Andrew Dzurak

Andrew Dzurak is an Australian physicist and engineer at the University of New South Wales, where he holds a Scientia chair in quantum engineering and leads a programme on silicon spin qubits.Andrew Dzurak 是澳大利亚新南威尔士大学的物理学家与工程师，持该校量子工程 Scientia 讲席，主持硅自旋量子比特研究计划。

In 2022 he founded Diraq to turn that laboratory work into a manufacturable computer, and his central argument has been that quantum processors should be built with the tools of the ordinary chip industry.2022 年他创办 Diraq，试图把实验室成果做成可量产的计算机；他的核心主张是：量子处理器应当用普通芯片工业的工具来制造。

Biography

• Dzurak took a Bachelor of Science at the University of Sydney in 1987, supported by the H S Carslaw Memorial Scholarship, and left for Cambridge for doctoral work.1987 年他在悉尼大学获理学学士，获 H S Carslaw 纪念奖学金资助，随后赴剑桥攻读博士。
• His Ph.D., completed in 1993, treated ballistic hot electrons in mesoscopic transistors, a topic that sat at the intersection of semiconductor physics and nanofabrication.他 1993 年完成的博士论文研究介观晶体管中的弹道热电子，题目正好落在半导体物理与纳米加工的交叉处。
• Those Cambridge years put him inside the first wave of work on quantum point contacts and quantum dots, devices only recently demonstrated at the time.剑桥那几年让他进入量子点接触与量子点研究的第一波浪潮，这些器件当时才刚被演示出来。
• He also learned to fabricate and measure at low temperature, skills that were scarce in Australia when he returned.他还学会了器件制备与低温测量，这些技能在他回国时的澳大利亚相当稀缺。
• He arrived at the University of New South Wales in 1994 on a Vice-Chancellor's Research Fellowship and moved to an ARC Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in 1996.1994 年他凭校长研究奖学金进入新南威尔士大学，1996 年转为澳大利亚研究理事会博士后研究员。
• He helped set up the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, established by Robert Clark in January 2000, which became the largest focused silicon quantum computing collaboration in the world.他参与筹建澳大利亚研究理事会量子计算机技术卓越中心，该中心由 Robert Clark 于 2000 年 1 月建立，后来成为全球规模最大的硅基量子计算专门合作体。
• From 2007 to 2022 he was the founding director of ANFF-NSW, the New South Wales node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility.2007 至 2022 年，他担任澳大利亚国家制造设施新南威尔士节点（ANFF-NSW）的创始主任。
• He rose to a Scientia Professorship and was awarded an ARC Laureate Fellowship in 2019, the council's flagship individual grant.他晋升为 Scientia 教授，并于 2019 年获得澳大利亚研究理事会的旗舰个人资助——桂冠学者基金（ARC Laureate Fellowship）。
• He sits on the executive board of the Sydney Quantum Academy, the joint venture of four Sydney universities and the state government.他是悉尼量子学院执行董事会成员，该学院由悉尼四所大学与州政府合办。
• With Andrea Morello he built the silicon spin qubit programme at UNSW, and the two have co-authored many of its landmark papers.他与 Andrea Morello 一起在新南威尔士大学建立了硅自旋量子比特研究计划，两人的名字出现在该方向多篇里程碑论文上。
• In May 2022 he founded Diraq as a spin-out of the university and became its chief executive, while keeping his professorship.2022 年 5 月，他以大学衍生公司的形式创办 Diraq 并出任首席执行官，同时保留教职。
• The Australian Academy of Science elected him a Fellow in 2026, recognition that arrived after the company had begun hiring engineers rather than physicists.澳大利亚科学院 2026 年选他为院士，这份承认到来时，他的公司已经开始招聘工程师而不是物理学家了。

Research

• His Cambridge work on hot-electron transport asked how far an electron can travel in a semiconductor before scattering, a question that matters once devices shrink below the mean free path.他在剑桥研究热电子输运，追问电子在半导体中能走多远才被散射；当器件尺寸小于平均自由程时，这个问题就变得关键。
• When he turned to quantum computing, the proposal was to use the spin of a single electron or nucleus as the qubit, since a spin is small, stable and comparatively easy to isolate.转向量子计算后，他提出的方案是用单个电子或原子核的自旋作量子比特，因为自旋小、稳定，也相对容易隔离。
• The first route used phosphorus donor atoms placed in silicon, whose nuclear and electron spins can be addressed individually.第一条路线是在硅中放置磷施主原子，其核自旋与电子自旋可以被单独操控。
• In 2010 his group reported single-shot readout of an electron spin in silicon, a prerequisite for any error correction scheme because a qubit that cannot be read is not a qubit.2010 年，他的团队报告了硅中电子自旋的单次读出。这是任何纠错方案的前提：读不出来的量子比特算不上量子比特。^[1]
• Two years later the same collaboration demonstrated a single-atom electron spin qubit in silicon, showing that one donor electron could be prepared, manipulated and read.两年后，同一合作组在硅中演示了单原子电子自旋量子比特，证明单个施主电子可以被制备、操控并读出。^[2]
• The second route, which became his main industrial bet, reconfigures ordinary CMOS transistors into quantum dots that confine one or a few electrons.第二条路线后来成了他的主要产业赌注：把普通 CMOS 晶体管改造成量子点，将单个或少数几个电子束缚其中。
• That choice matters because CMOS is the only manufacturing platform with decades of process control behind it, and a quantum chip that cannot be made reliably at scale is a laboratory curiosity.这个选择之所以重要，是因为 CMOS 是唯一拥有数十年工艺控制积累的制造平台；无法稳定量产的量子芯片，只是实验室里的珍品。
• Silicon spin qubits also operate at higher temperatures than superconducting circuits, although they still need cryogenics, and they occupy far less area on a chip.硅自旋量子比特的工作温度高于超导电路（尽管仍需要低温），而且在芯片上占用的面积小得多。
• The engineering problem then shifts to wiring. A useful processor needs thousands of qubits, and each qubit cannot have its own room-temperature cable.工程难题随之转向布线：可用的处理器需要成千上万个量子比特，不可能每个比特都配一根室温电缆。
• His group has therefore worked on multiplexed control and readout, moving the classical electronics closer to the quantum device.因此他的团队研究复用控制与读出，把经典电子学尽量移到量子器件旁边。
• Diraq's stated target is a utility-scale machine, and the company has argued that the shortest path runs through existing silicon foundries rather than new fabrication plants.Diraq 公开宣称的目标是实用规模的量子计算机，公司主张最短路径是借助现有硅晶圆厂，而不是另建新厂。
• The two qubit routes, donors and quantum dots, are not exclusive in his work, and the group has published on both while the company concentrates on the CMOS-compatible one.在他工作中，施主与量子点两条路线并不互斥，团队两边都有论文，而公司集中于与 CMOS 兼容的那条。
• A recurring theme in his papers is validation. A qubit claim is only as good as the fidelity measurement behind it, and his group has spent much effort on benchmarking rather than on announcing qubit counts.他论文中反复出现的主题是验证：量子比特的声明有多可靠，取决于其背后的保真度测量；他的团队把大量精力放在基准测试上，而不是宣布比特数量。
• That emphasis is visible in the 2015 Physics World selection of the group's work as one of the top ten breakthroughs of the year.这种侧重在 2015 年《物理世界》将该团队成果选入年度十大突破时得到体现。
• His later work has also addressed the interface between quantum devices and conventional circuitry, including the cryogenic control electronics that must sit beside the qubits.他后来的工作还处理量子器件与传统电路的接口，包括必须放在量子比特旁边的低温控制电子学。

Awards

• The Eureka Prize for Scientific Research came in 2011, the year after the single-shot readout result, and it is Australia's best-known science prize.2011 年他获得尤里卡科学研究奖，时值单次读出成果发表次年；这是澳大利亚最知名的科学奖项。
• A New South Wales government award for excellence in engineering and ICT followed in 2012, and the university gave the work its Best New Invention award in 2014.2012 年他获新南威尔士州政府工程与信息通信技术卓越奖，2014 年校方又授予该成果「最佳新发明」奖。
• He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 2015 and received the ARC Laureate Fellowship in 2019.2015 年他当选新南威尔士皇家学会会士，2019 年获得澳大利亚研究理事会桂冠学者基金。
• The American Chamber of Commerce in Australia gave him its Quantum Alliance Award in 2023, and the Pearcey Foundation inducted him into its Hall of Fame in 2024.2023 年澳大利亚美国商会授予他量子联盟奖，2024 年皮尔西基金会将他列入名人堂。
• Election to the Australian Academy of Science in 2026 placed him among the small group of Australian physicists honoured for work that had already left the laboratory.2026 年当选澳大利亚科学院院士，使他进入一个小圈子：因已经走出实验室的成果而受表彰的澳大利亚物理学家。

Personal life

• Dzurak has spent almost his entire independent career in Sydney, and his group and company both sit within a few kilometres of the UNSW campus.Dzurak 的独立学术生涯几乎全部在悉尼度过，他的课题组与公司都离新南威尔士大学校园只有几公里。
• He has described the move from professor to chief executive as a change in the kind of question he answers, from whether a device can work to whether it can be made a million times.他把从教授到首席执行官的转变描述为问题类型的改变：从「器件能不能工作」变成「能不能造出一百万个」。
• The spin-out kept its research ties to the university, and students in his laboratory still work on the physics that the company depends on.这家衍生公司保留了与大学的研究纽带，他实验室的学生仍在研究公司所依赖的物理问题。
• Colleagues credit him with building an unusually broad team, in which crystal growers, circuit designers and cryogenic engineers share the same laboratory.同行称许他建立了一个格外宽广的团队：晶体生长、电路设计与低温工程的专家共用同一间实验室。
• He has been a persistent advocate of public investment in quantum technology, arguing that the returns arrive through companies that stay in the country rather than through papers alone.他长期主张公共资金投入量子技术，理由是其回报通过留在本国的公司实现，而不只是论文。