Baylor College of Medicine

Baylor College of Medicine is a private medical school in Houston, Texas, and since 1969 an institution independent of Baylor University in Waco, with which it is often confused.贝勒医学院是位于得克萨斯州休斯敦的私立医学院，自 1969 年起与位于韦科的贝勒大学相互独立，二者常被混淆。

It comprises four schools, the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, the School of Health Professions and the National School of Tropical Medicine.学院下设四所学院，即医学院、生物医学研究生院、健康职业学院与国家热带医学学院。

Baylor sits in the 201-300 band of the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 and 144th in the U.S. News global ranking for 2026-2027, but is absent from the THE 2027 and QS 2027 tables.贝勒在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中处于第 201 至 300 名区间，在 2026 至 2027 年度《美国新闻与世界报道》全球大学排名中位列第 144 名，但未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育与 QS 世界大学排名主榜。

History

• The school began in Dallas, where a group of physicians met on 16 August 1900 to take the first steps towards a medical college, although most of those present opposed the idea.学院起源于达拉斯，一批医生于 1900 年 8 月 16 日集会，为创办医学院迈出第一步，尽管与会者多数反对这一想法。
• The minority in favour formed a committee of medical men and three laymen to secure a board of directors, and the institution was named the University of Dallas Medical Department.持赞成意见的少数人组成由医生与三名非专业人士构成的委员会，以组建董事会，机构定名为达拉斯大学医学部。
• No institution called the University of Dallas existed at the time, so the name was aspirational rather than an actual affiliation.当时并不存在名为达拉斯大学的机构，因此这一名称只是愿景，而非真实的隶属关系。
• The charter was filed with the Texas Secretary of State on 15 September 1900, with Samuel E. Milliken, J. B. Titterington and Lawrence Ashton as incorporators.章程于 1900 年 9 月 15 日提交得克萨斯州州务卿，塞缪尔·米利肯、蒂特林顿与劳伦斯·阿什顿为创办人。
• The school opened on 19 November 1900 with 81 students in Temple Emanu-el, a former synagogue at 292 Commerce Street in Dallas.学院于 1900 年 11 月 19 日开学，81 名学生在一座位于达拉斯商业街 292 号的前犹太会堂伊曼纽尔神庙中上课。
• In 1903 the school allied with Baylor University in Waco and took the name Baylor University College of Medicine, the origin of the later confusion between the two institutions.1903 年，学院与韦科的贝勒大学结盟并改称贝勒大学医学院，这正是后来两所机构常被混淆的由来。
• By 1918 it was the only private medical school in Texas, a position it held while the state's public medical schools were still being organised.到 1918 年，它已是得克萨斯州唯一的私立医学院，这一地位维持到该州公立医学院陆续建立为止。
• In 1943 the M.D. Anderson Foundation invited Baylor to join the new Texas Medical Center, and the school opened there on 12 July 1943 in a converted Sears, Roebuck warehouse with 131 students.1943 年，安德森基金会邀请贝勒加入新建的得克萨斯医学中心，学院于当年 7 月 12 日在由西尔斯百货仓库改建的校舍中开学，有 131 名学生。
• Four years later the school moved into the Roy and Lillie Cullen Building, the first building completed in the Texas Medical Center.四年后，学院迁入罗伊与莉莉·卡伦楼，这是得克萨斯医学中心内落成的第一座建筑。
• Michael E. DeBakey joined as chair of surgery in 1948, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences was established the following year.迈克尔·德贝基于 1948 年出任外科系主任，生物医学研究生院于次年设立。
• In the 1950s DeBakey and his colleagues advanced vascular surgery, including improved Dacron grafts for replacing diseased arteries.1950 年代，德贝基及其同事推动血管外科进步，其中包括用于替换病变动脉的改良涤纶人工血管。
• Jesse H. Jones Hall, M. D. Anderson Hall and the Jewish Institute for Medical Research were completed in 1964, expanding the college's laboratory and teaching space.1964 年，杰西·琼斯楼、安德森楼与犹太医学研究所落成，扩大了学院的实验室与教学空间。
• In 1969 Baylor separated from Baylor University and became independent, a change that gave it direct access to federal research funding and its present name.1969 年，学院脱离贝勒大学成为独立机构，这一变化使其可以直接申请联邦研究经费，并采用现名。
• Also in 1969 the college negotiated with the Texas Legislature to double its class size, part of a state effort to train more physicians.同年，学院与得克萨斯州议会协商把班级规模扩大一倍，这是该州培养更多医生的努力之一。
• In 2004 Baylor did not renew its affiliation with Houston Methodist Hospital, its primary private adult teaching hospital, a split described as unique in American medical education.2004 年，贝勒没有续签与主要私立成人教学医院休斯敦卫理公会医院的隶属协议，这一分手被称为美国医学教育史上独一无二的事件。
• Construction of the Baylor Clinic and Hospital began in 2005 and was postponed in 2009 for financial reasons, leaving the shell finished but the interiors incomplete.贝勒诊所与医院于 2005 年动工，2009 年因资金问题停工，建筑外壳完成而内部未装修。
• In March 2012 the college converted that building into an outpatient clinic centre, abandoning the plan to run it as a general hospital.2012 年 3 月，学院把这栋建筑改作门诊中心，放弃了将其运营为综合医院的计划。
• In 2009 Baylor discussed a merger with Rice University, but after extensive meetings both boards decided that each institution would remain independent.2009 年，贝勒与莱斯大学商讨合并，经过多轮会议后双方董事会决定各自保持独立。
• In 2010 Baylor University and the college discussed closer ties, but no merger occurred, and the university's Board of Regents appoints 25% of the college's trustees.2010 年，贝勒大学与学院讨论加强联系，但未实现合并，贝勒大学董事会仍任命学院董事会的四分之一成员。
• Paul Klotman was named president and chief executive officer on 21 June 2010, and in January 2014 the college became joint owner of Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center with Catholic Health Initiatives.保罗·克洛特曼于 2010 年 6 月 21 日被任命为院长兼首席执行官，2014 年 1 月学院与天主教健康倡议共同拥有贝勒圣卢克医学中心。
• On 18 November 2020 the college announced an affiliation with Baylor Scott & White Health that created a regional campus in Temple enrolling 40 students a year from autumn 2023.2020 年 11 月 18 日，学院宣布与贝勒斯科特与怀特医疗系统建立隶属关系，并在坦普尔设立每年招收 40 名学生的区域校区，于 2023 年秋季启用。
• In July 2024 the first mRNA vaccine for elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus, developed with the Houston Zoo and Colossal Biosciences, was given to an Asian elephant.2024 年 7 月，学院与休斯敦动物园及巨像生物科学公司共同研制的首支象内皮性疱疹病毒信使核糖核酸疫苗，成功接种到一头亚洲象身上。

Academics

• The School of Medicine matriculates about 185 students a year in recent classes, roughly 75% of them Texas residents, and as of April 2020 was the third least expensive private medical school in the country.医学院每年录取约 185 名学生，其中约 75% 为得克萨斯州居民，截至 2020 年 4 月它是全美学费第三低的私立医学院。
• The M.D. curriculum compresses preclinical science into 1.5 years and follows it with 2.5 years of clinical work, one of the few American schools with an accelerated preclinical phase.医学博士课程把基础科学压缩到 1.5 年，随后安排 2.5 年临床训练，是美国少数采用加速基础阶段的医学院之一。
• Four dual-degree routes are offered: M.D./Ph.D. in biomedical sciences, M.D./M.P.H. with the UTHealth School of Public Health, M.D./M.B.A. with Rice University and M.D./J.D. with the University of Houston Law Center.学院提供四条双学位路径：与生物医学研究生院合办的医学博士与博士、与休斯敦公共卫生学院合办的医学博士与公共卫生硕士、与莱斯大学合办的医学博士与工商管理硕士，以及与休斯敦大学法学院合办的医学博士与法学博士。
• Baylor is one of 51 American institutions with a Medical Scientist Training Program, which takes 7 to 9 years, admits 8 to 12 students a year and pays tuition plus a $29,000 stipend.贝勒是全美 51 所设有医学科学家培养项目的院校之一，该项目学制 7 至 9 年，每年录取 8 至 12 人，免除学费并提供每年 2.9 万美元津贴。
• The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences offers Ph.D. training in seven interdisciplinary specialisations, an M.S. degree, a post-baccalaureate certificate and two physician-scientist tracks.生物医学研究生院在七个跨学科方向开设博士培养，并授予硕士学位、提供学士后证书项目与两条医师科学家培养路径。
• Research funding from the National Institutes of Health placed Baylor 19th among American institutions in 2013 and 20th in 2024, according to rankings compiled by the Blue Ridge Institute.据蓝岭研究所的排名，贝勒获得的美国国立卫生研究院研究经费在 2013 年位居全美第 19 位，2024 年位列第 20 位。
• The National School of Tropical Medicine, led by Peter Hotez, works on neglected tropical diseases and vaccine development, a field unusual for a private American medical school.由彼得·霍特兹领导的国家热带医学学院研究被忽视的热带病与疫苗开发，这在美国私立医学院中颇为少见。
• The School of Health Professions trains physician assistants, nurse anaesthetists, orthotists and prosthetists, genetic counsellors and clinical psychologists.健康职业学院培养医师助理、麻醉护理师、矫形与假肢师、遗传咨询师与临床心理学家。
• Its physician assistant programme began in 1971 as a certificate, became a bachelor's programme in 1975 and a master's in 1989, and is ranked third nationally.其医师助理项目 1971 年以证书课程起步，1975 年升为学士项目，1989 年升为硕士项目，目前在全美排名第三。
• The nurse anaesthesia programme grew from a 1968 certificate run by the Harris County Hospital District, became a master's programme in 1983 and awarded its first doctorates of nursing practice in 2012.麻醉护理项目源自 1968 年哈里斯县医院管理区开设的证书课程，1983 年升为硕士项目，2012 年颁发了首批护理实践博士学位。
• The orthotics and prosthetics programme, which enrolled its first students in June 2013, runs 30 months with 12 months of coursework and 18 months of clinical rotations and research.矫形与假肢项目于 2013 年 6 月招收首批学生，学制 30 个月，其中 12 个月授课、18 个月临床轮转与研究。
• Genetic counselling began in 2018 as a 21-month programme with coursework, rotations and a thesis, and students rotate through prenatal, paediatric, adult, cancer and specialty clinics.遗传咨询项目于 2018 年开办，学制 21 个月，包含课程、轮转与论文，学生产前、儿科、成人、肿瘤及专科门诊轮转。
• The clinical psychology Ph.D. follows a scientist-practitioner model over five years, with practica in years two to four and a predoctoral internship in year five.临床心理学博士项目采用科学家—实践者模式，学制五年，第二至第四年进行临床实习，第五年完成博士前实习。
• Graduate medical education covers more than 80 programmes accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and 40 approved by the Texas Medical Board.毕业后医学教育涵盖 80 多个经美国毕业后医学教育认证委员会认证的项目，以及 40 个经得克萨斯医学委员会批准的项目。
• Affiliated schools include the Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions and two academies in the Houston Independent School District.附属学校包括迈克尔·德贝基健康职业高中，以及休斯敦独立学区内的两所学院。
• The college's research spans genetics, developmental biology, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neuroscience and tropical medicine, with genetics among its most cited fields.学院研究覆盖遗传学、发育生物学、心血管疾病、癌症、神经科学与热带医学，其中遗传学是引用最多的领域之一。
• The 2020 Baylor Scott & White affiliation added a regional campus in Temple and a clinical partner outside Houston, extending the college's teaching network across central Texas.2020 年与贝勒斯科特与怀特医疗系统的合作增加了坦普尔区域校区与休斯敦以外的临床伙伴，把学院的教学网络延伸到得克萨斯中部。
• The clinical psychology programme offers three areas of emphasis, general clinical psychology, clinical neuropsychology and clinical health psychology, each with practica in affiliated hospitals.临床心理学项目设三个方向，即普通临床心理学、临床神经心理学与临床健康心理学，各方向均在附属医院安排实习。

Campus

• The main campus occupies the Roy and Lillie Cullen Building and neighbouring blocks inside the Texas Medical Center, the largest medical complex in the world.主校区以罗伊与莉莉·卡伦楼为核心，占据得克萨斯医学中心内的相邻街区，该中心是全球最大的医学综合体。
• Baylor owns Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center jointly with Catholic Health Initiatives, and the hospital serves as a principal adult teaching site.贝勒与天主教健康倡议共同拥有贝勒圣卢克医学中心，这家医院是主要的成人教学场所。
• Teaching and research affiliations include Ben Taub Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, TIRR Memorial Hermann, the Menninger Clinic and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center.教学与研究合作机构包括本·陶布医院、得克萨斯儿童医院、蒂尔纪念赫尔曼康复医院、门宁格诊所与迈克尔·德贝基退伍军人医疗中心。
• The college is also affiliated with MD Anderson Cancer Center and the Children's Hospital of San Antonio, extending its clinical teaching beyond Houston.学院还与安德森癌症中心及圣安东尼奥儿童医院保持合作，把临床教学延伸到休斯敦之外。
• The BCM–McNair Campus holds a partially completed hospital building that was to become the college's acute-care hospital and main teaching facility.贝勒—麦克奈尔校区内有一栋未完工的医院建筑，原计划作为学院的急症医院与主要教学设施。
• The former Baylor Clinic and Hospital shell was converted in 2012 into an outpatient centre, and it now handles ambulatory visits rather than inpatient care.原贝勒诊所与医院的建筑外壳于 2012 年改为门诊中心，如今承担门诊就诊而非住院服务。
• The Temple regional campus, created under the 2020 Baylor Scott & White affiliation, enrolled its first 40 students in autumn 2023.根据 2020 年与贝勒斯科特与怀特医疗系统的合作协议设立的坦普尔区域校区，于 2023 年秋季迎来首批 40 名学生。
• The campus sits within walking distance of Texas Children's Hospital and Ben Taub, so students move between lecture halls and wards without long commutes.校园距得克萨斯儿童医院与本·陶布医院均在步行范围内，学生往返教室与病房无需长途通勤。
• Houston's Texas Medical Center houses more than 60 institutions, and Baylor's location gives students access to specialty services rare in a single campus.休斯敦的得克萨斯医学中心聚集了 60 多家机构，贝勒的位置使学生能够接触单一校园难以提供的专科资源。
• The college has no large undergraduate campus, so its buildings are clinical, laboratory and classroom space rather than dormitories and playing fields.学院没有大型本科校园，其建筑以临床、实验室与教室空间为主，而非宿舍与运动场。
• Because the college's buildings sit inside the Texas Medical Center rather than on a self-contained campus, students share libraries, cafeterias and transit stops with neighbouring institutions.由于学院建筑位于得克萨斯医学中心内部而非自成一体，学生与邻近机构共用图书馆、餐厅与公交站点。

Reputation

• The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2026 places Baylor in the 201-300 band, a tied interval rather than a single number.2026 年软科世界大学学术排名把贝勒列入第 201 至 300 名区间，这是并列区间而非单一数字。
• U.S. News ranks the college 144th in its 2026-2027 Best Global Universities list, its strongest position among the four major global tables.《美国新闻与世界报道》在 2026 至 2027 年度全球最佳大学榜单中把该院列为第 144 名，这是它在四大全球榜单中的最好位次。
• Baylor does not appear in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027, and no THE position is recorded for it.贝勒未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，因此没有对应的泰晤士名次。
• It is also absent from the QS World University Rankings 2027, because QS's overall table is built around broad multi-faculty universities rather than freestanding medical schools.贝勒同样未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名，因为 QS 综合榜以学科齐全的多科性大学为对象，而非独立设置的医学院。
• In the 2022 U.S. News graduate rankings Baylor's biological sciences programme stood among the top 25 in the United States.在 2022 年《美国新闻与世界报道》研究生院排名中，贝勒的生物科学项目进入全美前 25 名。
• Its physician assistant programme ranks third and its nurse anaesthesia programme second in the U.S. News subject tables, both taught within the School of Health Professions.其医师助理项目在《美国新闻与世界报道》的学科榜中位列全美第三，麻醉护理项目位列第二，两者都设在健康职业学院。
• NIH research funding placed Baylor 20th among American institutions in 2024, after ranking 19th in 2013, which shows a stable position rather than a rapid rise.2024 年贝勒获得的国立卫生研究院研究经费在全美机构中排名第 20，2013 年曾列第 19，显示其位置稳定而非快速上升。
• Its faculty includes members of the National Academy of Sciences and winners of the National Medal of Science, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.其教师队伍包括美国国家科学院院士，以及国家科学奖章、总统自由勋章与国会金质奖章的获得者。
• DeBakey's surgical innovations and Denton Cooley's cardiac work gave the college an international reputation in cardiovascular surgery from the 1950s onward.德贝基的外科创新与登顿·库利的心脏手术工作，使学院自 1950 年代起在国际心血管外科界享有声誉。
• The college's tropical medicine school and its 2024 elephant herpes vaccine trial have given it visibility outside the usual rankings of medical schools.学院的热带医学学院与 2024 年的象疱疹疫苗试验，使其在常规医学院排名之外获得关注。

Student life

• The medical class of about 185 is small enough that students know their cohort, and about three quarters come from Texas, which shapes the school's clinical culture.每届约 185 名医学生，规模小到彼此熟识，其中约四分之三来自得克萨斯州，这塑造了学院的临床文化。
• Baylor's 1.5-year preclinical phase puts students on the wards earlier than most American medical schools, and clinical rotations make up the remaining 2.5 years.贝勒 1.5 年的基础阶段使学生比多数美国医学院更早进入病房，其余 2.5 年用于临床轮转。
• M.D./Ph.D. students in the Medical Scientist Training Program receive free tuition and a stipend, and typically spend seven to nine years combining laboratory work with clinical training.医学科学家培养项目的医学博士与博士双学位学生免交学费并获得津贴，通常用 7 至 9 年把实验室工作与临床训练结合起来。
• Dual-degree students move to Rice University for the M.B.A., the University of Houston Law Center for the J.D. and the UTHealth School of Public Health for the M.P.H.双学位学生分别到莱斯大学攻读工商管理硕士、到休斯敦大学法学院攻读法学博士、到休斯敦公共卫生学院攻读公共卫生硕士。
• Residents in more than 80 accredited programmes work across the Texas Medical Center's hospitals, where the patient mix reflects one of America's most diverse cities.80 多个认证项目中的住院医师在得克萨斯医学中心各家医院工作，其患者构成反映了美国最多元的城市之一。
• The affiliated high schools, including the DeBakey High School for Health Professions, bring teenagers onto campus for science teaching and mentoring.包括德贝基健康职业高中在内的附属学校，把青少年带到校园接受科学教学与辅导。
• Houston's museum district, Hermann Park and the zoo lie a short drive from the medical centre, and students use them to offset long hospital shifts.休斯敦博物馆区、赫尔曼公园与动物园距医学中心只有很短车程，学生常在漫长值班之余前往休整。

Notable people

• Michael E. DeBakey, chair of surgery from 1948, developed coronary bypass, carotid endarterectomy, artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices, and won the Presidential Medal of Freedom.自 1948 年起任外科系主任的迈克尔·德贝基开发了冠状动脉旁路、颈动脉内膜切除、人工心脏与心室辅助装置，并获得总统自由勋章。
• Denton Cooley, a cardiovascular surgeon on the Baylor faculty, founded the Texas Heart Institute and performed the first successful implantation of an artificial heart.贝勒教师、心血管外科医生登顿·库利创办了得克萨斯心脏研究所，并完成了首例成功的人工心脏植入。
• Huda Zoghbi, a neuropsychiatrist and Howard Hughes investigator, is a member of the National Academy of Sciences known for work on neurodevelopmental disorders.神经精神病学家、霍华德·休斯研究员胡达·佐格比是美国国家科学院院士，以神经发育障碍研究闻名。
• Bert W. O'Malley, a geneticist, won the National Medal of Science, and C. Thomas Caskey worked on the universality of the genetic code and its start and stop signals.遗传学家伯特·奥马利获得国家科学奖章，卡斯凯则研究遗传密码的通用性及其起始与终止信号。
• Peter Hotez leads the National School of Tropical Medicine and works on vaccines for neglected diseases, while David Eagleman is a neuroscientist and popular science writer.彼得·霍特兹领导国家热带医学学院并从事被忽视疾病疫苗研究，大卫·伊格曼则是神经科学家与科普作家。
• James R. Lupski and Lorraine Potocki co-discovered Potocki-Lupski syndrome, and Potocki also co-discovered Potocki-Shaffer syndrome.詹姆斯·卢普斯基与洛林·波托茨基共同发现了波托茨基—卢普斯基综合征，波托茨基还参与了波托茨基—谢弗综合征的发现。
• Helen Heslop directs the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and Malcolm Brenner works on gene-modified cell therapies for cancer.海伦·赫斯洛普主管细胞与基因治疗中心，马尔科姆·布伦纳研究用于癌症的基因改造细胞疗法。
• Richard A. Gibbs and Margaret Goodell are geneticists working on cancer and stem-cell biology, and Wah Chiu is a biophysicist known for cryo-electron microscopy.理查德·吉布斯与玛格丽特·古德尔是从事癌症与干细胞生物学研究的遗传学家，瓦赫·邱则是以冷冻电镜闻名的生物物理学家。
• Carl June, a Baylor alumnus, pioneered CAR T-cell therapy, a cell-based treatment that reprograms a patient's immune cells to attack cancer.贝勒校友卡尔·琼开创了嵌合抗原受体免疫细胞疗法，这种细胞治疗通过重编程患者免疫细胞来攻击癌症。
• John C. Baldwin performed the first successful heart auto-transplantation to repair a cardiac tumour, and Michael J. Reardon repeated the procedure for cardiac sarcoma.约翰·鲍德温完成了首例成功的心脏自体移植以修复心脏肿瘤，迈克尔·里尔登则把这一手术用于心脏肉瘤。
• David C. Hilmers and Donald Holmquest, both physician-astronauts, are listed among the college's faculty, one as an internist and paediatrician and the other as a radiologist and attorney.医生出身的宇航员戴维·希尔默斯与唐纳德·霍尔姆奎斯特都列名于学院教师，前者为内科与儿科医生，后者为放射科医生兼律师。