Babeș-Bolyai University

Babeș-Bolyai University, commonly abbreviated UBB and known in Hungarian as Babeș-Bolyai Tudományegyetem, is a public research university seated in Cluj-Napoca in the Transylvanian region of Romania.巴比什-波雅依大学（Babeș-Bolyai University）常缩写为 UBB，匈牙利语称作 Babeș-Bolyai Tudományegyetem，是罗马尼亚特兰西瓦尼亚地区克卢日-纳波卡的一所公立研究型大学。

Established in 1581 as Academia Claudiopolitana and reorganised many times, the institution took its present form in 1959 when Bolyai University, founded in 1945, merged with Victor Babeș University, founded in 1919.该校前身为 1581 年设立的 Academia Claudiopolitana，历经多次改组，最终于 1959 年由 1945 年创建的波雅依大学与 1919 年创建的维克托·巴比什大学合并而成现在的建制。

With almost 50,000 students it is the largest university in Romania and the leading institution by the national Metaranking, and it sits in the 851-900 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.该校在校生接近 5 万人，是罗马尼亚规模最大的大学，也是全国元排名（Metaranking）中的领头院校，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中列第 851-900 位。

History

• The history of higher learning in Cluj-Napoca begins in 1581 with the Jesuit college founded by Stephen Báthory, who was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Prince of Transylvania.克卢日-纳波卡的高等教育史始于 1581 年，由身兼波兰国王、立陶宛大公与特兰西瓦尼亚亲王的斯特凡·巴托里创设耶稣会学院。

• The college received buildings and land inside the medieval city walls on Platea Luporum, today Mihail Kogălniceanu Street, and its first rector was the Polish Jesuit priest Jakub Wujek.学院获得坐落中世纪城墙内、位于 Platea Luporum（今米哈伊尔·科尔格利恰努街）的建筑与地产，首任校长为波兰耶稣会士雅库布·武耶克。

• That Collegium Academicum Claudiopolitanum held the right to confer the academic titles of baccalaureus, magister and doctor, and its language of teaching and learning was Latin.这所 Collegium Academicum Claudiopolitanum 有权授予学士、硕士与博士三级学位，教学与研习语言为拉丁语。

• By 1585 the young institution already counted some 230 students divided into six classes, evidence of a functioning curriculum within its first years of existence.至 1585 年，这所新建机构已有约 230 名学生、分为六个班，显示其创立初期即已形成运作中的课程体系。

• After 1698 the school was named Universitas Claudiopolitana and taught in Latin and subsequently in German as the languages of instruction changed over time.1698 年后该校改称 Universitas Claudiopolitana，授课语言由拉丁语逐步转为德语，随时代推移而更迭。

• In 1753 Empress Maria Theresa granted the university imperial status, an elevation that tied its fortunes to the Habsburg crown that then ruled Transylvania.1753 年女皇玛丽娅·特蕾西娅授予该校帝国地位，此次升格使其命运与当时统治特兰西瓦尼亚的哈布斯堡王室紧密相连。

• In 1773, following the dissolution of the Jesuit Order, the institution passed under the administration of the Piarist order, a second teaching order to run the Cluj college.1773 年耶稣会被解散后，该校转由皮亚尔会管理，成为接续经营克卢日学院的第二个教学修会。

• In 1786 Universitas Claudiopolitana became the Royal Academic Lyceum with a semiuniversity statute, granting baccalaureus and magister training but not doctorates.1786 年 Universitas Claudiopolitana 改为具半大学建制的皇家学术学塾，可授学士与硕士，但不授予博士学位。

• Two further semiuniversity bodies followed, the Surgical-Medical Institute and the Academy of Law, and both were later incorporated into the Franz Joseph University.其后又出现两个半大学机构，即外科医学研究所与法学院，二者后来均被并入弗朗茨·约瑟夫大学。

• With the European revolutions of 1848 and the affirmation of the Romanian nation, the demand for education carried out in the Romanian language was first openly raised.伴随 1848 年欧洲革命与罗马尼亚民族意识的兴起，以罗马尼亚语办学的诉求首次被公开提出。

• At the request of the Romanians in 1870, the education minister József Eötvös proposed a Kolozsvár university teaching in Hungarian, Romanian and German, but he died in 1871.1870 年应罗马尼亚人之请，教育大臣约瑟夫·厄特沃什提议在科洛兹堡设立以匈牙利语、罗马尼亚语与德语授课的大学，但他于 1871 年去世。

• In 1872 Franz Joseph I legislated the Hungarian Royal University of Kolozsvár in Hungarian only, and on 20 December 1872 its first 258 students began their courses.1872 年弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世立法设立仅以匈牙利语授课的科洛兹堡皇家大学，同年 12 月 20 日首批 258 名学生开课。

• The new university had four faculties, Law and State Sciences, Medicine, Philosophy Letters and History, and Mathematics and Natural Sciences, with a separate Pedagogical Institute.新大学设四大学院，即法律与政治科学院、医学院、哲学文学与历史学院、数学与自然科学院，另附独立的师资培训学院。

• Its first rector was Professor Áron Berde of the law faculty, a specialist in economics and finance, while in 1895 women were given the right to attend university lectures.首任校长为法律学院经济学与财政学专家阿隆·贝尔德教授，而 1895 年女性获准到校旁听课程。

• After the First World War and the Great Union of 1918, the university was taken over by the Romanian authorities and became an institution of the Kingdom of Romania.第一次世界大战结束、1918 年大统一之后，该校被罗马尼亚当局接管，成为罗马尼亚王国的一所机构。

• On 12 September 1919 a decree signed by King Ferdinand I stipulated the transformation of the Hungarian Franz Joseph University into a Romanian university from 1 October 1919.1919 年 9 月 12 日，斐迪南一世签署法令，规定自 1919 年 10 月 1 日起将匈牙利族的弗朗茨·约瑟夫大学改为罗马尼亚语大学。

• Hungarian staff who had not sworn allegiance to the Romanian state moved to Szeged, where they helped form the University of Szeged established in 1921.未向罗马尼亚国家宣誓效忠的匈牙利籍教职员迁往塞格德，参与创建 1921 年成立的塞格德大学。

• The new Romanian university, first named Dacia Superior University and later King Ferdinand I University, had four faculties and opened with an inaugural lecture by Vasile Pârvan on 3 November 1919.新建的罗马尼亚大学初名达契亚高等大学，后改称斐迪南一世大学，设四大学院，1919 年 11 月 3 日由瓦西列·珀万讲授首课。

• Its official inauguration ran from 31 January to 2 February 1920 in the presence of King Ferdinand I, and the first elected rector was the philologist Sextil Pușcariu.其正式落成典礼于 1920 年 1 月 31 日至 2 月 2 日举行，斐迪南一世亲临，首任民选校长为语言学家塞克斯蒂尔·普什卡留。

• In 1940, after the territorial revision imposed by the Second Vienna Award gave Northern Transylvania to Hungary, the Romanian university was moved to Timișoara and Sibiu.1940 年第二次维也纳仲裁将特兰西瓦尼亚北部判给匈牙利后，罗马尼亚语大学被迁至蒂米什瓦拉与锡比乌。

• On 1 June 1945 the Romanian authorities returned King Ferdinand I University, later renamed Victor Babeș University, to Cluj and founded the Hungarian-language Bolyai University.1945 年 6 月 1 日，罗马尼亚当局将后改名为维克托·巴比什大学的斐迪南一世大学迁回克卢日，并创办匈牙利语授课的波雅依大学。

• The Bolyai University opened with four faculties, and in 1948 its Human Medicine faculty was separated and moved to Târgu Mureș to form the University of Medicine and Pharmacy.波雅依大学开办时设四大学院，1948 年其人文医学院被分出并迁至特尔古穆列什，组建医药大学。

• In the spring of 1959 the two institutions were united as Babeș-Bolyai University, named after the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeș and the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai.1959 年春，两所院校合并为巴比什-波雅依大学，取名自罗马尼亚细菌学家维克托·巴比什与匈牙利数学家亚诺什·波雅依。

• In 1995 the reorganised university introduced a multicultural system backed by the High Commissioner on National Minorities, with Romanian, Hungarian and German study lines at all degree levels.1995 年改组后的大学引入由少数族群问题高级专员公署支持的多文化体制，在各级学位开设罗马尼亚语、匈牙利语与德语三条教学线。

• Today UBB spans art and humanities, social sciences, life and natural sciences, mathematics and computer science, alongside engineering and technology as a complex modern university.如今该校作为一所综合性现代大学，学科覆盖艺术与人文、社会科学、生命与自然科学、数学与计算机科学，以及工程与技术。

Academics

• Enrolment reached almost 50,000 students by 2021, and between 1993 and 2021 the student body quadrupled from 12,247 to 48,620 students.到 2021 年在校生接近 5 万人，1993 年至 2021 年间学生规模从 12,247 人增至 48,620 人，翻了约两番。

• The 2021 student body broke down into 2,239 doctoral candidates, 9,543 master's students and 33,139 undergraduates across the whole institution.2021 年在校学生由 2,239 名博士生、9,543 名硕士生与 33,139 名本科生构成，分布于全校各层级。

• The university is organised into 22 faculties and supports an academic community of more than 55,000 members in the city of Cluj-Napoca.学校下设 22 个学院，在克卢日-纳波卡支撑着一个超过 55,000 人的学术共同体。

• It confers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees together with advanced postgraduate studies, covering the full academic cycle from first degree to research doctorate.学校授予学士、硕士与博士学位，并开设高级研究生课程，覆盖从本科到研究性博士的完整学术周期。

• UBB is the only university in Europe with four faculties of theology, serving the Orthodox, Reformed, Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic traditions side by side.该校是欧洲唯一设四所神学院的高校，并同时服务东正教、归正宗、罗马天主教与希腊天主教四个传统。

• Its multicultural structure offers 291 study programmes in Romanian, split into 148 bachelor's and 143 master's courses of study.其多文化建制提供 291 个罗马尼亚语专业，其中本科 148 个、硕士 143 个。

• Alongside Romanian courses there are 110 study programmes in Hungarian, comprising 70 bachelor's and 40 master's degrees, and 15 programmes in German.罗马尼亚语课程之外，另有 110 个匈牙利语专业（本科 70 个、硕士 40 个）以及 15 个德语专业。

• The German offerings divide into 10 bachelor's and 5 master's programmes, and the Hungarian and German minorities are proportionately represented in the Professors' Council and Senate.德语课程含 10 个本科与 5 个硕士项目，匈牙利族与德意志族少数民族在校务委员会与大学参议会有按比例的代表。

• Instruction runs in Romanian, Hungarian, German, English and French, with a smaller number of master's programmes additionally taught in Spanish, Italian and Japanese.授课语言包括罗马尼亚语、匈牙利语、德语、英语与法语，另有少量硕士项目以西班牙语、意大利语和日语教学。

• Among foreign students, 41.5 percent come from Moldova and Ukraine, 27.4 percent from EU and EEA countries, and 31.1 percent from states outside those blocs.国际学生中，41.5% 来自摩尔多瓦与乌克兰，27.4% 来自欧盟与欧洲经济区国家，31.1% 来自这些集团之外的国家。

• The university is classified by the Romanian Ministry of Education as an advanced research and education university, its highest national research designation.罗马尼亚教育部将该校列为高等研究与教育大学，这是其国家层面的最高研究定级。

• As a multicultural institution its identity rests on three parallel linguistic lines, so degree programmes, staff and students are distributed across Romanian, Hungarian and German faculties.作为多文化院校，其立校之本在于三条并行的语言线，学位课程、教职与学生分布在罗马尼亚语、匈牙利语与德语学院之中。

• It takes its name from two Transylvanian scholars, the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeș, a co-founder of modern microbiology, and János Bolyai, developer of absolute geometry.校名源自两位特兰西瓦尼亚学者：现代微生物学创始人之一的罗马尼亚细菌学家维克托·巴比什，以及创立绝对几何的亚诺什·波雅依。

• The 1995 reform gave the Hungarian section a partial autonomy that has grown over time, with three lines of study maintained at every academic degree level.1995 年改革赋予匈牙利语学部有限自治，且该自治随时间逐步扩大，各级学位均维持三条教学语言线。

Campus

• The main campus lies in the city of Cluj-Napoca, with university buildings spread across the urban fabric rather than gathered into one closed site.主校区位于克卢日-纳波卡市区，大学建筑散布于城市肌理之中，而非集中在一处封闭园区。

• Student housing comprises 17 residential areas totalling 5,280 quarters, allocated as 4,964 for students, 100 for athletes and 216 for doctoral candidates.学生住宿由 17 个住宅区共 5,280 套单元组成，其中学生 4,964 套、运动员 100 套、博士生 216 套。

• Among the housing precincts the Hașdeu and Economica areas are the most notable, and all dormitories have been renovated and thermally insulated in recent years.住宿区中以哈什久（Hașdeu）与经济学区最为著名，各宿舍近年均已翻新并做了保温处理。

• The renovated residences carry double-glazed windows, laminate flooring and chipboard or wooden furniture, a standard the university publishes for its student housing.翻新后的宿舍配备双层玻璃窗、复合地板与刨花板或木质家具，校方将此作为学生宿舍的公开标准。

• In the city centre stands the Lucian Blaga University Library, named after the Romanian philosopher and poet, serving as the main research library of the institution.市中心坐落着以罗马尼亚哲学家、诗人卢钦·布拉加之名命名的卢钦·布拉加大学图书馆，是全校主要的研究图书馆。

• The university also operates several affiliated colleges in other towns across the Transylvania and Maramureș historical regions beyond its Cluj base.除克卢日本部之外，该校还在特兰西瓦尼亚与马拉穆列什两个历史地区的其他城镇设有若干附属学院。

• Its cultural possessions include the University Museum, opened in April 2001 with a collection of more than 750 original and facsimile pieces.学校文化资产包括 2001 年 4 月开馆的大学博物馆，藏有 750 余件原件与复制件。

• Several subject museums sit within the university, among them a Mineralogical Museum, a Botanical Museum, a Paleontology-Stratigraphy Museum, a Vivarium and a Zoological Museum.校内设有多个学科博物馆，包括矿物博物馆、植物博物馆、古生物地层博物馆、水族园与动物博物馆。

Reputation

• In the QS World University Rankings 2027 Babeș-Bolyai University is placed in the 851-900 band, the position on which this entry is based.在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中，巴比什-波雅依大学列第 851-900 位，本条目即据此档位收录。

• The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2027 place the university in the 1201-1400 band, a wider and lower range than its QS position.2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名将该校列入第 1201-1400 位，其区间比 QS 名次更宽也更靠后。

• In the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking the institution is listed at number 673 worldwide by the mirror table used here.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中，本条目所用镜像表记该校居全球第 673 位。

• No position is recorded for Babeș-Bolyai University in the 2026 Shanghai Ranking, the ARWU Academic Ranking of World Universities main list of that edition.在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名（ARWU）主榜中未见该校名次，该校未进入该版榜单。

• Since 2016 UBB has occupied the first position among Romanian universities in the University Metaranking commissioned by the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research.自 2016 年起，该校在罗马尼亚教育部与研究部委托推出的大学元排名中稳居全国高校第一。

• When the Ministry issued a new methodology and metaranking in February 2022, Babeș-Bolyai again took first place, although the classification is now run by an independent body.教育部于 2022 年 2 月发布新方法与新的元排名时，该校再次夺得第一，尽管评级工作现已交由独立机构执行。

• A 2019 QS STAR academic audit rated the university as an international university with excellence in teaching and research, and a 2021 QS audit granted it a five-star rating.2019 年 QS STAR 学术评估将其认定为教学与研究表现卓越的国际大学，2021 年 QS 复审又授予其五星评级。

• Its scale supports the quantitative case: 22 faculties, some 416 taught study programmes, 2,239 doctoral candidates and a student body near 50,000.其规模构成可量化的依据：22 个学院、约 416 个在授专业、2,239 名博士生与近 5 万在校生。

• Its honorary-doctor roster includes several Nobel-calibre scientists, among them Ahmed Zewail, Jean-Marie Lehn, George Andrew Olah and George Emil Palade, holders of chemistry or medicine prizes.该校名誉博士学位名单包含多位诺贝尔级科学家，如艾哈迈德·齐韦尔、让-马里·莱恩、乔治·安德鲁·奥拉与乔治·埃米尔·帕拉德，均为化学或医学奖得主。

Student life

• Campus life is defined by its trilingual system, with the 1995 reform sustaining Romanian, Hungarian and German lines of study at every degree level for some 50,000 students.校园生活由其三语体制界定，1995 年改革在各级学位维持罗马尼亚语、匈牙利语与德语三条教学线，惠及约 5 万学生。

• UBB is one of five members of the Universitaria Consortium, the group of elite Romanian universities that also includes Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, the University of Bucharest, ASE and West University of Timișoara.该校是精英大学联盟 Universitaria Consortium 五名成员之一，该联盟还包括亚历山德鲁·伊奥安·库扎大学、布加勒斯特大学、ASE 与蒂米什瓦拉西部大学。

• It belongs to the International Association of Universities, the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities, Eutopia, the Santander Group, the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie and the European University Association.该校是国际大学协会、欧洲研究型大学联盟、Eutopia、桑坦德集团、法语大学机构署与欧洲大学协会的成员。

• The university signed the Magna Charta Universitatum and has concluded partnerships with 210 other universities spread across 50 countries worldwide.学校签署了《大学宪章》，并与分布在全球 50 个国家的 210 所大学建立了合作关系。

• The Hungarian section has pressed for deeper autonomy, since university decisions rest on the majority vote of the whole faculty and Hungarian representatives are always in the minority.匈牙利语学部一直争取更深的自治，因为大学决策取决于全体校务的多数表决，匈牙利族代表总是处于少数。

• In November 2006 the lecturers Hantz Péter and Kovács Lehel were dismissed after campaigning for language equality, and the European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2008 that their exclusion was legal.2006 年 11 月，教职员杭茨·佩特与科瓦奇·莱海尔因推动语言平等而被解职，欧洲人权法院于 2008 年裁定解聘合法。

• On 20 June 2025 a student employed by the Cluj-Napoca police assaulted a doctoral teaching assistant during a written examination, prompting internal university and law-enforcement investigations.2025 年 6 月 20 日，一名受雇于克卢日-纳波卡警方的学生在笔试中殴打一名博士助教，引发校方与执法部门的内部调查。

Notable people

• The university bears the names of two Transylvanian scholars, the Romanian bacteriologist and co-founder of modern microbiology Victor Babeș and the Hungarian mathematician of absolute geometry János Bolyai.校名取自两位特兰西瓦尼亚学者：罗马尼亚细菌学家、现代微生物学创始人之一维克托·巴比什，与创立绝对几何的匈牙利数学家亚诺什·波雅依。

• Its founder in 1581 was Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Prince of Transylvania, while the first rector of the Jesuit college was the Polish priest Jakub Wujek.其 1581 年的创办人是波兰国王兼特兰西瓦尼亚亲王斯特凡·巴托里，耶稣会学院首任校长则是波兰教士雅库布·武耶克。

• Empress Maria Theresa raised the school to imperial status in 1753, and Franz Joseph I legislated the Hungarian Royal University of Kolozsvár two centuries of history later in 1872.女皇玛丽娅·特蕾西娅于 1753 年将学校升为帝国地位，弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世则于 1872 年立法设立科洛兹堡匈牙利皇家大学。

• The Hungarian-era reformer József Eötvös proposed the trilingual university in 1870, while Professor Áron Berde of economics and finance served as the first rector in 1872.匈牙利族改革者约瑟夫·厄特沃什在 1870 年倡议设立三语大学，而经济学与财政学教授阿隆·贝尔德于 1872 年出任首任校长。

• King Ferdinand I signed the 1919 decree converting the university to Romanian instruction and attended the 1920 inauguration of the new national institution.斐迪南一世签署 1919 年法令将大学改为罗马尼亚语授课，并出席了 1920 年这所新国立机构的落成典礼。

• The historian Vasile Pârvan delivered the inaugural lecture titled The Duty of Our Life on 3 November 1919, and the philologist Sextil Pușcariu became the first elected rector.历史学家瓦西列·珀万于 1919 年 11 月 3 日主讲题为《我们生命的责任》的首课，语言学家塞克斯蒂尔·普什卡留成为首任民选校长。

• Honorary degrees were conferred on public figures including Angela Merkel, Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, King Michael I of Romania and the novelist Mario Vargas Llosa.该校授予多位公众人物名誉学位，包括安格拉·默克尔、教皇本笃十六世、君士坦丁堡普世牧首巴尔多禄茂一世、罗马尼亚国王米哈伊一世与小说家马里奥·巴尔加斯·略萨。

• The Hungarian-language dispute figures include Hantz Péter and Kovács Lehel, the Swedish MEP Göran Lindblad who moved a Council of Europe resolution, and the former justice minister Albert Takács.匈牙利语学潮的当事人包括杭茨·佩特与科瓦奇·莱海尔、提出欧洲委员会议会决议的瑞典籍欧洲议会议员耶兰·林德布拉德，以及前司法部长塔考奇·阿尔伯特。

• Also drawn into the autonomy debate were the Hungarian education minister Istvan Hiller, his Romanian counterpart Mihail Hărdău, the MEP Corina Crețu and the union leader Anton Hadăr.卷入自治争论的还有匈牙利教育部长伊什特万·希勒尔、罗马尼亚对口部长米哈伊·哈尔道、欧洲议会议员科里纳·克勒策鲁与工会领袖安东·哈德尔。