Andrea Morello

Andrea Morello (born 26 June 1972) is an Italian-born physicist and electrical engineer who holds the Scientia Professorship of Quantum Engineering at the University of New South Wales in Sydney.安德烈亚·莫雷洛（Andrea Morello，1972年6月26日出生）是意大利出生的物理学家与电气工程师，现任悉尼新南威尔士大学量子工程学「Scientia 讲席教授」。

He leads the Quantum Spin Control group at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology and builds qubits from the spins of single phosphorus donor atoms in silicon.他在澳大利亚研究理事会量子计算与通信技术卓越中心（ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology）领导量子自旋操控课题组，用硅中单个磷施主原子的自旋构造量子比特。

His team performed the first single-shot readout of an electron spin in silicon and created the first electron and nuclear spin qubits based on a single atom in that material.他的团队首次在硅中实现电子自旋的单次读出，并首次在这种材料中以单个原子构造出电子自旋与核自旋量子比特。

Biography

• Morello was born on 26 June 1972 in Pinerolo, a town in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, as recorded on the title page of his doctoral thesis.莫雷洛1972年6月26日出生于意大利北部皮埃蒙特大区的皮内罗洛，这一信息见于其博士论文扉页。
• He studied electronics engineering at the Politecnico di Torino in Turin and graduated in 1998 with a master's degree marked 110/110 cum laude.他在都灵理工大学（Politecnico di Torino）学习电子工程，1998年以110/110满分加优等（cum laude）获得硕士学位。
• After graduating he worked at the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, where he investigated the magnetic phase diagram of high-temperature superconductors.毕业后他进入格勒诺布尔强磁场实验室工作，研究高温超导体的磁相图。
• He then moved to the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory at Leiden University for doctoral research in experimental physics and defended his thesis on 18 March 2004.随后他转入莱顿大学卡末林·昂内斯实验室攻读实验物理博士，并于2004年3月18日完成论文答辩。
• The thesis, titled "Quantum spin dynamics in single-molecule magnets", examined Mn12-ac and Mn6 molecular nanomagnets with ultra-low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance, SQUID magnetometry and cantilever torque magnetometry.该论文题为「Quantum spin dynamics in single-molecule magnets」，用极低温核磁共振、超导量子干涉磁强计与悬臂转矩磁强计研究 Mn12-ac 与 Mn6 两类分子纳米磁体。
• Supervised by L. J. de Jongh, he analysed how quantum tunnelling of the cluster magnetisation drives nuclear spin relaxation, diffusion and thermalisation, and tested the Prokof'ev-Stamp spin-bath model.在 L. J. de Jongh 指导下，他分析集团磁化的量子隧穿如何驱动核自旋的弛豫、扩散与热化，并检验了 Prokof'ev-Stamp 自旋浴模型。
• He spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver before moving to Sydney.此后他在温哥华的不列颠哥伦比亚大学做了两年博士后，然后迁往悉尼。
• Morello joined the University of New South Wales in 2006, in the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, and has worked there ever since.莫雷洛2006年加入新南威尔士大学电气工程与电信学院，此后一直在该校工作。
• He has been a chief investigator and program manager of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology since 2008.自2008年起，他担任澳大利亚研究理事会量子计算与通信技术卓越中心的首席研究员与项目负责人。
• He now holds the title of Scientia Professor of Quantum Engineering and in 2024 received an Australian Laureate Fellowship running to 2029 for work on practical quantum information in higher dimensions.他现在的职衔是量子工程「Scientia 讲席教授」，并于2024年获得执行至2029年的澳大利亚桂冠学者基金，课题是在更高维度上实现实用量子信息。

Research

• Morello's programme is to build a quantum computer from the spins of donor atoms in silicon, a material chosen because it underpins the semiconductor industry and can be isotopically purified to remove nuclear spin noise.莫雷洛的研究纲领是用硅中施主原子的自旋建造量子计算机，选择硅是因为它支撑着半导体工业，又能通过同位素纯化消除核自旋噪声。
• In 2010 his group reported the first single-shot, time-resolved readout of an electron spin in silicon, using phosphorus donors implanted beside a single-electron transistor.2010年，他的团队报告了硅中电子自旋的首次单次、时间分辨读出，器件把磷施主植入单电子晶体管旁。^[1]
• That experiment measured a spin lifetime of about six seconds at 1.5 tesla and a readout fidelity above 90 per cent, showing that a single electron spin in silicon can act as an addressable qubit.该实验在1.5特斯拉下测得约6秒的自旋寿命，读出保真度超过90%，表明硅中的单个电子自旋可以作为可寻址的量子比特。
• In 2012 the team demonstrated the first electron spin qubit based on a single atom in silicon, combining coherent microwave control with single-shot readout of one phosphorus donor electron.2012年，团队展示了首个基于硅中单个原子的电子自旋量子比特，把微波相干控制与单个磷施主电子的单次读出结合起来。^[2]
• A year later they operated the donor nucleus as a qubit, reaching quantum non-demolition electrical readout above 99.8 per cent fidelity, a coherence time of 60 milliseconds for the ionised donor and one-qubit gate fidelity above 98 per cent.一年后，他们让施主原子核作为量子比特运行，实现保真度超过99.8%的量子非破坏电学读出，电离施主的相干时间达60毫秒，单量子比特门保真度超过98%。^[3]
• Working on isotopically enriched silicon-28, the group then showed that a phosphorus nuclear spin could store quantum information for more than 30 seconds under a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence, with control fidelity above 99.99 per cent.在同位素纯化的硅-28上，团队进一步证明磷核自旋在 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill 序列下能把量子信息保存30秒以上，控制保真度超过99.99%。^[4]
• The same experiments measured an electron spin coherence time beyond half a second and used noise spectroscopy to argue that proximity to the amorphous interface was not the limiting factor.同一批实验测得电子自旋相干时间超过0.5秒，并用噪声谱学论证非晶界面的邻近并非限制因素。
• In 2015 a UNSW team that included Morello demonstrated a two-qubit logic gate in isotopically enriched silicon, using the exchange interaction between electron spins in neighbouring quantum dots to perform a controlled-phase operation.2015年，包括莫雷洛在内的新南威尔士大学团队在同位素纯化的硅中实现两量子比特逻辑门，利用相邻量子点中电子自旋之间的交换相互作用完成受控相位操作。^[5]
• With the electron and the nucleus of one donor he also tested the foundations of quantum mechanics, violating a Bell inequality with a signal of 2.70 and preparing entangled states with fidelity above 96 per cent in 2016.他还用单个施主的电子与原子核检验量子力学基础，2016年以2.70的贝尔信号违反贝尔不等式，制备的纠缠态保真度超过96%。^[6]
• In 2017 he proposed the flip-flop qubit, which encodes information in combined electron-nuclear states and is driven by microwave electric fields rather than magnetic ones, allowing coupling over hundreds of nanometres without precise donor placement.2017年，他提出「flip-flop 量子比特」，把信息编码在电子与核的联合态上，用微波电场而非磁场驱动，可在数百纳米距离上耦合，且不要求精确放置施主。^[7]
• His team showed in 2020 that a single antimony-123 nucleus with spin 7/2 can be controlled coherently by local electric fields inside a silicon device, an electrical analogue of nuclear magnetic resonance.2020年，团队证明硅器件中自旋为7/2的单个锑-123原子核可由局域电场相干操控，这相当于核磁共振的电学版本。^[8]
• In 2022 they ran universal logic on two phosphorus nuclei coupled through a shared electron, with gate-set tomography giving 99.95 per cent single-qubit, 99.37 per cent two-qubit and 94.2 per cent Bell-state fidelities.2022年，他们借助一个共享电子对两个磷原子核执行通用逻辑操作，门集层析给出的单量子比特、两量子比特与贝尔态保真度分别为99.95%、99.37%与94.2%。^[9]
• The flip-flop qubit was realised experimentally in 2023, when the group drove a single phosphorus donor with local microwave electric fields by modulating the hyperfine coupling.2023年，「flip-flop 量子比特」被实验实现，团队通过调制超精细耦合，用局域微波电场驱动单个磷施主。^[10]
• In 2025 the group prepared Schrödinger cat states of a nuclear spin qudit in silicon, superpositions of nuclear spin states that differ by a large amount and are relevant to error-corrected encoding.2025年，团队在硅中制备出核自旋量子比特（qudit）的薛定谔猫态，即相差很大的核自旋态的叠加，与纠错编码相关。^[11]
• Beyond devices, he has worked on decoherence in dipolarly coupled spin systems and argues that spin qubits can be used to test models of decoherence and other open questions in quantum mechanics.除器件之外，他还研究偶极耦合自旋体系中的退相干，并主张用自旋量子比特检验退相干模型与量子力学的其他基本问题。

Awards

• In 2011 Morello and Andrew Dzurak received the Eureka Prize for Scientific Research for work advancing the realisation of a quantum computer.2011年，莫雷洛与安德鲁·祖拉克（Andrew Dzurak）因推进量子计算机实现的研究共同获得尤里卡奖（Eureka Prize）科学研究奖。
• In 2013 he received the Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year, part of the Prime Minister's Prizes for Science, for leadership in developing the silicon components of a quantum computer.2013年，他因在发展量子计算机硅基元件方面的引领作用获得马尔科姆·麦金托什年度物理科学家奖（Malcolm McIntosh Prize），该奖属于澳大利亚总理科学奖。
• The same year he won the David Syme Research Prize of the University of Melbourne, which rewards the best original research in biology, chemistry, geology or physics carried out in Australia in the preceding two years.同年，他获得墨尔本大学的大卫·赛姆研究奖（David Syme Research Prize），该奖授予此前两年在澳大利亚完成的最具原创性的生物学、化学、地质学或物理学研究。
• In 2014 he won the NSW Science and Engineering Award in the Emerging Technologies category, given by the New South Wales government.2014年，他获得新南威尔士州政府颁发的新南威尔士州科学与工程奖（NSW Science and Engineering Award）新兴技术类别奖项。
• The American Physical Society named him an Outstanding Referee in 2016 in recognition of his work assessing manuscripts for its journals.2016年，美国物理学会（American Physical Society）因他在为该会期刊审稿中的表现，授予他杰出审稿人称号。
• In 2017 he received the inaugural Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett Award in Quantum Computing from the American Physical Society, cited for remarkable achievements in the experimental development of spin qubits in silicon.2017年，他获得美国物理学会首次颁发的罗尔夫·兰道尔与查尔斯·H·贝内特量子计算奖（Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett Award），表彰其在硅基自旋量子比特实验发展上的突出成就。
• He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2017.他于2017年当选美国物理学会会士。
• Also in 2017 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales and delivered its Pollock Memorial Lectureship, a lectureship awarded about every four years since 1949.同样在2017年，他当选新南威尔士皇家学会会士，并主讲了该会的波洛克纪念讲座（Pollock Memorial Lectureship），这一讲座自1949年起大约每四年颁发一次。
• UNSW gave him its Vice-Chancellor's Award for Teaching Excellence in 2017.2017年，新南威尔士大学授予他校长教学卓越奖。
• The Australian Institute of Physics awarded him the Walter Boas Medal in 2019.2019年，澳大利亚物理学会（Australian Institute of Physics）授予他沃尔特·博阿斯奖章（Walter Boas Medal）。
• In 2021 the same institute gave him its Community Outreach to Physics Award.2021年，该学会又授予他物理科普外展奖。
• In 2024 he was named an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow, with a five-year programme on establishing practical quantum information in higher dimensions.2024年，他获聘澳大利亚研究理事会桂冠学者，主持为期五年、旨在在更高维度上建立实用量子信息的研究计划。

Personal life

• Morello was born and educated in Italy and has spent most of his research career abroad, in the Netherlands, Canada and Australia.莫雷洛在意大利出生并接受教育，其研究生涯大部分在国外度过，先后在荷兰、加拿大与澳大利亚工作。
• He describes himself as an electrical engineer as much as a quantum physicist, and his group works where device fabrication meets coherent spin physics.他自述既是电气工程师也是量子物理学家，其课题组的工作正处在器件制备与相干自旋物理的交界处。
• He is active in science outreach and produced the video series "The Quantum Around You" and "Quantum Computing Concepts" to explain quantum physics to general audiences.他热心科学传播，制作了「The Quantum Around You」与「Quantum Computing Concepts」两个视频系列，向公众讲解量子物理。
• He has also appeared in videos by the science communicator Derek Muller on the Veritasium channel explaining how quantum computers work.他还出现在科普创作者德里克·穆勒（Derek Muller）的 Veritasium 频道视频中，讲解量子计算机的工作原理。
• He co-authored a 2022 paper in IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering on building an undergraduate quantum engineering degree at UNSW.他参与撰写了2022年发表在「IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering」上的论文，介绍在新南威尔士大学设立量子工程本科学位的过程。
• His doctoral thesis carries an epigraph from the King Crimson song "I Talk to the Wind", released in 1969.他的博士论文扉页引用了 King Crimson 乐队1969年歌曲「I Talk to the Wind」的歌词。