czech language and literature chair and began his lectures on 13 March 1793.1792 年 5 月 15 日，历史学家弗朗茨·马丁·佩尔策尔被任命为捷克语言文学教席教授，并于 1793 年 3 月 13 日开始授课。
• In the revolution of 1848 German and Czech students campaigned for Czech as a language of lectures, and by 1863, 22 lecture courses were held in Czech out of 187.在 1848 年革命中，德意志与捷克学生争取将捷克语列为教学语言；到 1863 年，187 门课程中有 22 门以捷克语讲授。
• On 28 February 1882 Emperor Franz Joseph sanctioned the division of Charles-Ferdinand University into a German and a Czech university, each entirely independent of the other.1882 年 2 月 28 日，皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫批准将查理-费迪南德大学分为一所德语大学与一所捷克语大学，二者彼此完全独立。
• In 1890 the Czech university had 112 teachers and 2,191 students while the German university had 146 teachers and 1,483 students.1890 年，捷克语大学有 112 名教师与 2,191 名学生，而德语大学有 146 名教师与 1,483 名学生。
• In 1920 the Lex Mareš determined that the Czech university was the successor to the original university, and it took the name Charles University while the German university became the German University in Prague.1920 年，马雷什法案认定捷克语大学为原大学的继承者，该校遂定名查理大学，而德语大学则更名为布拉格德语大学。
• Before the Austro-Hungarian Empire was abolished in late 1918, Czech politicians demanded that the insignia of 1348 be kept exclusively by the Czech university, and Act No. 197/1919 established the Protestant Theological Faculty.在奥匈帝国于 1918 年末解体之前，捷克政界要求 1348 年的信物应专归捷克语大学所有；第 197/1919 号法案设立了新教神学院。
• On 17 November 1939, now marked as International Students' Day, the Czech University and other Czech institutions of higher learning were closed, nine student leaders were executed and about 1,200 students were interned at Sachsenhausen.1939 年 11 月 17 日（今定为世界学生节），捷克语大学及其他捷克高等院校被关闭，九名学生领袖被处决，约 1,200 名学生被关押在萨克森豪森集中营。
• In 1938, following the Munich Agreement, German troops entered the border areas of Czechoslovakia, and on 15 March 1939 the Czech lands were occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.1938 年，依据《慕尼黑协定》，德军进入捷克斯洛伐克边境地区；1939 年 3 月 15 日，捷克地区被占为波希米亚和摩拉维亚保护国。
• On 28 October 1939 the student Jan Opletal was shot during a demonstration, and his burial on 15 November 1939 turned into another large demonstration.1939 年 10 月 28 日，学生扬·奥普莱塔尔在一次示威中被枪击，其 1939 年 11 月 15 日的葬礼又演变成一场大规模示威。
• In 1930 about 42,000 inhabitants of Prague spoke German as their native language, and a dispute over the university insignia in 1934 led the German rector to hand the insignia to the Czechs on 25 November 1934.1930 年，布拉格约有 42,000 名居民以德语为母语；1934 年围绕大学信物的争端最终导致德语大学校长于 1934 年 11 月 25 日将信物移交给捷克语大学。
• On 8 May 1940 the Czech University was officially renamed Czech Charles University by government regulation 188/1940.1940 年 5 月 8 日，捷克语大学依据第 188/1940 号政府规章正式更名为捷克语查理大学。
• After the Second World War the German-speaking Charles-Ferdinand University was dissolved with the expulsion of Germans, and in 1956 its members founded a new Collegium Carolinum in Munich.第二次世界大战后，随着德意志人被驱逐，德语查理-费迪南德大学解散；1956 年，其成员在慕尼黑创办了新的卡罗琳学院。
• After the communist coup in 1948 the regime carried out purges and repressed dissent for four decades, with a second wave during the normalisation period of the early 1970s.1948 年共产党政变后，新政权展开清洗并压制异见达四十年之久，20 世纪 70 年代初的正常化时期还出现第二波清洗。
• In 1989 students and faculty played a large role in the Velvet Revolution, and Václav Havel was appointed president of the republic in December 1989.1989 年，学生与教职员在天鹅绒革命中发挥重要作用，瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔于 1989 年 12 月被任命为共和国总统。
• Since 26 January 2022 Milena Králíčková has been the first woman rector of Charles University, and on 21 December 2023 a mass shooting at the university killed 14 people and wounded 25 others.自 2022 年 1 月 26 日起，米莱娜·克拉利奇科娃成为查理大学首位女性校长；2023 年 12 月 21 日，该校发生大规模枪击事件，造成 14 人死亡、25 人受伤。

Academics

• Charles University consists of 17 faculties based primarily in Prague, with two in Hradec Králové and one in Plzeň.查理大学由 17 个学院组成，主要设于布拉格，其中两个位于赫拉德茨-克拉洛韦，一个位于比尔森。
• The four original faculties were law, medicine, arts and theology, and today the university also has Catholic, Protestant and Hussite theological faculties as well as five medical faculties and a faculty of pharmacy.最初的四大学院为法学、医学、文学与神学；今日该校还设有天主教、新教与胡斯派神学院，以及五个医学院和一个药学院。
• The faculties also include the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport and the Faculty of Humanities.这些学院还包括文学院、理学院、数学与物理学院、教育学院、社会科学学院、体育学院与人文学学院。
• Academic institutes include The Institute of the History of Charles University and Archive of Charles University, the Center for Theoretical Study and the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education (CERGE-EI), the latter together with the Czech Academy of Sciences.学术机构包括查理大学历史研究所暨查理大学档案馆、理论研究中心，以及与捷克科学院合办的市场经济研究与研究生教育中心（CERGE-EI）。
• Other units include the Computer Science Centre, the Centre for Transfer of Knowledge and Technology, the Institute for Language and Preparatory Studies and the Central Library of Charles University.其他单位包括计算机科学中心、知识和技术转移中心、语言与预科研究所以及查理大学中央图书馆。
• Joint research centres of Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences include BIOCEV, the Centre for Biblical Studies, the Centre for Medieval Studies and the Center for Theoretical Study.查理大学与捷克科学院的联合研究中心包括 BIOCEV、圣经研究中心、中世纪研究中心与理论研究中心。
• Subsidiary companies include Charles University Innovations Prague, Charles Games, LAM-X, GeneSpector, FlexiCare and GeneSpector Innovations.附属企业包括查理大学布拉格创新公司、Charles Games、LAM-X、GeneSpector、FlexiCare 与 GeneSpector Innovations。
• The university's academic publishing house is Karolinum Press, and the university also operates several museums.该校的学术出版社为卡罗利努姆出版社，学校还经营着若干座博物馆。
• The Botanical Garden of Charles University, maintained by its Faculty of Science, is located in the New Town of Prague.由理学院维护的查理大学植物园位于布拉格新城。
• More than 50,000 students are enrolled at Charles University, making it the largest university in the Czech Republic.查理大学在读学生超过五万名，是捷克学生规模最大的大学。
• The OpenAlex database credits the university with 155,118 works and 9,899,088 citations.OpenAlex 数据库收录该校 155,118 篇成果与 9,899,088 次引用。
• Charles University is a founding member of the 4EU+ European University Alliance along with Heidelberg, Sorbonne University and the University of Warsaw.查理大学与海德堡大学、索邦大学及华沙大学同为 4EU+ 欧洲大学联盟的创始成员。
• It is a member of the Coimbra Group, the International Association of Universities and the International Forum of Public Universities.该校是科英布拉集团、国际大学协会与国际公立大学论坛的成员。
• The university participates in the Erasmus Programme and has numerous inter-university agreements, cooperating in Germany with Goethe University Frankfurt.该校参与伊拉斯谟计划，并签有大量校际协议，在德国与法兰克福歌德大学合作。
• The QS Subject Ranking places Charles University among the 150 best universities in the world in geography and linguistics.据 QS 学科排名，查理大学的地理学与语言学跻身世界前 150 名。

Campus

• Charles University does not have one joint campus, and its faculties are located in Prague, Hradec Králové, Plzeň and Brandýs nad Labem.查理大学没有统一校区，其学院分布于布拉格、赫拉德茨-克拉洛韦、比尔森与布兰迪斯。
• University buildings and compounds are scattered throughout Prague, in the Old Town, the New Town, Břevnov, Veleslavín, Libeň and Hostivař.大学建筑与院落散布布拉格各处，位于老城、新城、布热夫诺夫、韦莱斯拉温、利贝尼与霍斯提瓦日等地。
• The oldest building, the Karolinum, stands in the Old Town of Prague and is the seat of the rector and of the Academic Senate.最古老的建筑卡罗利努姆坐落于布拉格老城，是校长与学术委员会的所在地。
• The Karolinum was dedicated to the university by the Czech king Wenceslas IV in 1386 and has served the university ever since.卡罗利努姆由捷克国王瓦茨拉夫四世于 1386 年赠予大学，此后一直为该校所用。
• The Institute for Language and Preparatory Studies has teaching centres in Dobruška, Mariánské Lázně, Poděbrady and Zahrádky.语言与预科研究所在多布鲁什卡、玛丽亚温泉市、波杰布拉迪与扎赫拉德基设有教学中心。
• The Charles University Archive and Depository are located in Lešetice, and the Institute for Language and Preparatory Studies also runs centres outside Prague.查理大学档案馆与储藏库位于莱谢蒂采，语言与预科研究所在布拉格之外亦设有中心。
• Halls of residence and a sports centre are located in Břevnov, Libeň and Hostivař on the outskirts of Prague.学生宿舍与体育中心位于布拉格市郊的布热夫诺夫、利贝尼与霍斯提瓦日。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Charles University is placed joint 273rd in the world.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，查理大学位列世界并列第 273 位。
• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 places it in the 451-500 band.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将其列入 451-500 区间。
• The U.S. News Best Global Universities 2026-2027 ranks it 230th in the world.《美国新闻与世界报道》2026-2027 最佳全球大学排名将其列为世界第 230 位。
• In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 it appears in the 401-500 band.在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中，其位列 401-500 区间。
• Charles University is the highest-ranked university in the Czech Republic and is counted among the best universities in Central and Eastern Europe.查理大学是捷克排名最高的大学，也是中东欧最优秀的大学之一。
• It was ranked 31st in the Times Higher Education BRICS and Emerging Economies Rankings 2014.在 2014 年泰晤士高等教育金砖国家与新兴经济体排名中，该校位列第 31。
• The OpenAlex database credits it with 155,118 works and 9,899,088 citations, reflecting its role as the country's leading research institution.OpenAlex 数据库收录其 155,118 篇成果与 9,899,088 次引用，体现其作为捷克领头研究机构的地位。
• According to the QS Subject Ranking the university is among the 150 best in the world in geography and linguistics.据 QS 学科排名，该校的地理学与语言学位居世界前 150。
• Its alumni and staff include four Nobel laureates, among them Jaroslav Heyrovský, who won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.其校友与教职员中共有四位诺贝尔奖得主，其中包括获 1959 年诺贝尔化学奖的雅罗斯拉夫·海罗夫斯基。
• According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, Charles University stood within the top 1.5 per cent of the world's universities in 2011, then placed between 201st and 300th out of some 17,000 institutions.据软科世界大学学术排名，查理大学 2011 年位居全球高校前 1.5%，在当时约 17,000 所院校中排在 201 至 300 位之间。

Student life

• The university's historic insignia, including the rector's chain, the scepters of the individual faculties, the university seal and the founding documents, vanished in 1945 and none has been found.该校的历史信物，包括校长链、各学院权杖、校印与建校文书，于 1945 年失踪，至今无一寻回。
• Since 1650 those who received any degree took an oath to maintain the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, which has been renewed annually.自 1650 年起，获授学位者须宣誓维护「圣母无染原罪」信条，此誓每年重宣。
• The Karolinum is the venue for official academic ceremonies such as matriculations and graduations, and it also hosts the Academic Senate and the rector's office.卡罗利努姆是入学与毕业等官方学术典礼的举办地，也是学术委员会与校长办公室所在地。
• Student life is centred on Prague, where halls of residence are located in Břevnov, Libeň and Hostivař and a student sports centre operates in Hostivař.学生生活以布拉格为中心，宿舍位于布热夫诺夫、利贝尼与霍斯提瓦日，霍斯提瓦日还设有学生体育中心。
• The university's community is supported by its museums and by the Botanical Garden in the New Town, which serve as cultural venues for students and staff.该校社群以学校的博物馆与位于新城的植物园为依托，这些场所为学生与教职员提供文化活动空间。
• International Students' Day on 17 November commemorates the 1939 closure of Czech universities and the execution of nine student leaders.11 月 17 日的世界学生节用于纪念 1939 年捷克高校被关闭以及九名学生领袖被处决。
• Charles University students and faculty played a leading role in the Velvet Revolution of 1989, which ended communist rule in Czechoslovakia.查理大学的学生与教职员在 1989 年天鹅绒革命中发挥主导作用，结束了捷克斯洛伐克的共产党统治。

Notable people

• Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, founded the university in 1348 and granted it its first privileges in the Golden Bull.神圣罗马帝国皇帝兼波希米亚国王查理四世于 1348 年创办该校，并以金玺诏书授予其首批特权。
• Jan Hus, dean of the philosophical faculty, was elected rector in 1409 and became the leading figure of the Hussite movement.文学院院长扬·胡斯于 1409 年当选校长，并成为胡斯运动的核心人物。
• Ernst Mach, the physicist and philosopher, taught at the German university, and Albert Einstein held a professorship there in the winter semester of 1911-1912.物理学家与哲学家恩斯特·马赫曾在德语大学任教，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在 1911 至 1912 年冬季学期担任该校教授。
• Franz Kafka, Max Brod and Johannes Urzidil were among the German-language students of the German university in Prague.弗朗茨·卡夫卡、马克斯·布罗德与约翰内斯·乌尔齐迪尔都是布拉格德语大学的德语学生。
• Jaroslav Heyrovský, a professor of the Czech university, won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of polarography.捷克语大学教授雅罗斯拉夫·海罗夫斯基因发明极谱法获 1959 年诺贝尔化学奖。
• Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a professor at the Czech university, became the first President of Czechoslovakia in 1918.捷克语大学教授托马斯·加里格·马萨里克于 1918 年成为捷克斯洛伐克首任总统。
• Václav Havel, the writer and philosopher, was appointed president of the republic in December 1989 after the Velvet Revolution.作家与哲学家瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔在天鹅绒革命后于 1989 年 12 月被任命为共和国总统。
• Milena Králíčková became the first woman rector of Charles University in January 2022.米莱娜·克拉利奇科娃于 2022 年 1 月成为查理大学首位女性校长。
• The astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, who worked in Prague around 1600, are traditionally linked to the university's early modern period.约 1600 年在布拉格工作的天文学家第谷·布拉赫与约翰内斯·开普勒，传统上与该校的近代早期阶段相关联。